基于GPS数据分析渭河盆地现今地壳形变特征

基于2001—2015年流动及连续GPS观测资料,借助多面函数拟合法建立渭河盆地水平速度场模型,并计算球面坐标下的应变特征参数。结合陕西地区地质构造背景,分析渭河盆地水平速度场及应变场分布特征。结果表明:(1)渭河盆地西部GPS速度场受青藏块体及鄂尔多斯块体共同作用明显,西部GPS速度场大于中东部,且GPS速度场有顺时针旋转的运动特征。(2)渭河盆地西部主应力场变化复杂,中部的西安地区主应变差异变化明显,与2009年11月5日高陵M_S4.4地震对应;渭河盆地西部出现最大剪应变及面应变高值区及差异变化高梯度带,在西安附近出现最大剪应变及面应变差异变化梯度带,高陵地震震中位于零值线附近。(3)2001—2010年的主应变、最大剪应变、面应变变化比2011—2015年显著,表明高陵地震发生后,应力场进行了释放调整,近期渭河盆地地震紧迫性相对较低。     

川滇地区应变率场分布及其变化特征研究

基于GPS多期复测资料, 利用最小二乘配置方法计算川滇地区应变参数, 分析该区域应变率场分布及其变化特征并探讨其分布与强震关系。 研究结果表明: ① 各时段应变率场空间分布的明显变化应属于大于GPS资料误差的真实地壳构造形变信息; ② 最大剪应变率及第一、 第二剪应变率的结果反映了走滑断裂对区域变形的显著控制; ③ 主应变率, 东西、 南北向应变率场动态结果反映的汶川地震孕震的空间尺度较大; ④ 在本区大致反映北东向与北西向剪切变形的第一剪应变率、 东西向应变率、 南北向应变率及最大剪应变率与6级以上地震对应较好。     

基于GPS资料分析银川盆地地壳运动特征

利用银川盆地及周边地区1999—2007年的GPS数据,研究了该区域现今地壳水平速度场特征,根据区域地壳主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率的空间变化以及小震分布特征,结合该地区的地质构造背景,对黄河断裂的南北段差异特征及盆地构造动力和地震危险性分析研究,结果表明:研究区内GPS测站主要运移方向为E-SE向。贺兰山东麓断裂和黄河断裂北段以拉张兼走滑运动为主,而黄河断裂南段以走滑运动为主,盆地整体处于剪切拉分断陷环境;银川盆地比周围块体的主应变率大,最大主应变方向为NW向,以张应变为主,结合面膨胀率和最大剪应变率也都显示盆地内存在较强的拉张和剪切变形,盆地内地震主要分布在南部地区;主应变率、面膨胀率、最大剪应变率和小震活动性均说明黄河断裂南段比北段活动性强;银川盆地地壳变形程度高,而周边稳定块体变形弱,黄河断裂和贺兰山东麓断裂分别位于应变强弱变化的东、西边界上,断裂具有较强的应变积累,表现出较高程度的地震危险性。     

最小二乘配置下的天山地区应变场特征分布

利用已有的GPS观测数据,借助球面最小二乘配置方法对天山地区的GPS速度场进行研究,得到了研究区域应变场的空间分布特征．其最大主压应变表明,大地震多发生在主压应变快速交替变化的地带,主压应变最大值主要分布于西南天山与帕米尔弧及塔里木西北交汇的地区,强地震(M7.0—8.0)基本发生在该区域．面膨胀值表明天山地区应变呈挤压收缩的特征．      

阿克陶M_S6.7地震前帕米尔东北缘地形变特征的GPS研究

利用2009～2015年4期GPS观测资料,获得阿克陶M_S6. 7地震前震中附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率,结合区域构造背景分析该区域变形动态特征,结果表明:(1)本次地震震前研究区速度场由南向北逐渐减弱,研究区南部帕米尔区域整体运动速率高于北部的南天山区域,以发震构造为界南北部区域的速率大小和方向均有差异。(2)研究区现今应变率场与该区域长期的地质构造背景相一致,震前逐渐增强的压应变为本次地震提供发震背景。研究区剪应变变化趋势优于面膨胀变化趋势。     

