贵州高原花溪水库浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性动态分析

为了解贵州高原花溪水库在2017年3月生态调控蓝藻水华后,浮游植物物种多样性结构的稳定状况,于2017年4月2018年1月4个季节对花溪水库的浮游植物群落结构进行调查.运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值、方差比率法、卡方检验和联结系数对主要浮游植物群落间的相互关系进行综合分析.结果表明:4个季节共出现优势种4门11种,其中硅藻门的尖针杆藻(Synedra acusva)和梅尼小环藻(Cylotella meneghiniana)在4个季节都为优势种,对水环境状态指示明显.各优势种的生态位宽度差异较大,变化范围为0.120~0.814,主要由广生态位种和窄生态位种组成.种对间生态位重叠值的变化范围为0.101~0.936,生境越相似的种对重叠值越大.方差比率法结果分析显示,优势种对间总体呈显著正关联.通过卡方检验后发现38对藻种中联结性显著的有9对,主要分布在夏、秋季,体现了花溪水库群落结构受人为干扰和季节变化的影响较大,呈"不稳定-稳定-不稳定"的交叉演替模式.     

多水源水库浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性动态分析:以山东峡山水库为例

为了解山东省战略水源地峡山水库在多水源（本地湖库水、长江水及黄河水）共存条件下,浮游植物优势种生态位季节变化和群落结构稳定性状况,于2019年对峡山水库10个代表样点进行浮游植物季度采样,并运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值、方差比率法、卡方检验及联结系数对优势种生态位及种间关联性进行分析。结果显示,峡山水库四个季度共鉴定到浮游植物7门78属95种,其中优势种4门12属12种,除春季外,其他三季均以蓝藻类群为绝对优势,其中赖氏泽丝藻（Limnothrix redekei）、阿氏浮丝藻（Planktothrix agardhii）以及项圈假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena moniliformis）为全年优势种。多样性指数显示出较为一致的趋势,即春季浮游植物多样性较高,夏季多样性最低。优势种生态位宽度差异较大,变化范围在0.526~2.224,最大值、最小值分别为秋季的项圈假鱼腥藻和春季的小金色藻（Chromulina sp.）。项圈假鱼腥藻在多个季节具有最大的生态位宽度及较强的适应多样化生境的能力。生态位重叠显示项圈假鱼腥藻与其他多个优势蓝藻在不同季节具有最大的生态位重叠值,且其是唯一一个在春、夏和秋三季处于衰退期,而在冬季迅速发展的优势蓝藻。四个季度优势种总体关联性差异较为明显,群落结构不稳定。卡方检验显示76%的物种对为显著正联结关系,形成以项圈假鱼腥藻为主导,与其他优势蓝藻共同占有同一资源和空间的稳定演替模式。建议水库管理及调水除关注夏秋季可能的藻华外,还需密切关注低温季节藻类的异常增殖,尤其是冬季的项圈假鱼腥藻。研究可为胶东调水工程相关水库的水华预警和多水源调度提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

浙江舟山定海护城河浮游植物优势种生态位与种间联结性季节性分析

以舟山定海护城河为例,分析浮游植物四季优势种生态位与种间联结性,探讨水生态系统浮游植物群落中优势种间相互作用的生态关系,对环境资源共用的季节性变化,为富营养化污染水体浮游植物群落结构特征研究提供重要依据.2016年5月至2017年2月4个季节共出现优势种4门12属14种,其中尖肘杆藻、颗粒沟链藻、绿色颤藻、铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和吻状隐藻6种为富营养化指示种.优势种种类具有明显的季节变化,蓝藻细小隐球藻4个季节均为优势种,并在春、秋、冬季为绝对优势种.根据优势度和生态位宽度,14个优势种可以划分为3个类群.生态位重叠值最大值和最小值分别为0.984和0.004,季节性差异较大,冬季 ≈ 秋季 > 夏季 > 春季.方差比率法求出的各季节优势种VR值均大于1,统计量W检验结果显示,浮游植物优势种间联结性总体上呈显著正相关.基于2×2联列表的χ²检验,54对优势种对仅有11对有显著联结性,负关联种对多于正关联.总体而言,优势种种间关联程度与生态位重叠程度并不完全一致,可能是浮游植物群落物种多样性高及物种组成季节变化明显所导致.     

