改性当地土壤技术修复富营养化水体综合效果研究:Ⅰ.水质改善的应急与长期效果与机制

2010年10月-2011年9月在太湖梅梁湾围隔内研究了改性当地土壤絮凝除藻及其对水质改善的应急和长期效果,并结合室内实验研究了该技术防控底泥再悬浮和减少底泥二次污染的长效机制.现场围隔实验结果表明,改性当地土壤除藻30 min后,TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP、PO34--P和Chl.a的去除率分别为66%、57%、60%、93%、92%和98%;长期监测结果表明,与对照区域相比,围隔内的TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和PO34--P在处理后11个月内的平均值分别降低了39.83%、52.30%、48.53%、18.75%和60.00%.室内再悬浮实验结果表明,改性土壤和沙子抗再悬浮能力较未改性土壤分别提高了3和5倍.室内柱培养结果表明改性土壤絮凝除藻和沙土覆盖相结合可有效提高表层沉积物-水界面的氧化还原电位和溶解氧,使沉积物向水体的TP和TN通量从源逆转成汇,PO34--P和NH4+-N通量大幅度降低.改性土壤技术在利用絮凝除藻快速改善水质后,可通过改性沙/土分层底泥调控分别达到对藻絮体再悬浮的物理控制和营养盐再释放的化学控制,通过将亚表层底泥中的藻细胞分解并被沉水植物根系吸收,可实现对底泥中水华蓝藻复苏和水体富营养化的长效生态控制.     

湖泊底泥疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及营养盐负荷影响的模拟

选取太湖梅梁湾污染底泥为研究对象,利用沉积物再悬浮发生装置,通过室内模拟实验研究太湖夏季常规风情下底泥疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及上覆水营养盐动态变化的影响.结果表明,在模拟的风情扰动过程结束时(5 h),扰动过程未疏浚与疏浚处理水柱总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)含量变化差异显著,未疏浚对照水柱TSS含量是初始值的7.7倍,而疏浚水柱TSS在第2 h达到峰值,为初始值的3.8倍;未疏浚水柱TSS含量沉降过程最初1 h迅速降低了84.0%,而疏浚水柱TSS含量在沉降3 h后趋于平衡.伴随着沉积物的再悬浮过程,疏浚与未疏浚对照水柱中TP含量均在第5 h达到最大,分别增加负荷78.6和92.2 mg/m2.就短时效而言,底泥疏浚后沉积物的再悬浮过程显著受到抑制,并能够显著地减小沉积物再悬浮过程中溶解性磷酸盐的释放;但对水柱中总磷、总氮、铵氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量变化影响较小.     

浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放的波浪水槽试验研究

为探索浅水湖泊水动力扰动作用对沉积物内源营养盐释放的规律,采用波浪水槽试验研究了波浪扰动对太湖和巢湖沉积物悬浮和磷释放的作用.试验结果显示在强波浪扰动下,底泥大规模悬浮,使得水体中悬浮固体(SS)、总磷(TP)和溶解性总磷(DTP)含量显著升高,太湖和巢湖底泥水槽试验中上覆水体TP含量分别升高了6倍和3倍,DTP分别升高了1倍和70％,太湖底泥试验中溶解性活性磷(SRP)含量亦升高了25％.掀沙过程中,不但表层底泥间隙水中的溶解性磷释放到上覆水体当中,沉积物颗粒所吸附的磷也大量转化为SRP而解吸释放.然而,强波浪掀沙一段时间后,溶解态磷的释放逐渐受到限制.随着波浪扰动作用的持续,悬浮物的中值粒径减小,细颗粒组分的百分含量明显增加,使得悬浮物对溶解态磷的吸附能力增强;波浪扰动显著提高了水体的溶解氧浓度,也会促进水体铁锰物质的氧化,增大其对磷酸根离子的吸附能力.这些变化可能是波浪掀沙后期限制水体SRP浓度进一步升高的主要原因.太湖底泥波浪水槽试验的结果与太湖梅梁湾中心区域常见风浪扰动下底泥的悬浮起动情况相吻合,底泥起动的临界切应力也基本相同,强波浪掀沙的切应力条件及水体SS,TP及SRP浓度变化的特点也一致,表明本实验的结果接近太湖的实际状况.本研究说明太湖的水动力扰动能显著提高水体TP及SRP浓度,大波掀沙初期对底泥磷释放的影响最大,后期的影响强度则有所下降.     

