北京城市大气边界层低层垂直动力和热力特征及其与污染物浓度关系的研究

利用2001年3月19~29日和2003年8月11~25日中国科学院大气物理研究所325m大气边界层观测塔资料,分析研讨了北京城市大气边界层低层的垂直动力结构特征及其与污染物浓度分布的关系.对比分析了北京城市大气边界层低层不同高度的风、温度和湿度梯度资料、大气湍流和大气化学观测系统资料,综合分析获取了无因次速度、温度湍流方差和湍流通量、湍能分布特征及其与污染物浓度空间分布的关系,同时分析了北京地区沙尘天气过程中城市边界层低层垂直结构特征及其污染物浓度的分布与变化特征.分析结果表明,在不稳定层结条件下,47和120m高度上无因次速度湍流方差和温度湍流方差遵循莫宁-奥布克霍夫相似规律,并给出相应的拟合公式.稳定大气边界层可按层结参数z′/L分成二分区,z′/L<0.1为弱稳定区,此时相似规律可适用,z′/L>0.1为强稳定区,在此区内无因次速度方差随稳定度增大有增大的趋势,而无因次温度方差则保持不变.白天近地层包含了47和120m,而280m已在近地层之上.对2001年3月北京地区一次沙尘天气过程的城市边界层资料分析发现,320m高度上总悬浮颗粒物浓度最高达到913.3μg/m3,在边界层内大气颗粒物从上层向低层输送,这与锋面过境时低空急流从上层向下发展过程并伴随的强下沉运动有关.     

青藏高原东南缘边界层对流与湍能结构特征

通过对青藏高原东南缘大理2008年3~8月大样本边界层铁塔观测系统超声和梯度资料、风廓线雷达和GPS探空资料的综合分析,研究发现高原东南缘湍能分量(湍流动能、切变项和浮力项)强弱依赖于下垫面植被的变化状况,且与局地稳定度特征及其动力、热力条件存在显著关系.近地层处于中性层结时,机械湍流较强,湍流动能主要贡献来源于切变项;当不稳定层结时大气湍流运动则以热力湍流为主,即浮力项较强,切变项较弱;在稳定层结时湍流发展呈间歇性特征,其中浮力项与切变项亦较弱,且湍流动能显著小于中性和不稳定状态.研究亦发现春季位于青藏高原大地形南坡的林芝站浮力项贡献显著大于高原大地形东南缘大理站,这反映了青藏高原南坡强对流活动过程中热力湍流的重要贡献,但位于高原东南缘山谷起伏、复杂地形区域的大理站近地层的机械湍流却显著大于高原南坡林芝站;从湍流-对流运动不同尺度相互作用视角,研究发现高原东南缘午时对流边界层CBL(Convective Boundary Layer)顶高可达1500~2500 m,边界层湍流动能、切变项、浮力项与对流边界层顶高、局地垂直运动均呈显著相关,且白天地面感热通量或浮力项的热力湍流作用对CBL发展高度亦有明显影响,而机械湍流的剪切作用影响却相对小;另外,近地层切变项机械湍流输送对垂直运动影响显著,尤其午前其对垂直运动影响高度可达2500~3000 m;春、夏季浮力项、切变项与垂直运动相关的日变化峰值均为大气层结显著不稳定阶段,尤其夏季层结不稳定背景下浮力项午后对垂直运动贡献显著.本文研究结论揭示出高原东南缘对流活动的湍能源驱动特征及其两者的相互作用.     

近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式影响

大量近地层观测试验表明,利用涡动相关法观测的湍流通量小于近地层可利用能量,即近地层能量是不闭合的,这种不闭合度一般为20%甚至更高.而陆面过程模式是基于地气间能量平衡建立,并且模式中的湍流边界层参数化方案通常根据实际观测的湍流通量来确定,因此能量不闭合必将对陆面过程模式造成一定的影响.本文利用2007年春季SACOL站的近地层观测资料,依据能量守恒将能量不闭合中的残余能量通过波文比分配到观测的湍流通量中,即修正涡动相关法观测的湍流通量使得近地层能量达到平衡;之后分别利用观测和修正的湍流通量,建立了能量不闭合和闭合情形下的湍流参数化方案,借助陆面过程模式SHAW,通过数值模拟和对比分析方法考察近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式的影响.研究结果表明近地层能量闭合对陆面过程模式有显著的影响:在陆面过程数值模拟中,当应用近地层能量不闭合的湍流通量形成的湍流参数化方案时,陆面过程模式会明显高估地表长波辐射及土壤温度;但当应用修正湍流通量使得近地层能量达到闭合形成的湍流参数化方案后,在不改变任何地表土壤物理生化属性的情况下,陆面过程模式能较好地模拟地表长波辐射和土壤温度.     