冻融期包头南海湖浮游植物群落及优势种生态特征

为了探究包头南海湖浮游植物群落特征和物种与生境之间的关系,于2018年11月和2019年1月、3月分别对南海湖浮游植物群落结构进行调查分析,得出南海湖冻融期浮游植物群落结构为绿藻硅藻蓝藻型使用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定了南海湖冻融期优势种的生态位量度结果显示:在不同生境条件下,物种生态位宽度存在季节性变化,同样,生态位重叠也随季节变化而变化随着湖面冰冻,多数浮游植物生态位宽度有所下降;结冰期生态位重叠程度最高,融冰期生态位重叠程度最低综合冻融过程优势藻种生态特征,绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)是冻融过程中最主要优势种,优势度、密度、生态位量度均优于其他优势藻种,能充分利用环境资源,更具竞争力优势种与环境因子的灰关联分析显示,p H是影响浮游植物优势种数量的主要相关因子.     

湖北省长湖浮游植物优势种生态位分析

于2012年4月至2013年1月对长湖浮游植物群落结构特征进行调查分析,使用Levins生态位宽度公式和Levins重叠公式测定长湖浮游植物优势种的生态位指数,分析浮游植物站点分布和环境因子的变化与生态位间的关系.结果显示:整个区域以蓝藻门和绿藻门的种类为主,优势种种类和密度随季节变化,表现出1~2个种类成为主要优势种,在丰度、优势度和生态位宽度上远大于其他优势种的特征.依据优势度指数和生态位宽度将优势种分为3类;小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和扭曲小环藻(Cyclotella comta)作为4个季节优势种,占据更多的资源位点,有更大的生态位宽度,在竞争中处于优势.蓝藻门的两栖颤藻(Oscillatoria amphibia)在夏季成为主要优势种,其丰度远大于其他种类,但受到种间竞争及高等水生植物的抑制,没有在竞争中取得绝对优势.其他种在不同季节此消彼长,但仅在若干季节成为优势种.海子湖区周围的进出水口及马洪台区、圆心湖区的围网养殖会直接影响水体中总氮、总磷浓度,进而改变浮游植物优势种在各区域的分布,使用t检验证实了这种差异.环境因子与优势种的相关性分析显示,水温、N/P比是影响浮游植物优势种分布的重要因素.     

黑河流域浮游植物群落特征与环境因子的关系

分别于2009年夏季和2010年夏、秋季对黑河流域进行了2次全面调查,共选取76个采样断面进行水样采集,鉴定出浮游植物242种,隶属于8门11纲25目45科94属.其中硅藻门为优势类群,占物种总数的38.43%,绿藻门和蓝藻门次之;黑河流域优势种为尺骨针杆藻(Synedra ulna)、无常蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis irregularis)和尖针杆藻(S.acus),优势度分别为0.060、0.031和0.021,出现频度分别为43.42%、43.42%和46.05%.生物多样性指数及相关指数分析表明,黑河流域中、下游浮游植物群落结构的复杂程度和稳定性均高于上游;同时,综合生物多样性指数及相关指数以及水质理化指标表明,黑河上游水质为无污染或轻度污染,中、下游水质为轻中度污染.浮游植物丰度与环境因子的相关性分析表明,上游浮游植物丰度与水体硬度呈显著正相关;中游浮游植物丰度则与各环境因子无显著相关性;下游浮游植物丰度与水体硬度呈显著负相关,而与总氮×总磷呈显著正相关;总溶解性固体、pH值和水体硬度与全流域浮游植物丰度呈显著正相关.黑河流域浮游植物的空间分布具有与河水水文分带相对应的垂直地带性和水平地带性分异特征.     