水动力条件下底泥中氮磷释放通量

在环形水槽内模拟了水动力条件下底泥的起动规律,分析了底泥运动的不同状态。该环形水槽内水体流速基本均匀,水槽转速与槽内水体流速能够精确的相互转换,实验中通过改变水槽转速模拟了不同扰动强度下底泥悬浮和释放的规律．以太湖底泥为例,通过上覆水中TN、TP浓度的变化,建立了底泥中TN、TP的释放通量(y)与水流(x)的关系,其表达式为TN：y=137．88e^0.06x(R^2=0．94);TP：y=36．78e^0.56x(R^2=0．97);并将该实验结果应用在太湖的水量水质模型中,取得了比较满意的效果．     

湖泊湿地的水质净化效应——以太湖三山湿地为例

为了解湖泊湿地的水质净化效果,以太湖三山湿地为研究对象,综合利用遥感、GIS技术、现场水质监测、实验室分析和模型模拟等方法,分析三山湿地对污染物的拦截净化效果,进而探讨湖泊湿地对水体氮、磷污染物的削减渠道及其贡献率.结果表明三山湿地对太湖水体和三山岛生活污水均有明显净化效果.2014年三山湿地的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)输入通量分别为549.45和19.4 t,通过水草打捞/收割分别去除20.99和4.52 t,湿地水体内TN、TP变化量分别为528.46和14.88 t,这部分营养盐输出途径包括沉积到底泥、降解转化、水体交换等.湿地的TN、TP拦截能力分别为2723.56和102.48 kg/(hm2·a).水生植物收割打捞与底泥疏浚是提高湿地水质净化能力的有效措施.水动力模拟结果显示,三山湿地建成后使附近水域水体流向发生变化,流速减小,对湿地内水质产生多方面的作用.     

太湖沉积物再悬浮模拟方法

由于风浪对浅水湖泊底泥的强烈扰动作用,底泥再悬浮的生态效应研究成为目前国际研究热点之一.但方法的缺乏极大地限制了有关底泥再悬浮环境效应的深入研究.本研究应用一种新的沉积物再悬浮装置,模拟了太湖南部长兜港水域不同风浪影响下悬浮物的垂向分布,获得水柱总悬浮物量(T)与扰动频率(n)的定量关系:T=19.77×exp(n/2.61)-71.7.结合现场实测风情下的水柱总悬浮物量,建立了室内水动力条件、水柱总悬浮物量和现场风情的定量关系.研究2004年10月至2005年10月太湖全年代表性小风、中风及大风与再悬浮装置的扰动频率对应关系,估算了小风、中风和大风常规风情引起的总悬浮物量分别为159、230、425 g/m2.结果表明,模拟获得的太湖悬浮物垂向分布规律与现场状况较为接近,是目前较为适用的浅水水体沉积物再悬浮模拟方法.     

风浪扰动下湖滨带悬浮物和营养盐响应特征

为研究风浪扰动下沉积物起悬过程中悬浮物浓度的分布特征和水体营养盐时空分布状况,以太湖西北湖滨带为例,选择代表4种不同生境的6个点位进行了连续12 d的野外观测.利用高精度分层同步采样装置,采用重量法计算悬浮量,并对悬浮过程中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度进行分析.结果表明:风速是引起太湖西北湖滨带水体悬浮物增加的主要因素,沉积物悬浮的临界风速为3.6 m/s.各点位悬浮物浓度的均值差异明显,表现为:无植被区植被区河口区湖心区.太湖西北湖滨带水体氮、磷浓度日变化幅度较大,TN浓度为1.82~4.96 mg/L,TP浓度为0.10~1.47 mg/L.NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度分别在0.09~2.83和1.05~3.69 mg/L之间波动.近岸无植被区水柱的总悬浮量与风速的相关性最好,相关系数达到0.722;而远岸湖心区与风速的相关系数仅为0.039.悬浮物浓度除了受风情(风向和风速)的影响外,同样受水深、地形特征和水生植被的影响.     

