归一化总水平导数法在位场数据解释中的应用

本文提出归一化总水平导数法,通过对总水平导数进行空间归一化计算实现了异常体水平位置和深度的估计,此外还推导出基于归一化总水平导数的欧拉反褶积法来估算地下地质体的空间位置,两种方法反演结果的相互验证可有效地提高反演结果的可信度.理论模型试验证明空间归一化总水平导数法和归一化总水平导数欧拉反褶积法均能有效地完成异常体的水平位置和深度的估计,所获得的位置参数与理论值相一致.在利用归一化总水平导数法进行磁异常解释时,对数据进行化磁极计算可得到更加准确的结果.将其应用于实际航磁数据的解释,获得了岩脉的大致分布特征.     

谱矩方法在磁源体深度反演中的应用研究

谱矩方法可以对数据的表面形貌做较为细致的描述.它以随机过程为理论基础，用各阶谱矩及统计不变量等具体的参数表征表面的几何形态，算术平均顶点曲率是一种基于四阶谱矩的统计不变量.通常，埋深不同的场源所引起的磁异常尺度不同，从曲率的角度来理解即为磁异常曲面的弯曲程度不同.因此，本文应用算术平均顶点曲率提取磁异常的几何信息，并将所提取的信息用于场源深度的反演.理论上推导了基于谱矩的球状磁源体和板状磁源体的反演公式，得到了场源深度与磁异常、曲率之间的关系式.结合理论模型计算验证了方法的有效性，并与欧拉反褶积方法进行对比.与传统的方法相比，该方法快速简单，无需调节参数，且有较好的反演精度.最后，将该方法用于塔里木盆地航磁异常的反演和解释中，反演出的磁源体深度可满足区域磁异常数据分析和解释的要求，为克拉通沉积盆地磁异常源的深度划分提供丰富的信息.     

全张量磁梯度数据解释的均衡边界识别及深度成像技术

全张量磁梯度数据具有高精度、高分辨率、多参量的优点，能更加清晰地刻画地质体的分布特征，综合利用磁张量梯度数据准确地获得地质体水平位置和深度信息是解释的主要目的.磁张量数据的方向解析信号具有减小倾斜磁化干扰的优点，常被用来圈定磁源体的水平位置，但解析信号强度随着地质体埋深的增加急剧衰减，难以有效识别较深的地质体.张量数据均衡边界识别技术，利用不同方向解析信号的比值函数，能有效地均衡不同深度地质体的响应，同时显示不同深度地质体的边界，提高了对较深地质体的分辨率.磁张量数据深度成像技术根据实测张量数据与假定模型张量数据的相关系数来给定地质体的深度，综合利用多参量数据联合反演提高了反演结果的准确性，且无需进行复杂的反演运算，是大数据量张量数据解释的有效方法.理论模型试验证明：磁张量数据均衡边界识别技术可清晰和准确地识别地质体的水平范围，受倾斜磁化干扰小；磁张量数据深度成像技术可准确地获得地质体的深度信息，具有较强的抗噪性.将上述方法应用于铁矿区实测航磁张量梯度数据解释，获得了铁矿体水平分布与埋深，深度结果与张量欧拉反褶积法计算结果一致.     

利用磁法数据的解析信号探测未爆炸弹(UXO)

在现代城市建设中,战争时期留下的未爆炸弹(UXO)对人民的生命财产安全造成了极大的威胁.因此,未爆炸弹的探测和排除工作十分重要.本文提出利用实测总磁场数据进行未爆炸弹的地球物理探测,并基于异常的解析信号提出一种未爆炸弹的水平位置、深度反演方法.这一方法可利用不同延拓高度的总磁场异常数据的解析信号完成磁异常的解释,且无需进行原始磁异常的化极处理.对比其他基于异常解析信号的方法,本方法利用不同延拓高度的解析信号推导出地质体埋深与延拓高度之间的定量计算关系式,进而完成异常体埋藏深度的估计,无需计算磁异常的高阶导数,可获得较高的计算稳定性.该方法应用到无噪和噪声干扰的数据中,结果表明新方法可高效准确的获得目标体的埋藏深度.最后,我们将新提出的方法应用到国外未爆炸弹的磁异常数据中,对比欧拉反褶积反演结果,新方法可有效的获得未爆炸弹的水平位置和埋藏深度,可用于指导下一步的排除工作.     