西藏麦地卡湿地的浮游植物——1.优势种的时空生态位

为了解青藏高原湿地浮游植物在时空不同维度上的分布特征,本文选取西藏四大国际湿地之一的麦地卡湿地作为研究地点,于2019年7月和10月在麦地卡湿地主要水系——麦地藏布及其支流和湖泊,设置了14个样点,采集了2个水情期（丰水期和枯水期）浮游植物的水样共252个.通过活体观察和固定染色方法鉴定浮游藻类物种,使用直接计数法统计浮游藻类的数量.计算麦地卡湿地浮游植物优势种的优势度指数（Y）、更替率（r）、生态位宽度（B_i）、生态位重叠值（O_ik）和生态响应速率（R）,运用生态位分化的方法,对麦地卡湿地浮游植物优势种的生态位进行了不同时空维度的研究.结果表明：本研究中鉴定出浮游植物优势种（Y>0.02）共8种,其中克洛脆杆藻（Fragilaria crotomensis）和窗格平板藻（Tabellaria fenestrata）是2个水情期的共有优势种.生态位宽度值差异较大,可分为三大生态位类群,且优势度指数与生态位宽度值呈极显著正相关.总体上浮游植物优势物种的生态位重叠值高,在时间、空间和时空三个维度上O_ik>0.6的分别占89.29%、60.71%和28.57%.生态响应速率之和在时间维度上为负数,在空间和时空维度上为正数,说明该湿地浮游植物群落处于发展阶段.冗余分析表明,酸碱度、溶解氧、总氮和浊度是影响麦地卡湿地浮游植物优势种分布的重要因素,浮游植物优势种在这些环境因子上存在明显的生态分化现象.     

山西宁武亚高山湖群浮游植物群落结构特征

通过对山西宁武亚高山湖群浮游植物群落结构的调查研究,共鉴定出浮游植物291个种、变种及变型,隶属于8门,45科,108属.各采样站点间种数相差较大,以马营海种类最多,干海最少.硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门明显占优势,优势科、优势属和优势种也都较为明显.优势种有蓝藻门的细小隐球藻(Aphanocapsa elachista)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginisa)和小席藻(Phormidium tenue),硅藻门的库津小环藻(Cyclotella kuetzingii)、肘状脆杆藻(Fragilaria ulna)、尖针杆藻(Synedra acus),绿藻门的狭形纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus angustus)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris).浮游植物平均密度为3.49 × 106cells/L.水面下0.5m处比水表层的细胞密度高.综合4种生物多样性指数,宁武亚高山湖群水质总体为轻污染.     

2002-2017年千岛湖浮游植物群落结构变化及其影响因素

为认识大型水库中浮游植物群落结构的演替特征及其驱动机制,以钱塘江流域新安江水库（下称"千岛湖"）为例,基于2002-2017年16年的水库浮游植物数据,结合同期千岛湖水质与水文气象资料,分析了千岛湖浮游植物结构及优势属的长期变化特征,探讨了影响浮游植物群落结构变化的主要因素.结果表明：2002-2017年千岛湖共鉴定出浮游植物7门93属,主要由硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门及隐藻门种类组成.16年间,浮游植物年均丰度和群落结构经历了4个阶段：2008年前丰度持续低值且蓝藻不是主要类群,2009-2012年丰度较高且蓝藻成为主要类群,及2013-2015丰度降低且蓝藻占比降低,2016-2017年丰度增加且蓝藻再次成为主要类群.浮游植物门类变化的同时伴随着优势属的变化：浮游植物年优势属从2002-2008年的小环藻属（Cyclotella）、隐藻属（Cryptomonas）和蓝隐藻属（Chroomonas）转变为2009-2012年的颤藻属（Oscillatoria）、小球藻属（Chlorella）、小环藻属和蓝隐藻属,2013-2017年又转变为鱼腥藻属（Anabaena）、束丝藻属（Aphanizomenon）、小环藻属、针杆藻属（Synedra）、直链藻属（Melosira）、栅藻属（Scenedesmus）和蓝隐藻属.冗余分析表明,气温、风速、水位、入库流量等气象水文因子和总氮浓度、电导率、氮磷比、透明度等水质因子与浮游植物群落结构变化关系密切.研究结果表明,在千岛湖这种大型贫-中营养水库,浮游植物群落结构不仅受来水营养盐负荷的影响,还在很大程度上受水文、气象条件的影响,给水库藻类水华等生态风险的预测以及水库水质管理带来了挑战.     