强潮海湾中的湍流与混合:观测与数值模拟

对垂直剪切应力(雷诺应力)、湍动能剪切生成率与湍动能耗散率以及垂直涡黏性系数等湍流参数的现场观测与数值模拟,是理解强潮海湾中垂直混合过程及其动力与生物地球化学效应的基础.利用坐底ADCP流速观测资料、湍流剖面观测资料以及二阶湍流封闭模型,本文对一典型强潮海湾(厦门湾)中的湍流混合过程进行了观测与数值模拟研究.观测结果表明:在M2分潮占优的厦门湾中,湍动能剪切生成率与湍动能耗散率等湍流参数呈现明显的M4分潮周期,并具有显著的涨-落潮不对称性,涨潮时强,落潮时弱.在涨潮期间,整个水体在垂向上近似混合均匀,湍动能剪切生成率和垂直涡黏性系数的垂向平均值分别达到5×10-6 m2 s-3和2×10-2 m2 s-1;在落潮期间,强湍流则主要局限于厚度为5~8 m的底边界层内,且湍流强度随离底距离的增大而逐渐减小.基于重力位能异常控制方程的分析表明,潮流拉伸是造成湍流强度涨-落潮不对称性的主要原因,潮混合的贡献较小.基于二阶湍流封闭模型的模拟结果与实测结果的对比分析表明,在弱层化强潮海湾中,二阶湍流封闭模型能够较好地模拟湍动能耗散率与垂直涡黏性系等湍流参数的垂向结构与潮内变化;模拟结果与实测值之间的差异主要源于一些理想化的模型假设和数学近似.     

北京夏季夜间低空急流特征观测分析

利用三年夏季系留气艇探测结果,分析了北京夏季夜间低空急流的一般特征.30％的夜间观测记录出现了低空急流.急流平均高度为200 m,其最大频率出现在140 m左右,90％急流出现在320 m以下.W、SW、SE是夜间低空急流的主要风向.不同观测地点低空急流在速度、风向和高度上存在明显差异.城区低空急流高度大部分时间比郊区高.个例分析表明,在夜间稳定边界层条件下,低空急流与局地山谷风环流强弱变化有很好相关.进一步成因分析认为,斜坡地形产生的热成风、山谷风环流可能是北京夏季夜间低空急流形成的主要原因.     

森林冠层和森林边界层大涡模拟

在采用各向异性湍流动能闭合方案和3阶Runge Kutta时间积分方案的大涡模式中,引入由森林冠层粗糙元造成的动量拖曳项、热量输入项和TKE耗散项,以模拟森林冠层和森林边界层的气象场. 通过中性和不稳定层结条件下不同叶面积指数算例的模拟分析及与已有观测结果的比较表明,本文所建大涡模式对森林冠层和森林边界层有较好的模拟效果. 进一步研究表明：不稳定层结条件下较稠密的森林冠层中特有的Kinking & Pairing湍涡结构与森林边界层中湍流的大涡运动相互作用,形成了森林冠层附近的温度斜坡型结构.     

青藏高原地-气过程动力、热力结构综合物理图象

根据第二次青藏高原大气科学试验（ＴＩＰＥＸ）３个边界层观测基地（改则、当雄。昌都）及相关的卫星、探空、地面等加密观测（ＩＯＰ）资料，综合分析了青藏高原地－气物理过程及其动力学模型，揭示了高原边界层动力学特征和高原湍流运动规律；发现高原边界层低层风向、风速具有多层次变化特征，高原边界层对流混合层较为深厚，高原边界层大气密度远小于平原特征相联系的高原湍流运动“强浮力”效应。高原深厚边界层Ｅｋｍａｎ螺线及高原边界层动力“抽吸泵”效应。研究了高原近地层局地水汽静态分布状况和水汽的侧边界平流输送特征。分析了高原近地层与边界层异常热力结构，其中包括高原强辐射现象、高原中部地面强热源特征等。综合上述青藏高原近地层与行星边界层动力、热力结构特征，提出了描述高原边界层湍流与对流混合机制的综合物理图象。揭示了显著影响中国长江流域洪涝的青藏高原对流云团的生成、发展和移动的特征，给出与高原“爆米花”云系频发相关的湍流运动和对流泡动力、热力结构概念模型。     