欧拉反褶积法在航空重力勘探中的应用

在论述欧拉反褶积基础理论与方法的基础上,以我国某海域航空重力资料为例,对该海域内地质异常体(侵入岩、断鼻构造)及断裂构造等进行了欧拉反褶积反演计算,获得了场源深度等信息,确定了场源位置及边界,并与航空布格重力异常、垂向导数、上延、水平梯度模、剩余异常以及重磁联合反演结果等资料相互验证,取得了很好的应用效果.基于该地区的反演效果,证明欧拉反褶积法可应用于航空重力勘探中,可为其他航空重力勘探区计算场源位置及深度信息提供可靠并且准确的研究方法,从而达到辅助航空重力勘探测量的效果.     

基于方向tilt-Euler的三维磁数据快速反演

三维磁异常快速反演是磁法勘探进行地质解释的一项重要内容.本文在方向tilt梯度基础上进行导数处理,并进行合理改进,得到了6个改进的方向tilt梯度导数,丰富了不同方向上的磁异常信息.对常规欧拉反褶积方程进行三个方向求导,所构成的方程组与6个改进的方向tilt梯度导数进行结合,从而构建出了两个基于方向tilt梯度导数的快速反演方程组(方向tilt-Euler法),用于反演场源的位置参数.另外,将三个方向导数下的欧拉反褶积进行平方和及均方根处理,得到了场源构造指数的求解公式.单一模型试验表明,6个改进的方向tilt梯度导数异常基本不受磁化方向影响,可从不同方向上反映磁异常信息,方向tilt-Euler能够准确地反演出场源的位置及构造指数.叠加模型试验证实了方向tilt-Euler法相对于tilt-Euler法,具有反演解聚集度更强、连续性更好、反演准确度更高、受噪声影响更小及无虚假反演解等优点.将本文方法应用于内蒙古塔木素航磁资料处理中,获得了丰富的地下磁源分布信息,为了解该地区隐伏断裂构造及岩体分布等提供了有效依据.     

位场数据解释的Theta-Depth法

Theta图是利用位场(重磁)数据识别边界的常用方法,其表达式为重磁异常水平变化与垂直变化的比值函数.该方法计算浅源地质体边界的效果较好,而由于深源位场数据在换算过程中会产生趋同效应,在深源地质体识别应用中计算结果不准确,为此,本文提出Theta-Depth法并进行地质体埋深的计算.首先给出直接利用Theta图像进行场源体深度估算的方法,然后推导出基于Theta导数的线性方程来自动估算场源位置参数,本文方法可有效地利用Theta图像的特征为约束条件来提高反演结果的精度.理论模型试验证明本文提出的Theta-Depth法能有效地计算出场源体位置和深度.将该方法应用于满都拉地区实测磁数据的解释,帮助圈定了矿脉的分布.     

基于欧拉反褶积方法计算辽宁地区重力变化场源特征

以2012—2018年辽宁地区的流动重力观测资料为基础,结合实际地下地质体构造特征构建理论模型,应用欧拉反褶积法对重力变化场源深度及空间分布特征进行反演和解释。结果表明:在辽宁西部辽蒙交界和海城—岫岩断裂带附近场源位置集中,地下介质活动增强;欧拉反褶积方法适用于对流动重力观测资料的重力场反演及以场至源的定量研究应用。     

重力全张量数据联合欧拉反褶积法研究及应用

全张量测量技术是在空中或海上用加载了多个加速度计的移动平台技术测量位场的五个独立分量.各张量分量包含不同方向的地下地质体信息,水平张量分量T_(xx)、T_(yy)、T_(xy)、T_(xz)、T_(yz)通常用于识别和映射与地质构造或地层变化有关的测量区域中的目标,垂直张量分量Tzz用于估计深度.然而,这些分量传统上是彼此分开解释,经常遇到错失关键信息的风险.本文所用全张量欧拉反褶积是在单独z方向的欧拉反演基础上发展而来的,它融合了重力异常垂直分量以及其三个方向导数、水平分量以及其三个方向导数.全张量数据信息得以有效应用的同时,欧拉反褶积结果也比常规欧拉反褶积结果更加收敛.最后,结合美国墨西哥湾地区实测航空FTG数据,用重力梯度张量数据进行联合欧拉三维反演研究,有效的识别岩盖的边界信息,划分岩盖范围,为进一步研究盖层底下深部复杂地质情况提供可靠的解释结果.     