黑龙江扎龙湿地不同功能区浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系

为研究黑龙江扎龙湿地不同功能区浮游植物群落结构分布及其与环境因子的关系,于2010年7—8月在扎龙湿地4个功能区340个研究点进行水环境样品采集分析.样品共鉴定出浮游植物6门80属354种,各门类细胞密度变化范围为0.06×10~6~37.82×10~6cells/L.主要优势种为普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、旋转囊裸藻(Trachelomonas volvocina)等.各功能区浮游植物优势种差异较大,核心区中放射舟形藻(Navicula radiosa)、弯棒杆藻(Rhopalodia gibba)、扁圆卵形藻(Cocconeis placentula)等为优势种类,而排污区中梅尼小环藻、普通小球藻、巨颤藻(Oscillatoria princes)、固氮鱼腥藻(Anabaena azotica)等处于优势地位.主成分分析表明在扎龙湿地水环境中浊度和总磷浓度是影响浮游植物生长的主要因素,典范对应分析结果表明总氮浓度、总磷浓度、电导率、浊度对浮游植物属种分布影响较大,梅尼小环藻、箱形桥弯藻(Cymbella cistula)、美丽星杆藻(Asterionella formosa)、普通小球藻、旋转囊裸藻等受环境因子的影响较为明显.     

Quench rates in air, water, and liquid nitrogen, and inference of temperature in volcanic eruption columns

We apply a geospeedometer previously developed in this lab to investigate cooling rate profiles of rhyolitic samples initially held at 720–750°C and quenched in water, liquid nitrogen, and air. For quench of mm-size samples in liquid nitrogen and in air, the cooling rate is uniform and is controlled by heat transfer in the quench medium instead of heat conduction in the sample. The heat transfer coefficient in ‘static’ air decreases with increasing sample size. For quench of mm-size samples in water, heat transfer in water is rapid and the cooling rate is largely controlled by heat conduction in the sample. Our experimental results are roughly consistent with previous calculations for cooling in air and in water (although constant heat transfer coefficients were used in these calculations), but cooling rate in liquid nitrogen is only 1.8–2.3 times that in ‘static’ air, and slower by a factor of 2 than calculated by previous authors. Cooling rate in compressed airflow is about the same as that in liquid nitrogen. The experimental results are applied to interpret cooling rates of pyroclasts in ash beds of the most recent eruptions of the Mono Craters. Cooling rates of pyroclasts are inversely correlated with sample size and slower than those in air. The results indicate that the hydrous species concentrations of the pyroclasts were frozen in the eruption column, rather than inside ash beds or in flight in ambient air. From the cooling rates, we infer eruption column temperature in a region where and at a time when hydrous species concentrations in a pyroclast were locked in. The temperature ranges from 260 to 570°C for the most recent eruptions of Mono Craters. These are the first estimates of temperatures in volcanic eruption columns. The ability to estimate cooling rates and eruption column temperatures from eruptive products will provide constraints to dynamic models for the eruption columns.     

Comparison of liquefaction potential of loess in Lanzhou, China, and Memphis, USA

This paper presents an evaluation of the liquefaction potential of loess in Lanzhou, China, and Memphis, USA. The topography, stratigraphy, and genesis of loess in these two areas were investigated and compared. Several loess samples in each study area were taken and their physical indices were determined. In addition, the microstructures of these loess samples were investigated using an electron microscope, and dynamic triaxial tests were performed using an artificial seismic wave. The results of this investigation indicated that both Lanzhou loess and Memphis loess have a potential for liquefaction, but Memphis loess is less susceptible to liquefaction. Furthermore, Lanzhou loess and Memphis loess behave differently during ground shaking.     