GPS初步结果揭示的中国大陆水平应变场与构造变形

根据中国大陆不同来源的多个GPS区域监测网1991～1999年间的观测资料和“中国地壳运动观测网络”基本网1998～2000年的观测资料，联合处理得到中国大陆地壳水平运动速度场结果，通过最小二乘配置法建立中国大陆水平运动速度场模型，获得了基于连续介质假设的中国大陆水平应变场（或称为视应变场）初步结果. 分析了水平运动、应变场空间分布特征及其与强震的关系，并简要分析了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级大地震的区域构造变形背景. 结果表明：中国大陆中西部构造变形强烈，应变速率值高，又以青藏块体及其边缘和新疆西部最为显著. 除川滇、新疆西部外，大部分地区的近东西向断裂存在左旋剪切变形，近南北向的断裂存在右旋剪切变形. 而东部地区构造变形相对较弱. 强震通常发生在剪切应变率的高值区及其边缘，尤其是与构造变形背景相一致的剪应变率高值区. 昆仑山口西8.1级地震发生在最显著的东西向左旋剪切应变率高值区，从该区域的应变状态分析，具备近东西向断裂产生巨型走滑破裂错动的构造变形背景.     

基于GPS的精河M_S6.6地震前地壳变形动态特征研究

利用2013~2017年3期GPS观测资料,获得精河6.6级地震前震中附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率,并结合区域构造背景分析该区域变形动态特征。结果表明:震前震中附近区域速度场速率逐渐增大,发震断裂两盘构造运动速率不均,震中附近区域GPS测点的速率和运动方向存在差异,反应了地壳应变能量积累。震中区域主压应变率变化反映出应力调整过程,沿断层走向的张压转换的形变高梯度带、最大剪应变梯度带可为地震预测提供参考。     

基于GPS研究天山西南地区现今应变场特征

利用1992~2012年多期境内外天山西南地区GPS观测数据,计算得出天山西南及帕米尔地区现今构造变形运动速度场,并计算给出了研究区内最大主应变、剪应变率和面膨胀的分布情况。结果表明:在西天山地区受印度板块西构造结挤压作用下,帕米尔高原快速向北俯冲,造成天山沿这一经度带发生了强烈的地壳缩短;盆—山结合带的变形大于山体内部变形,形变幅度最大的地方往往就是历史上多次发生7~8级大震的地方;天山主压应变方向随经度增加逐渐由北北西向转向南北及北北东向,基本上与天山山脉走向垂直;主压应变较大的地区集中在西天山南北褶皱带上,最大剪应变率位于西天山南缘与帕米尔高原及西昆仑结合部,高值区是强地震的主要分布区。     

青藏高原东缘地应变演化特征

利用青藏高原东缘1999—2013年间多期GPS水平速率观测数据,基于多面函数拟合,计算球面坐标系下区域不同时期的面应变和最大剪应变,分析地应变的时空演化特征,结合不同时期发生的中强以上地震(MS6.0),研究期间大震分布与地应变时空演化特征的关系,主要结论如下:(1)青藏高原东缘面应变分布与地块有一定的对应关系,面应变的差异会在块体边界和内部形成不同的断层闭锁形式,与地震发生位置和震源机制有一定的关联;(2)区域最大剪应变的高值区对应于构造活动性较强的断裂带,这些断裂带鲜有地震发生;低值区对应于活动性较弱的断裂带,在区域地壳运动剧烈的背景下,在这些活动性相对较弱的断层上易形成应变能积累,因而会发生地震。区域绝大多数地震都发生在最大剪应变的低值区。     

基于GPS的华北地区地壳水平形变特征研究

利用中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009、2011年2期的GPS数据资料,计算得到华北地区相对于稳定的欧亚板块的区域水平速度场。根据水平速度场,基于连续变形假说,采用三角形方法计算了区域应变场特征值,并用GMT绘制了其分布图像。结合地震地质资料对该区的地壳水平形变特征进行分析研究,得出了有意义的结论:(1)水平相对运动与应变率场分布显示,板块交界处的断裂带及其附近区域地壳运动差异显著,应变率量值较为突出;(2)山西断陷带的活动方式与地质结果具有差异性;(3)区内最大剪应变、面膨胀的高值区主要位于环渤海的京津唐地区、山西断陷带中南部及郯庐断裂带中南段。     

乌恰伽师地区GPS地壳运动监测网研究

通过对乌恰、伽师地区GPS监测网进行的6期复测，结合周边地区的IGS站数据，计算得到了该区50多个GPS点位在ITRF2000下的最新运动速率及相对欧亚板块(在NNR-NUVEL 1A地质模型下)的运动速率，由此得到了该区的现今地壳形变速率图．结果表明GPS站主要运动方向为北北西，基本上与天山褶皱带走向正交，形成对天山的正向挤压．同时对乌恰一伽师(20021225 Ms5．8)及伽师一巴楚(20030224 Ms6．8)地震前后的地壳运动进行了应变计算及分析，得出大震前震中及邻近地区会大面积产生高剪应变集中区的结论．     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90oE is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2±1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1±0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8±1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8±2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

