古田地震水口水电站重力坝强震观测记录的谱结构特征

通过对水口水电站重力坝强震反应台站在古田地震中获取的强震反应观测资料进行信噪比、反应谱和功率谱分析,得到如下结论:①大坝在0.7～15 Hz频率段的振动特性较为可信;②坝基和自由场输入地震动富于高频,峰值加速度反应谱存在较大差异;③坝基输入地震动存在差异性,建议今后此类大坝抗震设计时考虑多点地震动输入;④单个卓越频率携带的能量对反应谱影响不大,反应谱是和输入地震动总能量相关的;⑤坝体刚度较大,此次地震中还处于线弹性状态。初步了解了强震记录的地震动特性和大坝结构的抗震性能,对认识水库地震近场地震动特性和重力坝地震反应有一定的参考意义。     

汶川地震对水电工程的影响

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生8.0级地震,这是自1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震后,中国发生的最大地震之一,给地震灾区人们带来深重的灾难。灾区大中型水电工程经受了远超工程设防标准的强震考验,大坝无一溃决,结构整体安全、稳定。部分建筑设施受到地震滑坡、崩塌等次生灾害影响,经及时抢修维护,均在震后迅速恢复发电及生产。灾区外大中型水电工程经受了强震考验,大坝完好无损,工程建设及运行正常有序。"5.12"汶川地震不是水库蓄水造成的,水库蓄水也不可能诱发"5.12"汶川地震。必须加强对地震机理、机制、地球板块运动、震源活动规律及趋势的探讨、认识与科学研究,逐步提高对地震的预警与预报,预防地震及地质灾害的水平,贯彻执行《防震减灾法》及有关律条例,复核、修订城镇工业、民用建筑和水利、水电工程抗震设防烈度及规范;结合生态环境修复,切实做好灾后重建工作。保护人民生命和财产安全,保障社会主义建设顺利进行,坚持可持续发展,构建和谐社会,确保长治久安。     

巴颜喀拉块体周缘几次强震对甘肃地区地震形势的影响

以青藏高原为目标,采用黏弹性体本构关系建立3D有限元模型,模拟了在印度板块持续向北推进、挤压下,巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震对邻近地区的影响.通过降低强震发生位置处单元弹性模量的方法模拟了2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1、2008年汶川MS8.0、2010年玉树MS7.1地震,计算了发生这3次MS7.0以上强震后50年内每5年的黏弹性调整过程,讨论了3次强震对祁连地震带及甘东南地区地震形势的影响,尝试开展依据区域应力调整特征判定未来强震危险区的探索试验.     