Attenuation of P,S, and coda waves in Koyna region,India

The attenuation properties of the crust in the Koyna region of the Indian shield have been investigated using 164 seismograms from 37 local earthquakes that occurred in the region. The extended coda normalization method has been used to estimate the quality factors for P waves and S waves , and the single back-scattering model has been used to determine the quality factor for coda waves (Q _c). The earthquakes used in the present study have the focal depth in the range of 1–9 km, and the epicentral distance vary from 11 to 55 km. The values of and Q _c show a dependence on frequency in the Koyna region. The average frequency dependent relationships (Q = Q ₀ f ⁿ) estimated for the region are , and . The ratio is found to be greater than one for the frequency range considered here (1.5–18 Hz). This ratio, along with the frequency dependence of quality factors, indicates that scattering is an important factor contributing to the attenuation of body waves in the region. A comparison of Q _c and in the present study shows that for frequencies below 4 Hz and for the frequencies greater than 4 Hz. This may be due to the multiple scattering effect of the medium. The outcome of this study is expected to be useful for the estimation of source parameters and near-source simulation of earthquake ground motion, which in turn are required in the seismic hazard assessment of a region.     

Spatial and temporal variations in source,diagenesis, and fate of organic matter in sediments of the Netravati River,India

Organic matter (OM) such as organic nitrogen plays a substantial role in the global biogeochemical cycling of bio‐reactive components—amino acids (AA) in aquatic environments. Spatial and temporal variations in source, diagenesis, and fate of organic nitrogen such as AA in sediments of small tropical rivers and the role of oxbow/meandering loops under changing climatic conditions are poorly investigated. This study assessed the spatial and seasonal variations in OM composition, source, and diagenesis of a tropical small mountainous river—Netravati River, India, for 1 year. Water samples were determined for suspended particulate matter, and surface sediments were examined for bulk parameters, surface area (SA), and the L‐ and D‐enantiomers of AA. The L‐ and D‐enantiomers of AA displayed subtle seasonal variations in composition and depicted varying degrees of diagenesis. The concentration of D‐enantiomer of AA was high and showed substantial contributions from bacteria, terrestrial source, and in situ production. The D‐arginine was the most abundant D‐enantiomer of AA in the study area, possibly due to extracellular secretion by bacterial species and adsorption onto sediments, and thus, it was protected from degradation. Degradation index was more negative at the oxbow and meandering loop stations during the dry season suggesting that local geomorphologic settings steer the diagenesis of OM within the river. A negative relationship between gamma‐aminobutyric acid and organic carbon:surface area (OC:SA) ratio and a positive correlation between tyrosine and OC:SA ratio suggested accelerated loss of OM. Furthermore, the concentrations of most bulk parameters were higher in the lower reaches during monsoon and premonsoon seasons. Taken together, changes in seasons have an operational control in distinguishing the composition, source, and diagenesis of spatial OM distribution. Moreover, oxbows and river meandering loops influence the diagenetic processes in small tropical river systems.     

Determination of nitrophenols,diaminotoluenes, and chloroaromatics in ammunition wastewater

Methods for the determination of three compound classes, i. e. diaminotoluenes, nitrophenols, and chloroaromatics in groundwater of a former ammunition plant are reported. Diaminotoluenes were extracted by discontinuous liquid/liquid-, nitrophenols by continuous liquid/liquid-extraction using dichloromethane, and chloroaromatics by solid-phase extraction. These compound classes may be analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) without derivatization or after derivatization with N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA) or heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) in the case of diaminotoluenes and HFBA or acetic anhydride in the case of nitrophenols. An atomic emission detector (AED) coupled to a gas chromatograph may be employed for the analysis of chloroaromatics. High selectivity can be achieved using the characteristic wavelengths of chlorine. A variety of these compounds were identified and quantified in a groundwater sample from the former ammunition plant Elsnig (Saxony, Germany). Concentrations were in the lower ppb range. Thus, dichlorobenzenes which may have been used as substituents at the end of World War II could be identified in groundwater samples at this site.     

Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in the water column and sediments of the Ob-Irtysh Rivers, Russia

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb were determined in filtered water, suspended particulate matter, and bottom sediments from a 2000 km section of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. Dissolved Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni concentrations are similar to, or higher than, results from other Russian Arctic and large world river-estuaries. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in suspended particulate matter are generally comparable to results from other Russian Arctic and large world rivers and estuaries. Comparison of trace metal ratios in crustal material and suspended particulate matter and bottom sediment suggests that the source of Cr, Cu and Ni is continental weathering. Particulate Cd and Pb are elevated relative to their crustal abundance, suggesting a source of these metals to the Ob-Irtysh in addition to continental weathering.     

Determination of Trace Levels of Nickel and Manganese in Soil,Vegetable, and Water

A simple and reliable method for rapid and selective extraction and determination of trace levels of Ni²⁺ and Mn²⁺ was developed by ionic liquid (IL) based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) detection. The proposed method was successfully applied to the preconcentration and determination of nickel and manganese in soil, vegetable, and water samples. After preconcentration, the settled IL‐phase was dissolved in 100 µL of ethanol and aspirated into the FAAS using a home‐made microsample introduction system. Injection of 50 µL of each analyte into an air–acetylene flame provided very sensitive spike‐like and reproducible signals. Effective parameters such as pH, amount of IL, volume of the disperser solvent, concentration of the chelating agent, and effect of salt concentration were inspected by a (2^5‐1) fractional factorial design to identify the most important parameters and their interactions. Under optimum conditions, preconcentration of 10 mL sample solution permitted the detection of 0.93 µg L^?1 Ni²⁺ and 0.52 µg L^?1 Mn²⁺ with enrichment factors 77.2 and 82.6 for Ni²⁺ and Mn²⁺, respectively. The accuracy of the procedure was evaluated by analysis of a certified reference material (CRM TMDW‐500, drinking water).     

Deposition and fate of reactive Fe,Mn, P,and C in suspended particulate matter in the Bay of Biscay

Hydrographic structure of the water column, dissolved nutrient concentrations and the distribution of suspended particulate matter were recorded from CDT measurements and Niskin bottles sampling on the continental slope of the Bay of Biscay and on the axis of Capbreton canyon. Ascorbate extraction was applied here for the first time on marine suspended particles to determine the content of reactive Fe- and Mn-oxides, and P associated with Fe-oxides. Hydrographic structure of the south-eastern part of the Bay of Biscay did not change during the last three decades. Particulate organic carbon (POC) contents dropped strongly with depth, showing that organic matter mineralization was efficient in the water column. Organic matter mineralized in the water column had a Redfield N:P ratio. POC percent of particles collected at depth were higher during a bloom period, suggesting that some new organic matter reached the bottom. Contents of Fe and Mn extracted with the ascorbate leaching solution showed that suspended particles originated from the Gironde estuary, one of the major sources of particles in the Bay of Biscay. Intermediate and deeper nepheloid layers occurred in the Capbreton canyon. Particles of nepheloid layers were enriched in Mn- and Fe-oxides because they originated from resuspension of surface sediment.     

Characteristics,origins, and significance of pyrites in deep-water shales

As important metal sulfides in the geochemical cycle of sulfur, the characteristics and formation processes of pyrites can provide useful clues regarding their environment. Based on previous findings, shale pyrites were divided into three major classes(euhedral pyrites, framboidal pyrites(framboids) and metasomatic pyrites) and six sub-classes in this study. At the microscopic scale, each type of pyrite is associated with a different formation process. Framboids are formed by burst nucleation in...