竖向地震动加速度反应谱特性

以33次地震中的地表地震动记录为数据基础,考虑场地条件、震级和距离的影响,分别对竖向地震动的加速度规准化反应谱和双规准化反应谱进行了研究。结果表明,规准反应谱明显受到场地条件、震级和震中距的影响,不同场地、距离和震级的平均规准反应谱之间差别显著;相比较而言,不依赖于场地、距离和震级的平均双规准反应谱之间却表现出良好的规律性和一致性。双规准反应谱的统一特性可以为竖向地震动设计谱的预测提供参考依据。     

地震动双规准速度反应谱研究

本文在统计了大量强震记录的基础上,分别研究了双规准加速度反应谱和双规准速度反应谱的特性,进行了对比分析,并分别得出了定量分析的结果。研究结果表明,双规准加速度反应谱在短周期段有很好的统一性,而双规准速度反应谱在长周期段的统一性较好,这种规律性对于认识地震动的特性、改进抗震设计反应谱具有重要的意义。     

抗震设计谱的发展及相关问题综述

抗震设计谱是地震荷载的表征和工程抗震设计的基础。首先对国内外抗震设计反应谱的发展、演变进行了阐述，指出现今反应谱理论以及在此基础上建立的抗震设计谱所取得的进展；总结了被广泛使用的各种抗震设计谱所存在的问题，指出了解决问题的可能途径，简要介绍了双规准反应谱的概念和统一设计谱的思想；探讨了抗震设计谱的发展趋势以及所涉及的新课题。     

加速度反应谱规准化对场地位移时程的影响

文中以某一实际工程为例,讨论工程场地地震安全性评价中加速度反应谱规准化对工程场地地震位移时程所带来的影响。数值结果表明,根据规准化加速度反应谱得出的位移时程存在很大的误差。建议在工程场地地震安全性评价工作中,不宜进行加速度反应谱的标定工作。     

特殊长周期地震动的参数特征研究

近断层脉冲型地震动和远场软土层场地类谐和地震动是两类特殊的长周期地震动,当前的规范均很少对这两类地震作用进行具体的规定。研究了近断层脉冲型和远场类谐和地震动的幅值、幅值比（V／A,D／V）、傅里叶幅值谱和反应谱的差别,分析了相位角和作用循环周期数对简单脉冲的影响,并用于解释两类特殊地震动的工程特征。以集集地震动为数据基础,分析了两类长周期地震动的傅里叶谱和反应谱特征;将平均加速度和位移规准反应谱分别与规范设计谱进行了比较。建议设计谱在长周期段考虑近断层作用和软土场地面波效应的影响。     

近断层地震动双规准伪速度谱及其应用

具有向前方向性效应特征的地震动与普通远场地震动存在明显差异. 作者曾尝试结合简单脉冲和近断层地震动参数衰减关系提出此类地震动的设计谱模型. 为进一步检验所提出设计谱的适用性，分析了53条典型近断层方向性效应地震动的伪速度谱、 规准伪速度谱和双规准伪速度谱，发现方向性效应地震动的双规准伪速度谱在土层和岩石场地上具有差别明显, 且离散性小的特点.考虑场地条件的影响, 基于双规准伪速度谱预测了近断层方向性效应地震动的设计谱， 并与此前的研究结果进行了对比. 结果表明, 场地条件对于近断层方向性效应地震动影响显著；位于近断层岩石场地的建筑结构, 尤其是中、短振动周期结构， 可能比土层场地更易于遭受破坏. 最后, 提出了用于近断层结构抗震分析的简单脉冲模型的建议.       

坡地地形对竖向地震动反应谱特性的影响分析

为分析坡地地形对竖向地震动反应谱特性的影响规律,采用有限元数值分析方法,对黏弹性岩质坡地在白噪声输入下的响应进行计算。分析了坡地地形对场地竖向反应谱及谱比的影响,研究了随着坡高及坡角的增加,坡地斜坡段及平台段竖向反应谱及谱比的变化规律,给出了坡地斜坡段及平台段设计竖向地震动放大系数,有关的研究结论可为坡地上工程结构的抗震设计提供参考。     