云南星云湖大街河口湖滨湿地修复及净化效果

星云湖入湖污染物负荷量80%来自面源,而河道是输送污染物的主要通道,为了削减入湖污染物,在大街河口末端修复湖滨湿地4.5 hm2,恢复湖湾沉水植物28.8 hm2,对表流湿地及沉水植物的净化效果进行了试验研究.研究结果表明,由于水生植物庞大的表面积吸附、分解和吸收作用、水质净化水质效果十分明显,净化大街河水317.8×104 m3/a,SS、BOD5、CODMn、TN、TP的去除率分别为82.8%、60.1%、52.8%、49.2%、40.7%.河口湖滨湿地的修复不仅净化了水质,而且改善了河湾景观,恢复了湖泊生物多样性.     

气象条件对淀山湖水质的影响

根据2007-2014年淀山湖湖体每月高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等水质资料和青浦区气象局月平均气温、降水量和日照时数等气象资料,运用数理统计方法和特征值比较法分析淀山湖湖体CODMn、NH3-N、TN和TP等水质资料变化规律及温度、降水和日照时数等对水质的影响.结果表明:(1)气象条件影响淀山湖湖体水质.平均气温、日照时数影响NH3-N、TN和TP浓度,表现在平均气温高、日照时数多,NH3-N、TN浓度降低,相反平均气温低、日照时数少,NH3-N、TN浓度升高;平均气温高,也会使TP浓度上升,平均气温低,TP浓度降低.降水对水体中CODMn、NH3-N和TN等浓度有稀释作用,降水量多的月份其浓度偏低,相反降水量少的月份其浓度偏高.(2)受气象条件影响,CODMn、NH3-N、TN和TP有季节变化.CODMn浓度4-9月较高,10月翌年3月较低;NH3-N、TN浓度最高值出现在2-4月前后,最低值出现在7-10月;TP浓度最高值出现在7-8月,最低值出现在10月翌年5月.(3)淀山湖CODMn、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度呈下降趋势.     

洱海流域入湖河口湿地沉积物氮、磷、有机质分布及污染风险评价

以云南洱海罗时江河口湿地为典型对象,利用柱状底泥分层采样器采集罗时江河口湿地表层(0~10 cm)沉积物样品,研究分析总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)的空间分布特征,并对沉积物进行污染风险评价.结果表明:表层沉积物TP含量在0.04~1.28 g/kg之间,空间分布特征为:Ⅱ区Ⅰ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ;TN含量在0.33~2.96 g/kg之间,空间分布特征为:Ⅰ区Ⅱ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ,OM含量在32.43~233.03 g/kg之间,空间分布表现为Ⅰ区Ⅱ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ.结合综合污染指数与有机指数评价法可知,罗时江河口湿地表层沉积物氮、磷污染:Ⅰ区和水道Ⅰ属于中度污染,Ⅱ区和水道Ⅱ属于轻度污染;有机污染:水道Ⅰ和水道Ⅱ属于重度污染,Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区属于中度污染.罗时江河口湿地表层沉积物空间分布受外源污染物、养殖活动和湿地水生植物的影响,氮、磷外源输入以水道Ⅰ为主,有机质输入以水道Ⅱ为主.     