基于欧拉反褶积方法的航磁三分量应用研究

在中国北部某地区首次开展了航磁三分量矢量飞行测量.本次测量是国内第一次直接测量航磁异常三分量Z_a、H_(ax)、H_(ay)数据,即文中提到的垂直分量V、北分量N、东分量E.由于三分量磁测数据具有矢量空间性,因而凭借其全空间矢量,在反演过程中可以更直接地发挥指向性作用.更为丰富的测量资料参与反演,所得到的最终结果为构造解释提供了更有力的约束,从而有助于减少地质解释过程中的多解性,提升解释结果的可靠性.本文以模型试验为切入点,首先进行三个分量各自的欧拉反褶积处理模型试验,以模型试验结果总结了不同的分量经反演后各自对理论模型边界刻画的特点.而后依据以上特点,将三个分量各自的反演结果进行叠加.与总场的反演结果相比,三个分量反演的叠加结果改善了模型体边界的识别效果,获得了更为准确的模型体位置信息.在总结了模型试验相关规律的基础之上,按照类似步骤分别对实测航磁三分量数据进行了欧拉反褶积处理,再将三个分量实测数据各自的反演结果进行叠加,以叠加后的结果进行构造解释.利用不同分量各自的反演特点,综合发挥多分量的资料优势,最终以三分量反演的叠加结果为依据,有效地识别了区内断裂,更加准确地刻画出断裂的形迹位置,揭示了不同性质断裂的世代关系,显示了良好的应用效果.     

Interpretation of regional aeromagnetic data by the scaling function method: the case of Southern Apennines (Italy)

A complex aeromagnetic anomaly in Southern Apennines (Italy) is analysed and interpreted by a multiscale method based on the scaling function. We use multiscale methods allowing analysis of a potential field along ridges, which are lines defined by the position of the extrema of the field at the considered scales. The method developed and applied in this paper is based on the study of the scaling function of the total magnetic field. It allows recovering of source parameters such as depth and structural index. The studied area includes a Pleistocene volcanic structure (Mt. Vulture) whose intense dipolar anomaly is superimposed on a longer wavelength regional anomaly. The interpretation of ridges of the modulus of the analytic signal at different altitude ranges allows recognition of at least three distinct sources between about 5 km and 20 km depth. Their interpretation is discussed in light of borehole data and other geophysical constraints. A reasonable geological model for these sources indicates the presence of intrusions, probably linked to the past activity of Mt. Vulture.     

福建地区岩石圈磁异场的特征分析

利用2014—2015年福建地区4期流动地磁观测资料,得到该地区岩石圈磁场特征信息。经过5km、10km、20km、30km等不同高度的向上延拓处理,对福建地区岩石圈磁场特征信息进行浅部与深部异常场分离,提取深部异常。结果发现在福建长乐—诏安断裂带出现比较明显的磁异常,即在该断裂带南部和中北部发现磁场正负高值的交替变化,这些磁异常与地质构造的分布、地震活动性有一定的关系。     

Determination of depths to centroids of three-dimensional sources of potential-field anomalies with examples from environmental and geologic applications

A method is developed for determining the depth to the centroid (the geometric center) of ‘semi-compact' sources. The method, called the anomaly attenuation rate (AAR) method, involves computing radial averages of AARs with increasing distances from a range of assumed source centers. For well-isolated magnetic anomalies from ‘semi-compact' sources, the theoretical AARs range from 2 (close to the sources) to 3 (in the far-field region); the corresponding theoretical range of AARs for gravity anomalies is 1 to 2. When the estimated source centroid is incorrect, the AARs either exceed or fall short of the theoretical values. The levelling-off of the far-field AARs near their theoretical maximum values indicates the upper (deeper) bound of the centroid location. Similarly, near-field AARs lower than the theoretical minimum indicate the lower (shallower) bound of the centroid location. It is not always possible to determine usable upper and lower bounds of the centroids because the method depends on characteristics of sources/anomalies and the noise level of the data. For the environmental magnetic examples considered in this study, the determined deeper bounds were within 4% of the true centroid-to-observation distance. For the case of the gravity anomaly from the Bloomfield Pluton, Missouri, USA, determination of only the shallower bound of the centroid location (7 km) was possible. This estimate agrees closely with the centroid of a previously determined three-dimensional model of the Bloomfield Pluton. For satellite magnetic anomalies, the method is appropriate only for high-amplitude, near-circular anomalies due to the inherent low signal-to-noise ratio of satellite magnetic anomalies. Model studies indicate that the AAR method is able to place depths within ±20–30 km of actual center locations from a 400-km observation altitude. Thus, the method may be able to discriminate between upper crustal, lower crustal, and mantle magnetic sources. The results from the prominent Kentucky anomaly are relatively well-resolved (centroid depth 30 km below the Earth's surface). For the Kiruna Magsat anomaly, the deleterious effects from neighboring anomalies make a determination difficult (possible depth could be between 20 and 30 km). The centroid depths are deeper for the Kursk anomaly (40–50 km). These depths may indicate that magnetic anomalies from the near-surface Kursk iron formations (a known contributor) and deep crustal magnetic sources could combine to form the Kursk Magsat anomaly.     