Horizontal movement and strain characteristics in Tianshan and its adjacent region with GPS deformation data

Introduction The Tianshan Mountain is the youngest cordillera in the present-day continental Asia, and its tectonic evolution is closely related to the collision and subduction between Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate in the Himalayas orogen since Cenozoic…     

伽师及邻近地区GPS地壳形变监测及初步分析

通过对伽师及邻近地区ＧＰＳ监测网的优化布设和两期观测资料的分析,对伽师及邻近地区的地形变特征进行了探讨,认为伽师地区整体上受到正南北向的主压应力,但在喀什和乌恰－乌仁一带存在着较大的剪应力。伽师地区每年相对于北天山（哈萨克斯坦）的运动速度为１９ｍｍ,整个南天山地区发生中强地震的可能性将长期存在。     

Current horizontal strain field in Chinese mainland derived from GPS data

Introduction In the years when the reliable data could not be obtained and in the analysis of strain property and magnitude in history, the intensity, property and activity pattern of strain field were mainly inferred on the bases of geometric characters of surface traces and behaviors (especially the faults) as well as the characteristics of petrology (XIE, et al, 1993; Molnar, Tapponnier, 1975, 1977; Tapponnier, Molnar, 1977; FU, et al, 2000). However, they are the averaged results accumu…     

球坐标系中图形单元应变与旋转张量及其误差解算

利用泰勒级数展开和弹性力学的几何方程,推导了球坐标系中由GPS位移数据解算图形单元应变和旋转张量的解析公式. 通过线性化处理,并利用误差传播定律,详细推导了图形单元应变和旋转张量的误差公式. 利用川滇地区最新的GPS测站位移速率数据,采用图形单元法解算了该区的面应变率及最大剪切应变率分布,并对其进行了初步的分析. 同时阐述了图形单元应变数学模型的局限性,讨论了图形单元法计算应变的意义以及图形单元的选择问题,进一步分析了应变计算的定权方法,还讨论了GPS观测网图形单元的地心半径差异与应变的关系问题.      

Evaluation of micro-behavior of strain field in Chinese mainland with the GPS time series

Introduction In the last 20 years, with observation technique development in space monitoring to Earth, a large progress has been made in monitoring crustal movement. This makes it possible for us to study crustal movement and the present geodynamic. Continuous GPS observation conducted in Chinese mainland and its neighboring region provides us for studying the present strain field of crustal micro-behavior tectonic. Crustal micro-behavior tectonic means that we can study the dif-ference bet…     

弹性板块运动模型研究进展

传统板块构造理论认为板块是一个刚体，实际上板块是可变形的.板块内部几年到几十年时间尺度的变形主要是弹性变形,因此应当用弹性模型描述板块运动.推导了板块的弹性运动方程，由空间大地测量新的观测成果建立了菲律宾海、太平洋和澳大利亚板块的弹性运动模型.发现三个板块内部都存在明显的水平形变.板内应变场的空间变化有明显的规律：板块边界附近的应变率最大，从边界向内部逐渐减小；在板块扩散边界附近，主张应变率大于主压应变率，主张应变轴基本上与边界的扩张方向一致；在俯冲边界附近，主压应变率大于主张应变率，主压应变轴基本上与板块的俯冲方向一致；在走滑兼有俯冲性质的边界附近，最大剪应变的方向与边界断裂的走向基本一致.由GPS观测得到的主压应变轴与由震源机制解得到的主压应力轴方向具有很好的一致性.板内的应力－应变场基本上遵循广义胡克定律.     

Computation of strain and rotation tensor as well as their uncertainties for small arrays in spherical coordinate system

Based on Taylor series expansion and strain components expressions of elastic mechanics, we derive formulae of strain and rotation tensor for small arrays in spherical coordinates system. By linearization process of the formulae, we also derive expressions of strain components and Euler vector uncertainties respectively for subnets using the law of error propagation. Taking GPS velocity field in Sichuan-Yunnan area as an example, we compute dilation rate and maximum shear strain rate field using the above procedure, and their characteristics are preliminarily car- ried on. Limits of the strain model for small array are also discussed. We make detailed explanations on small array method and the choice of small arrays. How to set weights of GPS observations are further discussed. Moreover relationship between strain and radius of GPS subnets is also analyzed.     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90°E is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2 ± 1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1 ± 0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8 ± 1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8 ± 2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.