Wind-induced sediment resuspension as a potential factor sustaining eutrophication in large and shallow Lake Peipsi

Using sediment traps, we aimed to elucidate the temporal and spatial variations in sediment fluxes in large and shallow Lake Peipsi, over the May to October 2011 period, and analyze the factors behind those variations. The effects of weather factors (mean and maximum wind velocity, water level and water temperature) on sediment resuspension and the concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were investigated. Moreover, the internal loading of TP due to sediment resuspension was determined. The sediment resuspension rates were significantly higher in the shallower waters than in the deeper parts of the lake. Resuspension was a major factor in sedimentation dynamics of the lake, which is presently subject to eutrophication. The rates of sediment resuspension followed the same pattern as gross sedimentation during the study period, and their respective values differed significantly between sampling dates. The highest resuspension rates were observed in September (mean 55.4 g dw m^?2 day^?1), when the impacts of wind events were particularly pronounced. Weather factors that were recorded approximately 2 weeks before water and sediment sampling affected the gross sedimentation and sediment resuspension. The water quality variables of SS, TP, SRP, Chl a were similarly affected. During the study, TP concentrations of the water were mainly determined by the resuspension of sediments containing a large pool of organic material. Although internal loading of TP due to resuspension was several times greater than external loading, external loading determines the amount of phosphorus that enters the lake and can be resuspended.     

利用生物膜强化表流湿地处理农村生活污水的试验

针对农村生活污水难以集中处理的问题,提出了采用生物膜强化表流湿地工艺就地进行农村生活污水处理的方法,并对其进行试验研究.结果表明:在表流湿地表面设置生物膜载体后,系统的水质净化能力提高,处理负荷较高的条件下(COD_Cr:657.27 mg/L、TN:26.27 mg/L、TP:8.66 mg/L和SS:276 mg/L),处理效果显著提高.在效果明显的试验组中,生物膜设置后系统对TN、TP、COD_Cr的去除率分别提高了21.64%、16.24%、19.12%.另外,通过对系统中微生物的检测发现,生物膜载体的引入对湿地系统本身影响不大,系统水质净化能力的提高主要源于载体上微生物的增加.该方法在未增加系统占地面积的情况下提高了水质净化能力,为解决农村生活污水处理难的问题提供了新的思路.     

Treatment of Malting Wastewater in a Granular Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating wastewater from the malting process with a high content of particulate organic matter. At an organic loading rate of 3.2 kg/(m³ d) COD_total and an influent particle concentration of 0.95 g/L MLSS an average removal of 50% in COD_total and 80% in COD_dissolved could be achieved. A comparison of granular and flocculent sludge grown under the same operating conditions showed no significant difference in removal efficiency although granules exhibited a higher metabolic activity in terms of specific oxygen uptake rate (r_{O2, X}). Two distinct mechanisms of particle removal were observed for granular sludge: during initial granule formation, particles were incorporated into the biofilm matrix. For mature granules, a high level of protozoa growth on the granule surface accounted for the ability to remove particulate COD. Combined evaluation of the development in MLSS content and sludge bed settling rate (i.e., mean derivative of the normalized sludge volume) was found to be an adequate method for monitoring the characteristic settling properties of a granulizing sludge bed. By means of this method, a distinct substrate gradient out of several operating conditions was concluded to have the biggest impact on the formation of aerobic granular sludge.     

Sediment resuspension in two adjacent shallow coastal lakes: controlling factors and consequences on phosphate dynamics