Electromagnetic 3D tomography of the Elbrus volcanic center according to magnetotelluric and satellite data

A geoelectric 3D model of the potentially active Elbrus volcano and its vicinities has been constructed using magnetotelluric data, which takes the volume model of the tectonic fragmentation field developed based on deciphering satellite photographs into account. An original method of searching for the correlation and determination of the character of the interrelation between the ground-based and satellite data has been used in this construction. The geoelectric 3D model constructed includes two conducting objects located at different depths. One of the objects, with a resistivity of 25–40 Ω m, located at depths of 0–10 km, is most intense at a depth of 5 km, where the object is quasi-isometric in shape and has a radius of 10 km along the 40–60 Ω m contour lines. Another object with a resistivity of 10–40 Ω m is located at a depth of ～45 km, where its dimensions along the contour line for 40 Ω m are 35 and 15 km in latitude and longitude, respectively. The thickness of the conducting core is approximately 20 km. The upper and lower objects can be interpreted as a volcano magma chamber and a volcano parent chamber, respectively.     

Structural Investigations of Afghanistan Deduced from Remote Sensing and Potential Field Data

This study integrates potential gravity and magnetic field data with remotely sensed images and geological data in an effort to understand the subsurface major geological structures in Afghanistan. Integrated analysis of Landsat SRTM data was applied for extraction of geological lineaments. The potential field data were analyzed using gradient interpretation techniques, such as analytic signal (AS), tilt derivative (TDR), horizontal gradient of the tilt derivative (HG-TDR), Euler Deconvolution (ED) and power spectrum methods, and results were correlated with known geological structures.The analysis of remote sensing data and potential field data reveals the regional geological structural characteristics of Afghanistan. The power spectrum analysis of magnetic and gravity data suggests shallow basement rocks at around 1 to 1.5 km depth. The results of TDR of potential field data are in agreement with the location of the major regional fault structures and also the location of the basins and swells, except in the Helmand region (SW Afghanistan) where many high potential field anomalies are observed and attributed to batholiths and near-surface volcanic rocks intrusions.A high-resolution airborne geophysical survey in the data sparse region of eastern Afghanistan is recommended in order to have a complete image of the potential field anomalies.     

磁张量梯度数据方向解析信号比值的边界识别和空间位置反演方法

磁张量梯度测量具有高分辨率、多参量的优点，能更准确地描述磁源体的分布特征，在矿产资源勘探中具有广阔的用途.磁异常解析信号具有受倾斜磁化干扰小的特点，且为了增强深部地质体的分辨能力，本文提出磁张量梯度数据的解析信号比值的均衡边界识别及空间位置反演技术.磁张量梯度数据的均衡边界识别方法为不同方向解析信号比值的反正切函数，在降低倾斜磁化干扰的同时能有效地均衡不同深度地质体的响应，提高了对较深地质体的分辨率；空间位置反演技术是建立解析信号比值与地质体位置参数的对应方程，利用解析信号比值与地质体的对应关系作为约束条件来反演获得地质体的水平位置和深度信息，具有无需已知任何先验信息的优势.通过磁性体张量异常试验表明解析信号比值的边界识别方法能清晰和准确地获得不同深度地质体的边界，所建立的反演方程能准确地计算出地质体的范围和深度，具有较高的水平分辨率和精度.将本文方法应用于实测磁张量梯度数据的解释，获得了地下铁矿的分布特征，为区域矿产资源潜力评价提供了翔实的基础资料.     