巴颜喀拉块体东南缘应力演化及鲁甸地震自发破裂模拟研究

巴颜喀拉块体活动导致的昆仑—汶川地震系列,是目前中国大陆唯一一组7级以上地震序列,未来几年该块体仍是发生7级地震的主体地区。巴颜喀拉块体东缘从走滑运动向逆冲运动转换的构造动力学性质使得活动块体两个相邻边界带存在大地震序列的关联性。研究表明近期逐渐加速的块体东边界强震序列是北边界强震活动的响应,巴颜喀拉块体南边界的鲜水河断裂带同样以左旋走滑的方式向东边界挤压,但巴颜喀拉块体东南缘地震呈现以下两个特点,一是强震大都发生在巴颜喀拉块体东边界断裂带,东边界强震序列呈现加速状态;二是南边界鲜水河断裂带在1973年炉霍7.6级地震后,已有40多年没有发生7级以上地震,鲜有6.5级以上强震,在此次地震序列中表现出一种大震缺失的状态。因此,巴颜喀拉块体东南缘主要断裂带的地震危险性值得关注和研究。同震库仑破裂应力及震后粘弹性松弛在解释余震序列分布,分析强震序列相互作用关系及未来地震危险性分析等方面发挥了重要的作用。比如汶川地震之后,一些研究者利用弹性位错模型计算了汶川地震的同震库仑破裂应力变化,并对龙门山区域未来的地震危险性进行了估计。一些研究者分别计算了汶川地震和芦山地震后周边断层的同震库仑应力变化,以及汶川地震和芦山地震引起的同震和震后粘弹性松弛应力场变化,得到了汶川地震可能有效地促进了芦山地震的发生的结论。在应力演化过程中,震间构造应力加载对强震危险性的作用也非常重要,目前比较流行的计算这部分应力积累的做法是采用"负位错"的理论进行计算,这一方法虽然简洁,但假设了断层是完全闭锁的,可能会造成一定误差。本文拟以巴颜喀拉块体区域构造活动作为三维有限元模型的边界约束,综合研究区域介质速度、密度结构最新反演结果计算介质的弹性材料参数,从初始应力场出发模拟在构造应力和重力作用下的现今背景应力场,计算强震序列引起的区域内断裂带震前、震间、震后的应力演化,获得更为准确可靠的应力场结果。利用速率-状态关系计算库仑应力变化对研究区域背景地震发生率的影响,利用泊松概率过程计算研究区域在汶川地震和芦山地震震后未来10年6级以上强震的发震概率及研究区域主要断裂带的6级以上强震发震概率。除以上述准动力学的方法研究巴颜喀拉块体东南缘应力演化及地震危险性,本文还以鲁甸地震为例,研究鲁甸地震从成核区开始破裂,然后扩展直至终止的自发破裂动力学过程,探索影响地震自发破裂位错的主要因素。研究内容:(1)建立巴颜喀拉块体东南缘三维粘弹性有限元模型。(2)模拟巴颜喀拉块体东南缘主要断裂带上1900年以来7级以上强震序列的应力演化过程,并对强震序列对芦山地震的触发作用进行了研究,对比库仑应力场及等效应力场演化结果与背景地震活动的关系。(3)应用速率-状态关系研究库仑破裂应力对汶川地震、芦山地震震后研究区域的地震发生率的影响,应用泊松过程给出研究区域主要断层未来的强震发生概率。(4)应用可以描述断层摩擦机制的FAULTS有限元软件对芦山地震断层错动方式,初始破裂点进行了模拟,研究了汶川地震后,断层强度的变化对芦山地震的影响。(5)应用曲线有限差分方法建立鲁甸地震非平面断层自发破裂模型,模拟鲁甸地震在包谷垴—小河断裂上的自发破裂过程,分析影响鲁甸地震自发破裂过程的主要因素。本文的创新点:(1)以三维速度、密度反演结果建立能反映更真实地下介质的三维粘弹性有限元模型;(2)从初始应力场出发,进行数十万年的应力场演化模拟直至获得与现今构造应力场更为吻合的背景应力场用于地震序列模拟;(3)采用泊松概率模型计算地震发生概率时直接基于三维粘弹性有限元模型得到的库仑应力结果,充分考虑了同震、震间和震后效应的影响。同时,在考虑背景地震发生率时采用了更全面完整的地震目录,这可能使得对未来地震危险性的估计更准;(4)对鲁甸地震自发破裂过程进行了动力学模拟,将震间应力积累过程与同震地震破裂过程的模拟结合起来。     

混凝土重力坝整体动力特性研究

结合金安桥混凝土重力坝工程的抗震性能研究,对大坝按整体模型和分缝模型分别进行了动力试验。试验中考虑了横缝和动水压力的影响,得到了整个坝体空库、满库时的空间动力特性。并对大坝进行了三维有限元动力分析,与模型试验结果进行了比较,两者符合得较好。     

巴颜喀拉块体强震动力学过程数值模拟

以青藏高原为目标采用弹性体本构关系, 模拟印度板块持续向北推进、 挤压对巴颜喀拉块体及邻区的影响. 通过降低强震发生位置处单元弹性模量的方法, 模拟1900年以来发生在巴颜喀拉块体及周缘M_S≥7.0强震, 计算序列中前面地震对后续强震的影响. 模拟结果表明: ① 巴颜喀拉块体背景场应力水平大致与块体西部等效应力同等大小, 自西向东逐渐递减, 巴颜喀拉块体西部和中部等效应力从南向北逐渐递减, 东部地区等效应力比较低; ② 模拟的14次地震序列中, 有8次发生在前面强震所引起的等效应力增大的区域内, 2次发生在等效应力增大和减小的过渡区域内, 3次发生在等效应力减小的区域内; ③ 从强震序列所引起的应力相互作用看, 历史地震对1970年以来发生的地震影响结果为: 历史地震加速了1973年亦基台错、 1997年玛尼和2001年昆仑山口西地震的发生, 昆仑山口西地震对汶川地震的影响较小, 汶川地震对玉树地震的发生不具有加速触发作用.      