边界层参数化方案对边界层热力和动力结构特征影响的比较

本文利用高分辨率中尺度WRF模式,通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验,评估该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力,同时比较了五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构.结果表明：除个别方案外,配合不同边界层方案的WRF模式都能成功模拟出白天对流边界层强湍流混合特征和夜间稳定边界层内强逆温、逆湿和低空急流等热力和动力结构.非局地YSU、ACM2方案在白天表现出强的湍流混合和卷夹,相比于局地MYJ、UW方案,模拟的对流边界层温度更高、湿度更低、混合层高度更高、感热通量更大,更接近实际观测,这表明在不稳定层结下考虑非局地大涡输送更为合理,但局地方案在风速和风向的预报上存在一定优势.TEMF方案得到的白天局地湍流混合强度为所有方案中最弱,混合层难以发展,无法体现对流边界层内气象要素垂直分布均匀的特点.对于夜间稳定边界层的模拟,不同参数化方案之间的差异较小,但是YSU方案在一定程度上高估了机械湍流,导致局地湍流混合偏强,从而影响了其对稳定边界层的模拟能力.     

黄土高原复杂地形条件下湍流观测的各态历经性检验

为了揭示黄土高原复杂地形条件下湍流涡旋的分布特征,提高湍流观测的精度,湍流的各态历经性研究随即成为实验研究的首要问题.文章利用甘肃省平凉市白庙塬地形条件下单点湍流观测的结果,对比分析并揭示了从稳定层结到不稳定层结,除小于10min尺度的湍流易于满足各态历经性外,地形易造成周期性存在的大尺度湍流相干结构.与平坦下垫面湍流相比,塬区10~40min的大尺度湍流定常性更好,也易于满足各态历经性.在极不稳定层结条件下,风速较小,并具有明显的大尺度周期性波动,同时伴随平稳的增温趋势,因此造成大尺度风速湍流和温度湍流都较易于满足各态历经性;但在极稳定层结条件下,湍流间歇性则造成大尺度风速和温度波动的非周期性较强,湍流不易于满足各态历经性.     

北京及周边地区雾形成的边界层特征

采用国家科学技术部“973”项目北京环境大气外场科学实验(BECAPEX)获得的大气边界层探测, 包括大气风廓线仪、系留气艇、铁塔边界层梯度观测及超声风速仪等探测、大气成分探测以及常规高空、地面和加密自动气象站(AWS)观测资料, 对2001年2月北京及周边罕见大雾过程进行综合分析.对大雾的形成、发展、持续等不同阶段边界层动力、热力特征及层结结构演变特征进行分析.结果表明: (ⅰ) 作为城市大雾的典型例子, 北京及周边此次持续大雾形成前期低空出现逆温, 城市及周边大气中烟尘污染物SO₂及NO₂在城市低空积聚. 起雾前, 随着SO₂及NO₂浓度的增加, 凝结度迅速增长; 大雾期间, 随着凝结度增长, SO₂及NO₂浓度反而下降. 表明城市大气污染物作为凝结核在低空堆积对触发凝雾起重要作用. (ⅱ) 采用铁塔上布设的梯度平均场观测仪器及超声脉动风速仪的脉动观测资料分析, 均得到起雾之前, 在边界层低层有强扰动信号出现. 即起雾前约10 h, 边界层低层平均及扰动动能均出现显著跃升.揭示起雾前低空风切变增大, 有利于湍流的激发.此强信号对指示起雾、监测和预测雾的发生、发展十分有意义. (ⅲ)雾一旦形成后, 雾的凝结反馈效应使逆温层在大气低空的中、上层产生抬升、维持与再建过程, 对城市雾的持续起重要作用.     