A combination of field measurements, modelling and laboratory experiments was used to evaluate the potential impact of sediment resuspension on phosphorus (P) dynamics. The study was carried out in two adjacent shallow coastal lakes (Lake Honda and Lake Nueva) which, due to their geographic proximity (only 200 m apart), are subject to equal meteorological forcing and represent ideal systems to study how morphometry and sediment properties relate to wind events. The focusing factors (a measure of the fluxes of sediment into the water column through resuspension) estimated by comparing settling fluxes measured in surface sediment traps with those measured in bottom traps, were significantly larger (approximately 34% larger) in Lake Honda (LH; 1.18) than in Lake Nueva (LN; 0.88). Our model estimates of resuspension fluxes (E) were also ca. 40% larger in LH than in LN, in agreement with the observed focusing factors. The larger resuspension fluxes encountered in LH, in comparison with LN, can mainly be explained by differences in lake morphometry. Still, they could arise from differences in grain size distribution or in benthic algae concentration encountered in the lake sediments. By means of adsorption experiments in the laboratory, we show that resuspension events will have different effects on P-dynamics in LH and LN. While the resuspended material from LH tends to adsorb phosphate (PO₄ ³⁻), removing it from the water column, in LN the resuspended sediments tend to increase the availability of PO₄ ³⁻ in solution. These differences arise from (1) higher concentrations of PO₄ ³⁻ in water in LH compared to LN; and (2) larger PO₄ ³⁻adsorption capacity of the LH sediments as a result of the more abundant iron oxyhydroxides and clay.     

云南抚仙湖窑泥沟复合湿地的除氮效果

为了延缓抚仙湖局部湖湾水体富营养化趋势,在北岸建设了净化面积1hm2.的复合人工湿地.综合利用生物氧化塘、水平潜流湿地和表面流湿地治理技术,对入湖河道窑泥沟污水中氮的去除效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,湿地系统的除氮效果十分明显,水力负荷年平均为437mm／d,氮负荷年平均为3.315 g／(m2·d),湿地系统氮滞留量年平均为1.91g／(m2·d).其中,通过植物吸收同化作用除氮量为0.142g／(m2·d),占总氮滞留量的7.5％左右.湿地系统对污水中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐氮(NOX-)、氨氮(NH4+)、有机氮(TON)和总氮(TN)的去除率年平均分别为62.7％、53.8％、62.4％和57.5％.在湿地系统各功能区中,表面流人工湿地除氮效果最佳,氮去除率年平均为39.4％,硝化和反硝化作用均较强;生物净化塘除氮效果次之,氮去除率年平均为18.5％;潜流人工湿地氮去除率年平均为10.6％;沉淀池中氮去除率年平均只有3.6％.     

Nutrient fluxes induced by disturbance in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

A wave flume experiment was conducted to study nutrient fluxes at water-sediment interface of Meiliang Bay under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results reveal that hydrodynamics has remarkable effects on nutrient fluxes in this area. With a bottom wave stress of 0.019 N m^?2 (equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 5–7 m s^?1 at the sediment sample site of Meiliang Bay), the fluxes of TN, TDN and NH₄ ⁺-N were separately 1.92 × 10^?3, ?1.81 × 10^?4 and 5.28 × 10^?4 mg m^?2 s^?1 (positive for upward and negative for downward), but for TP, TDP and SRP, the fluxes were 5.69 × 10^?4, 1.68 × 10^?4 and ?1.29 × 10^?4 mg m^?2 s^?1. In order to calculate the released amount of nutrients based on these results, statistic analysis on the long-term meteorological data was conducted. The result shows that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 5–7 m s^?1 in this area is about 15 h in summer. Further calculation shows that 111 t TN, 32 t NH₄ ⁺-N, 34 t TP and 10 t TDP can be released into water (the sediment area was 47.45% of the whole surface area), resulting in concentration increase of 0.025, 0.007, 0.007 and 0.002 mg L^?1 separately. With stronger disturbance (bottom wave stress is 0.217 N m^?2 which is equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 10–11 m s^?1 at the same site), there has been significant increase of nutrient fluxes (1.16 × 10^?2, 6.76 × 10^?3, 1.14 × 10^?2 and 2.14 × 10^?3 mg m^?2 s^?1 for TN, DTN and NH₄ ⁺-N and TP). The exceptions were TDP with flux having a decrease (measured to be 9.54 × 10^?5 mg m^?2 s^?1) and SRP with flux having a small increase (measured to be 5.42 × 10^?5 mg m^?2 s^?1). The same statistic analysis on meteorological data reveal that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 10–11 m s^?1 is no more than 5 h. Based on the nutrient fluxes and the wind lasting-time, similar calculations were also made suggesting that 232 t TN, 134.9 t TDN, 228 t NH₄ ⁺-N, 42.7 t TP, 2.0 t TDP and 1.1 t SRP will be released from sediment at this hydrodynamic condition resulting in the concentration increases of 0.050, 0.029, 0.049, 0.009, 0.0004 and 0.0002 mg L^?1. Therefore in shallow lakes, surface disturbance can lead to significant increase of nutrient concentrations although some components in water column had negative flux with weak disturbance (e.g. TDN and SRP in this experiment). In this case, sediment looks to be a source of nutrients. These nutrients deposited in sediment can be carried or released into water with sediment resuspension or changes of environmental conditions at water-sediment interface, which can have great effects on aquatic ecosystem and is also the characteristics of shallow lakes.     