巴颜喀拉块体强震动力学过程数值模拟

以青藏高原为目标采用弹性体本构关系,模拟印度板块持续向北推进、挤压对巴颜喀拉块体及邻区的影响.通过降低强震发生位置处单元弹性模量的方法,模拟1900年以来发生在巴颜喀拉块体及周缘Ms≥7.0强震,计算序列中前面地震对后续强震的影响.模拟结果表明:①巴颜喀拉块体背景场应力水平大致与块体西部等效应力同等大小,自西向东逐渐递减,巴颜喀拉块体西部和中部等效应力从南向北逐渐递减,东部地区等效应力比较低;②模拟的14次地震序列中,有8次发生在前面强震所引起的等效应力增大的区域内,2次发生在等效应力增大和减小的过渡区域内,3次发生在等效应力减小的区域内;③从强震序列所引起的应力相互作用看,历史地震对1970年以来发生的地震影响结果为:历史地震加速了1973年亦基台错、1997年玛尼和2001年昆仑山口西地震的发生,昆仑山口西地震对汶川地震的影响较小,汶川地震对玉树地震的发生不具有加速触发作用.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013 年芦山MS7.0地震震源特征比较分析

2013年4月20日四川芦山发生了MS7.0地震,芦山地震震中距离2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震震中约85km,距离其余震密集分布区约60km。汶川地震和芦山地震均发生在龙门山断裂带上,震源机制均以逆冲为主,针对二者震源特征的比较分析,对解释龙门山地区强震特征意义显著。本文基于地震波辐射能及视应力与应力降的关系,对比讨论汶川地震和芦山地震的动态破裂过程,初步研究结果显示,汶川地震属于应力上调模式,而芦山地震则属于应力下调模式,通常应力上调模式的震后能量释放较为充分,应力下调模式则对应震后能量释放相对不够充分,余震空间分布相对集中。     

河北唐山4.5级地震震中附近地面运动 破坏力分析

基于RED-ACT地震震害评估系统,对2019年12月5日发生在唐山市丰南区的4.5级地震震中附近地面运动的破坏力进行分析。包括:地震中典型强震记录的分析,典型强震记录作用下典型单体结构的动力响应和破坏情况分析,以及震中附近该次地震的破坏力分布和地震时人员加速度感受分布的评估。分析结果表明唐山4.5级地震破坏力较小,与实际震害基本一致。基于城市抗震弹塑性分析方法和密布强震台网的实时震害评估方法RED-ACT为震后应急提供了重要参考。     

2008年古田4．1、4．6级地震强震动观测记录

水口水电站重力坝强震反应台阵在古田ML4．1、ML4．6地震中获得了强震资料,通过对观测资料初步分析,得到以下认识：如果仅用基岩自由场顺河向振动的峰值加速度进行估算．该大坝遭受的地震强度达到Ⅵ度。这与通过现场灾害评估得出大坝位于V度区外的结论相悖：坝底和基岩自由场竖直向和顺河向振动情况一致,但幅度存在差异;对于坝体的峰值加速度,相比较于坝底,坝中部三方向均有不同程度的放大,坝顶三方向均有不同程度的缩小：从坝底至坝顶。峰值加速度出现滞后现象,但并不明显,说明坝体刚性较大。此次地震中坝体主要呈整体振动特性。     