最小二乘法分段拟合标定反应谱方法

反应谱的标定方法直接关系到反应谱特征参数的确定,合理的反应谱标定方法得到的设计反应谱能够真实地表达地震动的特性,是确定地震动输入的重要环节。提出了基于坐标变换的最小二乘法分段拟合方法,通过对汶川大地震不同场地典型强震记录反应谱的标定,对比了反应谱不同的标定方法,根据反应谱标定图形的对比及误差分析认为,最小二乘法分段拟合方法是操作简便且标定结果合理的反应谱标定方法。     

以反应谱和功率谱密度函数表征的强震运动的统计特性

文中利用我国海城和唐山地震１９０条强震记录和美国西部１３８条强震记录研究了以反应谱和功率谱密度函数表征的强震运动的统计特性。反应谱用最大地面加速度归一化，即表为谱放大系数，功率谱密度函数用金井清谱描述。文中研究了参数的统计值和依赖性，以及谱放大系数和金井清谱参数与场地条件、震源和震中距等之间的相关性，分析比较了中美两国强震运动谱的统计特性，并对我国地震工程应用的强震运动谱的统计参数值的选取提出了建议。     

石咀山市地貌与反应谱间的关系

本文在实地调查的基础上,将宁夏石咀山市按地貌单元分为三个区。对每个地貌单元场地土的动力特性进行了试验研究。根据一维地震反应计算模型,计算求得了各个地貌单元的平均反应谱,讨论了不同类型的地貌单元与其对应的反应谱之间的关系,最后给出了相应的设计反应谱。     

Bi-normalized response spectral characteristics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake

To develop uniform and seismic environment-dependent design spectrum, common acceleration response spectral characteristics need to be identified. In this paper, a bi-normalized response spectrum (BNRS) is proposed, which is defined as a spectrum of peak response acceleration normalized with respect to peak acceleration of the excitation plotted vs. the natural period of the system normalized with respect to the spectrum predominant period, Tp. Based on a statistical analysis of records from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, the conventionally normalized response spectrum(NRS) and the BNRS are examined to account for the effects of soil conditions, epicentral distance, hanging wall and damping. It is found that compared to the NRS, the BNRS is much less dependent on these factors. Finally, some simple relationships between the BNRS for a specified damping ratio and that for a damping ratio of 5%, and between the spectra predominant period and epicentral distance for different soil types are provided.     

Bi-normalized response spectra and seismic intensity in Bucharest for 1986 and 1990 Vrancea seismic events

The Vrancea subcrustal earthquakes of August 30,1986 and May 30,1990 are the two most recent seismic events that have occurred in Romania with moment magnitudes M W ≥ 6.9.The spectral analysis of the strong ground motions recorded in Bucharest reveals that despite small differences in magnitude between the 1986 and 1990 earthquakes,their frequency contents are very different,sometimes even opposing.The main focus of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the response spectra in terms of the bi-normalized response spectra(BNRS) proposed by Xu and Xie(2004 and 2007) for strong ground motions recorded in Bucharest during these two seismic events.The mean absolute acceleration and relative velocity response spectra for the two earthquakes are discussed and compared.Furthermore,the mean bi-normalized absolute acceleration and normalized relative velocity response spectra with respect to the control period T C are computed for the ground motions recorded in Bucharest in 1986 and 1990.The predominant period T P is also used in this study for the normalization of the spectral period axis.Subsequently,the methodology proposed by Martinez-Perreira and Bommer(1998) is applied in order to estimate the seismic intensity of the two events.The results are discussed and several conclusions regarding the possibility of using the bi-normalized response spectra(BNRS) are given.     

施甸5.9级地震强震观测资料的时-频反应谱分析

通过对施甸5．9级地震在太平等观测点的强震记录进行时一频反应谱计算,给出了三个方向的时一频反应谱图,根据时一频反应谱的特点,结合场地条件,对这些场点的震害情况进行了分析,指出了在结构抗震方面应注意的环节,并对时一频反应谱的应用进行了探讨。     

Response spectra for nuclear structures on rock sites considering the near-fault directivity effect

Near-fault ground motions, potentially with large amplitude and typical velocity pulses, may significantly impact the performance of a wide range of structures. The current study is aimed at evaluating the safety implications of the near-fault effect on nuclear power plant facilities designed according to the Chinese code. To this end, a set of nearfault ground motions at rock sites with typical forward-directivity effect is examined with special emphasis on several key parameters and response spectra. Spectral comparison of the selected records with the Chinese and other code design spectra was conducted. The bi-normalized response spectra in terms of different corner periods are utilized to derive nuclear design spectra. It is concluded that nuclear design spectra on rock sites derived from typical rupture directivity records are significantly influenced both by the earthquake magnitude and the rupture distance. The nuclear design spectra specified in the code needs to be adjusted to reflect the near-fault directivity effect of large earthquakes.     