Resuspension of radioactive fall-out from the soil surface and particulate contamination of vegetative cover

A method for the determination of resuspension parameters of radioactive fall-out from nuclear explosions, deposited on soil from the stratospheric reservoir, is presented. The seasonal variation ofk -¹³⁷Cs resuspension parameter, the trend ofk with time in 1963–1978, the trend over this period of time of the wind component fraction of the concentration of global¹³⁷Cs in the surface boundary layer over arable and natural soils are given. An estimate of radioactive contamination of vegetation by the effect considered is given as an example of practical use of this work.     

The fate of Chernobyl radiocesium in the River Öre catchment,northern Sweden

A¹³⁷Cs-balance for the catchment of the River Öre in central northern Sweden which received about 30 kBq m^–2 of radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident was calculated for the period 1986–1991. Altogether, slightly less than 10% of the total deposition in the catchment was estimated to be exported from the terrestrial parts during this period of time. More than 90% of this loss is transported with the River Öre to the outer sea of the Gulf of Bothnia. The retention in Lake Örträsket which is the only lake along the river course and the Öre Estuary outside the river mouth was thus slightly less than 10%. Nearly all of the radiocesium deposited in the lake is permanently retained in the sediments and successively covered with less radioactive sediment. A considerable export of radiocesium from the estuary to the outer sea takes place due to resuspension and subsequent transport by wind and wave generated currents.     

Effect of sediment resuspension on underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study in Longgan Lake and Taihu Lake

Based on three continuous in situ underwater light field measurement under different wind waves conditions in Longgan Lake, Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in July 2003 and littoral zone near TLLER in July 2004, respectively, the effects of sediment resuspension caused by wind waves on PAR diffuse attenuation, absorption coefficients and euphotic depths are analyzed. In Longgan Lake, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients during small, middle and large wind waves were 1.74, 2.02 and 2.45 m^?1, respectively, and the corresponding PAR spectral diffuse attenuations ranged from 0.98 to 2.97, 1.34 to 3.95 and 1.80 to 5.40 m^?1, respectively. In Meiliang Bay, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients were 2.63, 3.72, 4.37 m^?1 during small, middle and large wind waves. PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients increased by 41% and 66% from small to middle, large wind waves, respectively. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of CDOM, phytoplankton were 0.26, 0.28 m^?1; 0.76, 0.49 m^?1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of non-algal particulate matter and total suspended particulate matter increased from 0.94 to 1.73 m^?1, and from 1.70 to 2.22 m^?1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Relative contributions of absorption coefficients of non-algal particulate matter to total absorption coefficient integrated over the range of PAR were 44.14%, 65.05%, respectively, during middle and large wind waves. PAR euphotic depths decreased by 0.40, 0.19, 0.20 m from middle to large wind waves in Longganhu Lake, Meliang Bay and littoral zone near TLLER. Significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and total suspended particulate matter, wind velocity, wave height. Most significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and inorganic suspended particulate matter but low correlations for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon. Increase of total suspended particulate matter, especially inorganic suspended particulate matter caused by wind waves was the dominant factor affecting underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on observations at three stations.