龙首二级面板堆石坝地震永久变形分析

针对龙首二级(西流水)面板堆石坝工程，根据面板坝土石料的大型动三轴试验结果，确定了坝料的残余应变模式，特别是残余体应变模式。在所建立的面板坝三维非线性动力反应有限元法基础上，建立了一套同时计人残余体应变和残余剪应变的面板堆石坝地震永久变形计算方法，对龙首二级面板坝工程进行了地震永久变形的计算，分析了坝体地震永久变形的量值和分布情况，为大坝的抗震设计提供了有力的技术依据。     

西板岔沟尾矿坝静力和动力稳定性分析

采用西安理工大学研发的EFES3D程序,运用等价粘弹性模型的三维有效应力有限元法,对河南洛南西板岔沟尾矿坝进行了地震永久残余变形、液化分析和边坡稳定分析,求得残余变形、孔压水平分布场和边坡安全系数。计算得到的坝坡的静力稳定最小的安全系数Fs为1.9,地震反应结束时的动力边坡稳定安全系数为1.19。计算结果表明西板岔沟尾矿坝在静力状态及动力作用下都是稳定的。     

苗家坝面板堆石坝材料动力特性试验研究

在清华大学2 000 kN大型静/动三轴试验机上进行了苗家坝水电站砼面板堆石坝筑坝材料的大型三轴动力特性试验,包括动剪切模量与阻尼比试验、动残余变形特性试验、动强度试验等。基于试验结果分析了坝料的动力变形规律,为该工程的应力变形计算和设计施工提供了试验依据。     

坝料流变对高面板堆石坝的应力变形影响研究

在高应力状态下坝料的流变较为明显。为研究坝料流变对混凝土面板坝应力变形的影响,采用长科院九参数幂级数流变模型及其试验参数,对某高混凝土面板堆石坝进行应力、变形分析。结果表明,坝料流变使坝体变形明显增加,坝体应力有所减小。考虑坝料的流变特性后的面板法向位移(挠度)明显增加,面板坝轴向和顺坡向应力极值增加。对于分期浇筑面板和分期蓄水的高混凝土面板堆石坝,选用合适的流变本构模型正确地模拟堆石体的流变特性,可以为大坝填筑进度及面板分期浇筑时间的确定提供参考,并有助于正确地预测大坝的应力变形。     

强震区高面板堆石坝抗震安全性评价

针对西部强震区高面板堆石坝,在三维非线性动力有限元分析基础上分析评价了面板堆石坝的加速度和应力反应、面板的应力及接缝变形、坝体地震残余变形、坝体单元抗震安全性、坝坡的抗震稳定性,对大坝的抗震安全性进行了综合评价。所提出的抗震安全性评价方法以及有关规律和结论可供工程建设参考。     

基于地震时程分析的尾矿坝稳定性评价

采用永久变形分析和地震时程分析相结合的综合研究方法,开展某大型现场尾矿坝的稳定性评价。依据尾矿坝场地地震安全性评价结果,确定50年超越概率10%、5%的荷载时程输入曲线;采用修正UBCSAND模型进行隐式非线性分析;采用粘性输入边界,解决动力荷载时程较长时引起计算不收敛的问题;进行尾矿坝的三阶振型特征周期计算;进行基本烈度下永久变形分析,剖析不同坝体标高的变形特征;绘制位移云图并剖析位移变化特征;采用时程+SRM法,计算绘制50年超越概率10%和5%的安全系数时程曲线。根据永久变形和稳定性系数计算结果,综合判定尾矿坝稳定状态,据此对现场尾矿坝提出加固建议。建立的研究方法和成果可为大型尾矿坝稳定性评价工程提供参考。     

超深厚覆盖层中深埋细粒土地震残余变形特性振动三轴试验研究

土石坝(超)深厚覆盖层地基中的深埋细粒土抗地震残余变形能力较差,尤其是在土层厚度较大时,覆盖层地基连同坝体在强震作用下可能会产生较大的地震沉陷。针对我国西部某大型土石坝工程,对超深厚覆盖层地基中深埋粉砂层土的地震残余变形特性进行三轴试验研究。研究表明:试验土料级配曲线与相应土层各钻孔平均级配曲线很接近,试验土料的颗粒级配对实际土层的颗粒组成特性具有代表性;试验土料的地震残余变形特性主要受土体密度、固结条件和围压力条件等控制,尤其是固结比对土体地震残余变形特性影响较大;各因素对土体残余体积变形特性和轴向变形特性的影响规律有所差异。     