Nocturnal basin low-level jets: an integrated study

Low-level jets (LLJs) are a very common feature in the nocturnal stably stratified boundary layer. Many factors can intervene in their generation, linked basically to effects of baroclinity. A special kind of low-level jets is composed by the nocturnal katabatic and basin flows, generated over terrain slopes. A study of observed LLJs in the Duero Basin is shown here, combining observational data and modelling experiments. Normalized in respect to the maximum wind height, the dynamic characteristics of the jets are similar: a two-layer system, with a stably stratified layer below the jet maximum and a near neutral layer above, with a very stable layer separating them at the level of the wind maximum. There is vertical mixing above and below the jet, and the connection between these layers takes place occasionally in a very turbulent manner.     

Stable-boundary-layer regimes from the perspective of the low-level jet

This paper reviews results from two field studies of the nocturnal stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) over the Great Plains of the United States. Data from a scanning remote-sensing system, a High-Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL), provided measurements of mean and turbulent wind components at high spatial and temporal resolution through the lowest 500–1000 m of the atmosphere. This data set has allowed the characteristics of the low-level jet (LLJ) maximum (speed, height, direction) to be documented through entire nights. LLJs form after sunset and produce strong shear in the layer below the LLJ maximum or nose, which is a source of turbulence and mixing in the SBL. Simultaneous HRDL measurements of turbulence quantities related to turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) has allowed the turbulence in the subjet layer to be related to LLJ properties. Turbulence structure was found to be a function of the bulk stability of the subjet layer. For the strong-LLJ (> 15 m s⁻¹), weakly stable cases the strength of the turbulence is proportional to the strength of the LLJ. For these cases with nearly continuous turbulence in the subjet layer, low-level jet scaling, in which lengths are scaled by the LLJ height and velocity variables are scaled by the LLJ speed, was found to be appropriate. For the weak-wind (< 5 m s⁻¹ in the lowest 200 m), very stable boundary layer (vSBL), the boundary layer was found to be very shallow (sometimes < 10 m deep), and turbulent fluxes between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere were found to be essentially shut down. For more intermediate wind speeds and stabilities, the SBL shows varying degrees of intermittency due to various mechanisms, including shearinstability and other gravity waves, density currents, and other mesoscale disturbances.     

Turbulent flow structures in alluvial channels with curved cross‐sections under conditions of downward seepage

Experimental investigations have been done to analyze turbulent structures in curved sand bed channels with and without seepage. Measures of turbulent statistics such as time‐averaged near‐bed velocities, Reynolds stresses, thickness of roughness sublayer and shear velocities were found to increase with application of downward seepage. Turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds normal stresses are increased in the streamwise direction under the action of downward seepage, causing bed particles to move rapidly. Analysis of bursting events shows that the relative contributions of all events (ejections, sweeps and interactions) increase throughout the boundary layer, and the thickness of the zone of dominance of sweep events, which are responsible for the bed material movement, increases in the case of downward seepage. The increased sediment transport rate due to downward seepage deforms the cross‐sectional geometry of the channel made of erodible boundaries, which is caused by an increase in flow turbulence and an associated decrease in turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and turbulent diffusion.     

Enhanced turbulent mixing induced by strong wind on the South China Sea shelf

Integrated observations were made on the South China Sea shelf at 19°37’ N, 112°04’ E, under strong wind and heavy raining weather conditions in August 2005. Current data were obtained using a moored 150-kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate were measured with TurboMapII, and temperature was recorded by thermistor chains. Both the mixed layer thickness and the corresponding mean dissipation rate increased after the strong wind bursts. Average surface mixed layer thickness was 13.4 m pre-wind and 22.4 m post-wind, and the average turbulent dissipation rate in the mixed layer pre-wind and post-wind were 4.26 × 10^?7 and 1.09 × 10^?6 Wkg^?1, respectively. The post-wind dissipation rate was 2.5 times larger than the pre-wind dissipation rate in the interior layer and four times larger in the intermediate water column. Spectra and vertical mode analysis revealed that near-inertial motion post-wind, especially with high modes, was strengthened and propagated downward toward the intermediate layer. The downward group velocity of near-inertial current was about 8.1 × 10^?5 ms^?1 during the strong wind bursts. The mean percentage of wind work transmitted into the intermediate layer is about 4.2 %. The ratio of post-wind high-mode energy to total horizontal kinetic energy increased below the surface mixed layer, which would have caused instabilities and result in turbulent mixing. Based on these data, we discuss a previous parameterization that relates dissipation rate, stratification, and shear variance calculated from baroclinic currents with high modes (higher than mode 1) which concentrate a large fraction of energy.     