Experimental study of seismic overloading of large arch dam

A dynamic overloading model test has been carried out on a shaking table for an arch dam of 278 m in height to investigate its behaviours under strong earthquake. The model system included the arch dam with contraction joints, part of reservoir, partial foundation rock with topographic feature near the dam. A damping boundary consisting of viscous liquid has been used to simulate the effect of dynamic energy emission to far field, which made the dynamic interaction between dam and foundation in model arch dam system be represented properly. Three sets of different seismic waves of design level have been used as the input to investigate the difference in the responses of arch dam. Artificial waves of different levels have been used to verify the behaviours of arch dam under seismic overloading. Since the opening of joints during strong earthquake reduced the response acceleration and tensile arch stress, cantilever stress on downstream face exceeded the tensile strength first for the model dam. And the arch dam responded in a non‐linear way when input seismic load increased. Some cracks appeared near abutments, and the damage made the natural frequency of arch dam to drop obviously, but the static function did not seem to change for the model tested. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lessons learned from Wenchuan earthquake for seismic safety of large dams

This paper describes some special features of the Wenchuan earthquake that affected dam safety. Damage and performance of dams, primarily for four dams over 100 m high located in the affected earthquake area, are briefly described. Lessons learned related to dam safety from this devastating earthquake are preliminarily drawn. As the seismic safety of high dams during strong earthquakes has gained more attention around the world, some critical issues related to dam construction in China are considered and extensively discussed. Questions such as “Why is dam construction necessary in earthquake prone countries such as China?”, “Can we accurately evaluate the seismic safety of high dams in China?”, “Did reservoir impounding of the Zipingpu and Three Gorges Projects trigger the Wenchuan Earthquake in some way?” and “What is the strategic priority of dam safety for large dams in China?” are discussed. Finally, the corresponding tactics with response to the challenge are suggested and recent preliminary progress mainly achieved in IWHR is briefly introduced.     

Integrative seismic safety evaluation of a high concrete arch dam

An integrative seismic safety evaluation of an arch dam should include all sources of nonlinearities, dynamic interactions between different components and the external loads. The present paper investigates the calibration procedure and nonlinear seismic response of an existing high arch dam. The first part explains the conducted analyses for the static and thermal calibrations of the dam based on site measurements. The second part investigates the nonlinear seismic analysis of the calibrated model considering the effect of joints, cracking of mass concrete, reservoir–dam–rock interaction, hydrodynamic pressure inside the opened joints and the geometric nonlinearity. Penetration of the water inside the opened joints accelerates the damage process. The integrative seismic assessment of a case study shows that the dam will fail under the maximum credible earthquake scenario. The dam is judged to be severely damaged with extensive cracking and the joints undergo opening/sliding. A systematic procedure is proposed for seismic and post-seismic safety of dams.     

基于强震监测记录的冶勒大坝动力反应特性初步分析

冶勒沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝最大坝高为124.5m,坝址区地震烈度高,地质条件复杂。大坝上布设了9台强震仪组成的强震监测台阵,自2005年12月开始投入运行至2014年12月底共获得有效记录57次,其中包括汶川地震、攀枝花地震和芦山地震记录。对典型强震记录进行时域分析和频谱分析,初步总结了冶勒大坝的动力反应特性。研究结果表明,大坝坝顶部位的动力反应主要以放大为主,并且随着底部PGA的减小,坝体放大倍数明显增大;由于地震动本身震源特性、传播途径的差异,大坝在不同地震中动力反应的频谱特性明显不同,但多次记录均显示土石坝体有较为明显的滤波作用。     

Seismic upgrade of hydraulic fill dam by buttressing

The vulnerability of hydraulic fill dams under strong earthquake shaking has long been recognized. When located in areas of high seismic hazard, seismic upgrading of these types of dams is often required to meet current dam safety standards. Selection of an appropriate design concept for seismic upgrading of such dams requires careful consideration of seismically induced deformations when the hydraulic fill is to remain as part of the dam. This paper presents a case history of the seismic upgrade of Butt Valley Dam, a hydraulic fill dam located in Northern California. The dam was strengthened to withstand the Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) by buttressing of its upstream and downstream slopes. The paper discusses the evaluation of alternatives to upgrade the dam, the design criteria, and the design and analysis of the seismic upgrade. It is shown that a conservative and robust design was developed based on well-established engineering principles and multiple lines of defense, and sound use of analysis procedures including finite-difference non-linear dynamic deformation analyses.     

