长波辐射时空序列剖面中震兆特征的研究

做出了３２°～４０°Ｎ,８９°～１０５°Ｅ范围内各经纬度结点１９８９年７月～１９９６年１２月长波辐射（ＯＬＲ）月距平值曲线．将各结点的曲线图按经纬度排列起来,构成ＯＬＲ时空序列剖面图．根据对这些剖面图的分析,研究了强震前ＯＬＲ的变化特征．结果表明,强震前１～４个月震中附近结点ＯＬＲ曲线变化出现异常,表现为反向变化或振荡型．有的地震前异常的空间展布呈条带状．     

大同-阳高地震水位异常的模糊识别与预报

采用模糊数学从属函数和异常系列方法，以大同－阳高地震为例，对强震发生的时间与地点预测进行研究。结果表明：模糊数学从属函数方法是提取水位异常的较好方法。强震发生前在一定区域内，水位群体异常在不同时间尺度上显示出增长和加速变化图象，这种图象可作为预报强震发生时间的标志。水位变化值异常的集中分布区与水位异常井位置在空间呈两组条带展布时，两组条带交汇地区可作为预报强震发生地点的标志     

b值空间扫描图象场源关系初探

讨论了云南地区６．７级以上强震第Ⅲ,Ⅳ活跃期和平静期间地震前一年的ｂ值空间扫描图象,发现在强震频繁发生的云南地区,当某一个异常区发生强震时,与此同时出现的其他异常区的若干年后仍可能发生强震,这些相对于已发生的强震为中短期场兆的异常可能为未来强震的中长期源兆。对低ｂ值异常而言,ｂ值较低的异常区发生强震较早,对高ｂ值异常则动态变化的异常区发生强震较早,异常幅度和异常区大小相对稳定的异常区发生强震较晚。     

云南地区地震视应变时空演变与强震发震地区的对应关系

在前人研究的基础上，利用云南及周边地区的地震资料，研究了1970年以来云南地区地震视应变场的分布和时空演化特征。结果表明，云南地区地震视应变的时空演变与强震具有较好的对应关系。在所研究的9个强震中，8个震前出现地震视应变异常区，5个发生在异常区内，3个发生在异常区附近。最后，对研究结果进行了初步论证。     

云南地区强震前震源深度的时空展布

通过对云南地区1986年以来强震前中小地震的震源深度及时空特点的研究分析,找出震源深度的变化特性,深度异常与大震之间的关系。分析结果表明,强震发生的时间集中在震源深度首次出现15km的180天以内,而且深度异常形成的条带常沿断裂带分布,强震的震中区主要位于异常条带上或异常条带的延长线上。     

云南地区强震活跃期前调制比的中长期近场特征

通过逐年追踪云南地区 3～ 4 5级地震调制比图象 ,在以 0 67≤Rm <1为异常指标基础上研究了调制地震的中长期近场特征 ,发现 :强震活跃期前调制比的异常区预示了活跃期强震的危险区 ;调制比最大值出现在活跃期前 3～ 5年 ,活跃期前 1～ 2年整个云南地区无调制比异常 ;强震连发背景下的后续强震仅在震前 1年异常 ;7级地震间发生的 6 7～ 6 8级地震调制比异常幅度小。     

一种强震概率预测方法

介绍了利用Logistic回归进行地震危险性概率预测方法，对以新西兰地区相同时间段内地震活动性b值和等地震个数所覆盖空间区域的半径r为例，讨论了地震活动性参数的变化和强震发生的概率关系。研究表明,该地区强震发生的概率总体上与强震发生前一年半时间窗内的地震活动性资料计算的b值呈正相关关系，与r值呈负相关关系。该方法可以推广应用于研究其他异常分布和强震的概率统计关系。     

地磁日变化异常与强震的关系

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化.本文利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料，研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震、2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师6.8级地震和1989年9月22日小金6.6级等30多次6.6级以上强震前，地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间（低点时间）在空间分布上的异常特征，即低点位移现象. 这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性. 发震日期为异常日后的第27天或41天的前后4天，强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近. 此外，还研究了昆仑山口西8.1级地震和巴楚-伽师6.8级地震临震前, 震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象.      

汶川8.0级和芦山7.0级地震前卫星热红外异常现象对比

汶川地震和芦山地震都发生在龙门山断裂带,且只相隔5年。本文利用距平方法研究发现两次强震前卫星热红外均存在升温异常,为了找出两次地震前异常的异同及强震前的热红外异常规律,本文对两次地震前的热红外异常现象进行了比较。结果表明:两次地震前都存在中、长期异常,芦山地震前存在短期异常,而汶川地震前短期异常不突出,甚至震前半年很平静;震前异常升温面积都很大,达到几十万km2;异常优势分布区域并不在震中区域或发震断裂。     

强震前水氡异常台站时空分布非均匀性变化特征

研究了华北地区６级左右强震前水氡观测值异常的时空非均匀分布变化特征。结果表明,在强震前水氡观测异常台站的空间分布非均匀性发生显变化,Ｃｖ值明显的和蔼同过程。这说明,强震前短临地震前兆异常空间分布的非均匀性增强,变得更加不均匀,这可能邮地壳应力场的增强过程。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.