中国青藏高原深部地球物理探测与地球动力学研究（1958—2004）

经过半个多世纪的努力，中国学者在青藏高原进行的地壳上地幔地球物理探测工作取得了巨大进展. 累计完成长约45000km的深部地球物理探测工作，取得了许多科学数据，为探讨高原地壳上地幔结构、隆升机制和动力学研究奠定了基础. 为比较全面反映中国学者多年来的工作成果，作者广泛收集资料，总结了中国学者在青藏高原地壳上地幔地球物理探测工作程度，并按照方法分类绘制了系列工作程度图. 文中分别对地壳结构、上地幔的横向不均匀性、岩石圈的电性结构、青藏高原隆升机制、青藏高原地球动力学模型等几个方面所取得的主要成果做了概略的评述. 已有资料表明：青藏高原的莫霍面埋深变化较大，且在几条重要缝合带莫霍面两侧都有断错；根据目前的探测结果，高原在20±5km埋深范围内普遍存在壳内低速高导层，速度一般为56～58km/s，电阻率约为1～10Ω·m，厚度一般为5～10km，但横向分布不连续. 低速层与高导层的深度、厚度在趋势上一致，但不十分吻合.天然地震的研究结果表明，组成高原各个地块内部的地震各向异性方向大致相同，各地块的分界处各向异性方向往往有明显的变化；虽然对高原隆升机制还存在不同的看法，但至少认为高原是多期隆升、多种机制共同作用的结果这一点已达成共识. 综合已有的地球物理调查成果，结合地质地球化学资料建立的高原地球动力学模型，形象地表达出青藏高原岩石圈的双向挤压变形模式. 这些工作为研究青藏高原隆升和变形机制提供有价值的信息.     

On the origin of El Chichón volcano and subduction of Tehuantepec Ridge: A geodynamical perspective

The origin of El Chichón volcano is poorly understood, and we attempt in this study to demonstrate that the Tehuantepec Ridge (TR), a major tectonic discontinuity on the Cocos plate, plays a key role in determining the location of the volcano by enhancing the slab dehydration budget beneath it. Using marine magnetic anomalies we show that the upper mantle beneath TR undergoes strong serpentinization, carrying significant amounts of water into subduction. Another key aspect of the magnetic anomaly over southern Mexico is a long-wavelength (∼ 150 km) high amplitude (∼ 500 nT) magnetic anomaly located between the trench and the coast. Using a 2D joint magnetic-gravity forward model, constrained by the subduction P–T structure, slab geometry and seismicity, we find a highly magnetic and low-density source located at 40–80 km depth that we interpret as a partially serpentinized mantle wedge formed by fluids expelled from the subducting Cocos plate. Using phase diagrams for sediments, basalt and peridotite, and the thermal structure of the subduction zone beneath El Chichón we find that ∼ 40% of sediments and basalt dehydrate at depths corresponding with the location of the serpentinized mantle wedge, whereas the serpentinized root beneath TR strongly dehydrates (∼90%) at depths of 180-200 km comparable with the slab depths beneath El Chichón (200-220 km). We conclude that this strong deserpentinization pulse of mantle lithosphere beneath TR at great depths is responsible for the unusual location, singularity and, probably, the geochemically distinct signature (adakitic-like) of El Chichón volcano.     

南海磁场特征研究

建立客观的磁力ΔT异常,获得可信的磁力ΔZ_⊥异常、居里面成果, 在此基础上开展综合地质地球物理研究,对于解决南海资源等相关的地质、地球物理问题意义重大.本文汇集我国历年在南海取得的磁力实测资料,重新处理、校正、整合,特别是追溯南海周边的国际地磁台的日变资料进行日变改正,形成的南海磁力ΔT异常,其资料品质得到了极大提高.采用全磁纬变倾角化极技术,获得磁力ΔZ_⊥异常,其与实测证实的磁性海山、海岛有非常好的匹配关系,建立起可以直接用于反演处理解释的南海磁力ΔZ_⊥异常.选择磁力ΔZ_⊥异常的小波多尺度分解四阶逼近,采用单一磁性界面反演技术进行深度反演,获得居里面又称磁性底界面.建立了认识、解释南海的磁场基础体系,证实了南海基性岩浆岩分布区与磁力ΔZ_⊥异常的正磁异常高密切相关,区域性的磁力ΔZ_⊥异常负磁异常区可能与居里面深度相关.     

Focal depths of earthquakes in the Baikal region: A review

Conditions and specific features in the determination of the focal depths of the earthquakes in the Baikal region are considered. Particular attention is given to the procedure of relocation of the hypocenters in accordance with the programs based on the method of minimization of rms residuals in the seismic wave traveltimes, which is widely used at present. The advantages and shortcomings of this approach are demonstrated. The available determinations of the source depths are reviewed, and examples for the interpretation of the results are presented. The averaged depth distribution of the hypocenters shows that the strongest seismic activity is observed in the depth range 10–20 km. The bottom of the seismically active layer corresponding to the level, above which 90% of sources are located, lies at a depth of 25 km. The trend of the deepening of seismic sources is observed at the northeast flank of the rift zone, where seismic activity involves the lower part of the crust.