特殊地形条件下面板堆石坝的动力反应特性及抗震能力研究

受地形地质条件所限,抽水蓄能电站上水库的面板堆石坝工程通常不得不修筑在山腰、山坡等地形条件复杂的区域,特殊地形条件对面板堆石坝抗震安全性能的影响如何是值得关心的问题。采用基于ABAQUS的UMAT子程序二次开发的等价黏弹性模型,研究了此类特殊地形条件下面板堆石坝的动力反应特性,提出应该从防渗系统的安全性、坝坡动力稳定性以及地震最大残余变形三个方面综合评价大坝的极限抗震能力,研究了此类特殊地形条件下面板堆石坝的地震破坏模式。研究结果表明:大坝在地震荷载作用下的动加速度,动位移,动应力等动反应值均较小,坝体竖向最大残余变形值小于坝高的1%,大坝具有较强的抗震能力;大坝沿顺河方向的最大动位移出现在坝高3/4靠近下游侧的坝坡处,倾斜的坝基地形会影响大坝的动力反应特性;倾斜坝基地形条件下大坝的破坏模式以防渗系统破坏和下游坝坡失稳为主,其极限抗震能力为0.50 g~0.58 g。     

地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响

为研究地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响,根据地震波动入射理论,采用FORTRAN进行波动荷载的编程计算,并与大型通用有限元软件ADINA相结合,实现基于黏弹性人工边界的地震波斜入射,研究P波和SV波分别以不同角度入射对高面板堆石坝地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震波斜入射时大坝地震动反应与垂直入射时明显不同,常规垂直入射的结果偏于不安全,因此在高面板坝地震反应分析和抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

深厚覆盖层上心墙堆石坝强震动力响应分析

土石坝由于施工便捷、取材方便,是目前我国西部比较常见的一种坝型。但西部地区地震活动频繁且烈度较高,特别是一些土石坝坝基下存在深厚覆盖层,对土石坝的地震动力响应有重要影响。采用黏弹性模型-等效线性化方法对国内某拟建土石坝进行三维动力响应分析。考虑到实际土石坝坝体是不完全排水的,将根据经验公式得到的残余体变分成两部分,一部分转化为残余孔压,另一部分为产生的残余变形。根据有限元计算结果,分析在坝基深厚覆盖层影响下坝体残余变形、加速度响应、残余孔压等动力反应的特征和分布规律。计算结果符合一般规律,说明本文采用的计算方法适用于含深厚覆盖层心墙堆石坝的静动力分析。     

Numerical analysis of dislocations of the face slabs of the Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam during the Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) was obviously damaged during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. A wide range of dislocations occurred along the horizontal construction joints at EL. 845m, between the face slabs constructed in the second and third stages. The maximum displacement of the dislocations reached 17cm. In this study, the slab dislocations were investigated using finite element (FE) analysis. The method based on strain potential was applied to compute the permanent deformation of the Zipingpu Dam during the Wenchuan earthquake. The calculated magnitude of the slab dislocation showed good agreements with the field measurements. The dislocation mechanism was discussed. The results show that the dislocation of the concrete slab is a subsequent damage after the permanent deformation of the rockfill materials. The effects of the shear strength and the direction of the construction joints, the reservoir water level and the seismic waves were studied. The shear strength and the direction of the construction joints, reservoir water level and have a significant effect on the dislocation displacement. The dislocation can be effectively reduced by measures such as changing the direction of the construction joints or improving the shear strength at the horizontal joints.     

面板堆石坝的动力离心模型试验研究

为研究面板堆石坝的地震响应规律,采用Parkfield波作为地震动输入,在清华大学50g-t土工离心机上进行了动力离心模型试验.试验在50倍重力加速度条件下采用电液伺服离心机振动台系统完成,采用加速度传感器测量了模型不同位置动力响应的加速度时程并且测量了面板的变形.结果表明,地震最大响应发生于坝顶,该处地震动放大系数接...     

Seismic performance of earth-core and concrete-faced rock-fill dams by large-scale shaking table tests

Two of China's highest earth-core rock-fill dams (ECRDs) and concrete-faced rock-fill dams (CFRDs) were simulated by large-scale earthquake simulation shaking table tests in this work. A series of staged tests were performed, including white noise, different types of earthquake excitations with different magnitudes etc. The seismic performance of the ECRD and CFRD models were analyzed and investigated. The test results indicated that reservoir impoundment influenced the structure and seismic characteristics of the ECRD model much more than the CFRD model. The average fundamental frequency of the CFRD decreased less than the ECRD model when subjected to strong excitation. The acceleration amplification factors decreased as the input peak acceleration increased. The maximum acceleration occurred at the top of the ECRD model, while it occurred at 0.6–0.9 dam height of the CFRD model. Seismic residual deformations of the two models were very small. When subjected to strong earthquake excitation, the residual deformation of the CFRD model was smaller than that of the ECRD model. The dominant failure pattern of the two models was shallow sliding at the height of 3/4 on the downstream slope. The above analysis indicated that seismic performance of CFRD was superior to ECRD.     