Numerical investigation of the response of the Yele rockfill dam during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

In this paper the seismic response of a well-documented Chinese rockfill dam, Yele dam, is simulated and investigated employing the dynamic hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled finite element (FE) method. The objective of the study is to firstly validate the numerical model for static and dynamic analyses of rockfill dams against the unique monitoring data on the Yele dam recorded before and during the Wenchuan earthquake. The initial stress state of the dynamic analysis is reproduced by simulating the geological history of the dam foundation, the dam construction and the reservoir impounding. Subsequently, the predicted seismic response of the Yele dam is analysed, in terms of the deformed shape, crest settlements and acceleration distribution pattern, in order to understand its seismic behaviour, assess its seismic safety and provide indication for the application of any potential reinforcement measures. The results show that the predicted seismic deformation of the Yele dam is in agreement with field observations that suggested that the dam operated safely during the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, parametric studies are conducted to explore the impact of two factors on the seismic response of rockfill dams, i.e. the permeability of materials comprising the dam body and the vertical ground motion.     

汶川地震中远场深覆盖土层动力反应分析

对上海佘山地震台在汶川地震中测得的基岩波地震记录进行频谱特性分析,然后以同济大学教学科研综合楼场地土层为研究对象,应用水平成层土层地震反应的一维有限元方法,分析该深覆盖场地在这一实测地震记录作用下的动力反应,并将其与同济大学强震监测台在汶川地震中获得的地表波记录进行对比。结果表明：汶川地震的远场地震动记录中,基岩波的长周期卓越性比地表波更为明显;而在土层剪应变为10-6~10-4的小变形阶段,《上海市地震动参数区划》中给出的各类土壤的阻尼比建议值明显偏小。最后,对阻尼比的修正进行了一些探讨。     

Analysis of seismic disaster failure mechanism and dam-break simulation of high arch dam

Based on a Chinese national high arch dam located in a meizoseismal region, a nonlinear numerical analysis model of the damage and failure process of a dam-foundation system is established by employing a 3-D deformable distinct element code(3DEC) and its re-development functions. The proposed analysis model considers the dam-foundation-reservoir coupling effect, infl uence of nonlinear contact in the opening and closing of the dam seam surface and abutment rock joints during strong earthquakes, and radiation damping of far fi eld energy dissipation according to the actual workability state of an arch dam. A safety assessment method and safety evaluation criteria is developed to better understand the arch dam system disaster process from local damage to ultimate failure. The dynamic characteristics, disaster mechanism, limit bearing capacity and the entire failure process of a high arch dam under a strong earthquake are then analyzed. Further, the seismic safety of the arch dam is evaluated according to the proposed evaluation criteria and safety assessment method. As a result, some useful conclusions are obtained for some aspects of the disaster mechanism and failure process of an arch dam. The analysis method and conclusions may be useful in engineering practice.     

Earthquake safety assessment of concrete arch and gravity dams

Based on research studies currently being carried out at Dalian University of Technology, some important aspects for the earthquake safety assessment of concrete dams are reviewed and discussed. First, the rate-dependent behavior of concrete subjected to earthquake loading is examined, emphasizing the properties of concrete under cyclic and biaxial loading conditions. Second, a modified four-parameter Hsieh-Ting-Chen viscoplastic consistency model is developed to simulate the rate-dependent behavior of concrete. The earthquake response of a 278m high arch dam is analyzed, and the results show that the strain-rate effects become noticeable in the inelastic range. Third, a more accurate non-smooth Newton algorithm for the solution of three-dimensional frictional contact problems is developed to study the joint opening effects of arch dams during strong earthquakes. Such effects on two nearly 300m high arch dams have been studied. It was found that the canyon shape has great influence on the magnitude and distribution of the joint opening along the dam axis. Fourth, the scaled boundary finite element method presented by Song and Wolf is employed to study the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction effects of concrete dams. Particular emphases were placed on the variation of foundation stiffness and the anisotropic behavior of the foundation material on the dynamic response of concrete dams. Finally, nonlinear modeling of concrete to study the damage evolution of concrete dams during strong earthquakes is discussed. An elastic-damage mechanics approach for damage prediction of concrete gravity dams is described as an example. These findings are helpful in understanding the dynamic behavior of concrete dams and promoting the improvement of seismic safety assessment methods.