汶川地震不同场地反应谱平台值统计分析

加速度反应谱平台值表征地震动的强度特性,场地条件是影响反应谱平台值的一个重要因素.本文选取6组同一地区断层距相近而场地条件不同的强震记录,对其标准化的加速度反应谱形状及平台值进行分析;并以汶川地震中173个有详细地勘场地上的强震记录为基础,统计分析了不同场地类别和断层距区间内的加速度反应谱平台值.本文研究结果显示,场地条件对加速度反应谱平台值有较大影响,随着场地变软,加速度反应谱平台值增大.本文定义了场地影响系数,计算并给出了不同地面峰值加速度对应的场地影响系数.     

Determination of horizontal and vertical design spectra based on ground motion records at Lali tunnel,Iran

Most acceleration diagrams show high levels of unpredictability, as a result, it is the best to avoid using diagrams of earthquake acceleration spectra, even if the diagrams recorded at the site in question. In order to design earthquake resistant structures, we, instead, suggest constructing a design spectrum using a set of spectra that have common characteristics to the recorded acceleration diagrams at a particular site and smoothing the associated data. In this study, we conducted a time history analysis and determined a design spectrum for the region near the Lali tunnel in Southwestern Iran. We selected 13 specific ground motion records from the rock site to construct the design spectrum. To process the data, we first applied a base-line correction and then calculated the signal-to-noise ratio (R_SN) for each record. Next, we calculated the Fourier amplitude spectra of the acceleration pertaining to the signal window (1), and the Fourier amplitude spectra of the associated noise (2). After dividing each spectra by the square root of the selected window interval, they were divided by each other (1 divided by 2), in order to obtain the R_SN ratio (filtering was also applied). In addition, all data were normalized to the peak ground acceleration (PGA). Next, the normalized vertical and horizontal responses and mean response spectrum (50%) and the mean plus-one standard deviation (84%) were calculated for all the selected ground motion records at 5% damping. Finally, the mean design spectrum and the mean plus-one standard deviation were plotted for the spectrums. The equation of the mean and the above-mean design spectrum at the Lali tunnel site are also provided, along with our observed conclusions.     

不同地震水准反应谱之间的关系和罕遇地震作用设计反应谱的确定

不同地震作用水准的设计反应谱长期以来一直采用各水准谱形完全一致的假定。这与地震危险性分析的一般结论不符。《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001)对此作出了修订。本文基于设计反应谱的三参数标定模型推导了罕遇和多遇地震作用设计反应谱的关系，指出两者谱值之比在高频、中频和低频段分别对应于峰值加速度、速度和位移之比。引入地震动衰减规律进行了罕遇和多遇地震作用设计谱关系的近似估计，提出了基于多遇地震作用设计谱确定罕遇地震作用设计谱的调整方案，验证了现行规范将反应谱特征周期适当延长以得到罕遇地震作用设计谱的做法的合理性。     

Statistical insight into constant-ductility design using a non-stationary earthquake ground motion model

A recently developed earthquake ground motion model non-stationary in both intensity and frequency content is validated at the inelastic Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) structural response level. For the purpose of this study, the earthquake model is calibrated for two actual earthquake records. The objective of a constant (or target) displacement ductility used in conventional earthquake-resistant design is examined from the statistical viewpoint using this non-stationary earthquake model. The non-linear hysteretic structural behaviour is modelled using several idealized hysteretic SDOF structural models. Ensemble-average inelastic response spectra corresponding to various inelastic SDOF response (or damage) parameters and conditioned on a constant displacement ductility response are derived from the two identified stochastic ground motion models. The effects of the type of hysteretic behaviour, the structural parameters, the target displacement ductility factor, and the ground motion model on the statistics of the inelastic response parameters are thoroughly investigated. The results of this parametric study shed further light on the proper interpretation and use of inelastic response or damage parameters in earthquake-resistant design in order to achieve the desirable objective of ‘constant-damage design’. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.