Nocturnal low-level jet over a shallow slope

A simple theory is presented for a nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) over a planar slope. The theory extends the classical inviscid inertial-oscillation model of LLJs to include up- and downslope motion in the boundary layer within a stably stratified environment. The particular scenario considered is typical of LLJs over the Great Plains of the United States: southerly geostrophic wind over terrain that gently slopes down toward the east. First, an initial value problem for the coupled equations of motion and thermodynamic energy is solved for air parcels suddenly freed of a frictional constraint near sunset. The solution is an oscillation that takes, on the hodograph plane, the form of an ellipse having an eastward-oriented major axis and an eccentricity that increases with increasing stratification and slope angle. Next, the notion of a tilted residual layer (TRL) is introduced and used to relate initial (sunset) air parcel buoyancy to free-atmosphere stratification and thermal structure of the boundary layer. Application of the TRL-estimated initial buoyancy in the solution of the initial value problem leads to expressions for peak jet strength and the slope angle that maximizes the jet strength. Analytical results are in reasonable qualitative agreement with observational data.     

夜间稳定边界层中小尺度地形激发的形式阻力和波动阻力

通过求解含有摩擦耗散的线性化大气动力学方程组，得到了在夜间稳定大气边界层中小尺度地形产生的波动阻力和形式阻力的解析解.结果表明边界层中的稳定度、风速和湍流状态、边界层厚度、上部残余层中的稳定度和风速以及地形高度和坡度，都会影响波动阻力和形式阻力的大小，应在数值模式的参数化方案中给予考虑.分析还表明，当地形坡度减到一定程度时，形式阻力可以忽略不计.     

黄土高原定西地区陆面物理量变化规律研究

本文利用在黄土高原定西地区长期观测的陆面物理量资料,在分析了土壤温度和湿度等基本特征的基础上,比较系统地研究了陆面辐射分量、能量分量、地表反照率和Bowen比等陆面土要物理量的变化特征,讨论了陆面能量不平衡差额的分布规律,发现黄土高原定西地区陆面物理量特征与其他地医很不同,揭示出的土壤温度日波动向深层的传播规律和8～9...     

A comprehensive physical pattern of land-air dynamic and thermal structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

According to the boundary layer observations of three stations (Garze, Damxung and Qamdu) and relevant earth satellite, radiosonde and surface observations during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the second Tibetan (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau Experiment of atmospheric science (TIPEX), the land-air physical process and dynamic model on the Tibetan Plateau were comprehensively analyzed in this study. The dynamic characteristics of boundary layer and the rules of turbulent motion on the plateau were illustrated. The characteristics of distributions of wind speed and direction with mutiple-layer structure and deep convective mixed layer on the plateau, the strong buoyancy effect in turbulent motion on the plateau on which the air density is obviously smaller than on the plain, and the Ekman spiral and its dynamic pump effect of the plateau deep boundary layer have been found. The local static distribution of water vapor and the horizontal advection of water vapor in the plateau boundary layer were studied. The abnomal thermodynamic structure on the plateau surface and boundary layer, including the plateau strong radiation phenomenon and strong heating source characteristics of the middle plateau, was also analyzed. The authors synthesized the above dynamic and thermodynamic structures of both surface and boundary layers on the plateau and posed the comprehensive physical model of the turbulence and convective mixture mechanism on the plateau boundary layer. The characteristics of formation, development and movement for convective cloud cluster over the plateau influencing floods in the Yangtze River area of China were studied. The conceptual model of dynamic and thermodynamic structures of turbulent motion and convective plume related to the frequent occurrence of "pop-corn-like" cloud system is given as well.     

Magnetic properties of Jiaxian red clay sequences from northern Chinese Loess Plateau and its paleoclimatic significance

Rock magnetism research on eolian deposits from the Chinese Loess Plateau shows that magnetite, maghe- mite and hematite are the main magnetic minerals in loess-paleosol sequences and red clay se-quences[1―8], and finds that the magnetic susceptibility increase is positively correlated to the content of ultra-fine minerals and relatively strong pedogene- sis[7―15]. This offers significant information in studying the Late Cenozoic paleoclimatic history of Chinese Loess Plateau[1,5―8,10―22…