利用三维孔隙弹性模型探讨紫坪铺水库对汶川地震的影响

本文基于三维孔隙弹性理论,建立了紫坪铺水库及周边地区的有限元模型.根据紫坪铺水库开始蓄水到汶川地震发震时刻的水位变化情况,计算了整个区域的孔隙压力和库仑应力.详细讨论了断层及周围地层的弹性模量和扩散系数对计算结果的影响.计算结果表明:从弹性角度看,断层的弹性模量对汶川地震震源处的库仑应力影响很小;震源处的库仑应力随着断层和周围地层的扩散系数增大而增大.当给定弹性模量和扩散系数代表性值的时候,计算结果表明在汶川地震发震时刻,震源处的库仑应力变化量为+1 kPa左右,这表明紫坪铺水库使得汶川地震发震断层更加危险.是否这个量级的库仑应力就能够触发汶川地震还需要进一步探讨.通过分析库区周边小震的分布,发现小震分布区域均是库仑应力增加的地区,因此紫坪铺水库周边的小震应该与紫坪铺水库蓄水有直接关系.     

饱和南京细砂永久应变势模型的试验研究

土单元永久应变势的预测模型是土动力学的重要研究内容之一。现有的土单元永久应变势模型没有反映振动孔压增长的影响,难以合理解释地震动作用引起的饱和砂土地基永久变形一般是由土层软化或再固结变形所致的机理。基于饱和南京细砂永久变形动三轴试验结果的有效应力状态分析,研究了试样的永久变形与振动孔压增长的关系,建立了一个能反映振动孔压增长影响的土单元永久应变势模型,给出了土单元永久应变势的数学表达式,分析了土单元永久应变势模型参数的影响因素。初步的验证性试验表明:模型预测与试验测得的试样永久应变势与振动孔压增长曲线比较接近,说明该模型具有一定的合理性。     

地震动强度参数相关性对地震滑坡危险性影响分析

本文基于全概率地震滑坡危险性分析方法,利用蒙特卡罗模拟研究在不同临界屈服加速度a_c、永久位移模型、场地类别和断层距情况下,地震动强度参数相关性对地震滑坡危险性结果的影响规律。主要结果表明:在进行滑坡危险性分析时,不考虑多地震动强度参数相关性会造成预测位移值偏小,滑坡风险被低估。因此,考虑地震动强度参数相关性对滑坡危险性评价很有必要,这能使预测结果反映地震动参数样本作为输入时的实际相关性特征,为合理进行滑坡防护提供理论依据和参考。     

Analysis on residual strain of Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam after Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) was subjected to significant local damage in the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake. It is the first rockfill dam of more than one hundred meters high to encounter a strong earthquake anywhere in the world. Based on the finite element smoothing method, the residual strains at a typical cross-section and a downstream slope of the dam were obtained by processing the dam monitored displacement data. The position of and reason for the dam settlement and deformation of rockfill dilatancy in the earthquake were analyzed according to the section residual strain. The results show that the maximum settlement ratio on the dam body approximately occurs at 2/3 of the dam height; dilatancy occurs from the dam crest to 25–30 m in the upstream and downstream slope; the immediate cause of the face slabs horizontal construction joint dislocation is excessive residual shear strain. Meanwhile, the position of and reason for the dam fissure in the earthquake were analyzed according to the dam slope residual strain.     

Earthquake-induced displacements of gravity retaining walls and anchor-reinforced slopes

This paper examines in terms of seismic performance, the effectiveness of anchor reinforcement against gravity retaining walls used to stabilize a dry homogenous fill slope in earthquake-prone environment. Both analyzed stabilizing measures have the same design yield acceleration estimated from a limit equilibrium approach. The earthquake-induced displacements are calculated using a sliding block formulation of the equation of motion. Sliding failure along the base of the gravity retaining wall and rotational failure of the soil active wedge behind the wall, as well as rotational failure of the slide mass of the anchor-reinforced slope were considered in the present formulation. For the specific characteristics of the analyzed fill slope and input horizontal ground motion, the slope reinforced with anchors appears to experience vertical and horizontal seismic displacements at slope crest smaller by 12% and respectively, 32% than the vertical and horizontal earthquake-induced deformations estimated at the top of the active wedge behind the gravity retaining wall.     

Seismic displacements on shear surfaces in cohesive soils

The paper is concerned with the earthquake-induced displacements on pre-existing shear surfaces in cohesive soils. Results from ring shear tests have shown that during fast shearing the strength of such surfaces depends on displacement and rate of shearing. The test results have been used in a numerical analysis to assess the displacement of a rigid block sliding on a plane surface. The results from the analysis show that the earthquake-induced displacements on pre-existing shear surfaces are influenced significantly by the soil behaviour under earthquake loading conditions. The results are consistent with the field performance of pre-existing slides in cohesive soils during earthquakes.