大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥非线性抗震性能研究

基于OpenSees平台建立钢管混凝土拱桥动力分析模型,并与Midas Civil模型结果进行比对。通过一条强震记录下的IDA分析,得到钢管混凝土拱桥拱肋横桥向非线性地震性能,比较拱肋采用弹性梁单元和纤维梁单元两种模型的拱脚弯矩时程曲线和拱顶位移时程曲线,分析拱肋关键截面屈服机理,绘制它们的曲率IDA曲线和拱顶位移IDA曲线。研究结果表明:横桥向在强震作用下拱脚和拱顶不一定先屈服,而是在拱肋截面突变或有集中质量连接处,在设计时需重点考虑;随着地震动增大,先是与横撑连接处拱肋首先屈服,然后是拱脚和拱顶位置,最后向整个拱肋扩展,拱肋非线性性能良好,仍有一定的抗震储备能力。     

多维地震激励作用下大跨度钢管混凝土提篮拱桥的随机响应

以某大跨度钢管混凝土提篮拱桥为例,分别研究了大跨度钢管混凝土提篮拱桥的自振特性及其在纵向激励、纵 竖向激励、纵 横向激励、纵 竖 横向激励作用下的地震响应特性。结果表明,横向激励对提篮拱桥地震响应特性有较大影响,对于多维激励情况,提篮拱桥的抗震性能并不优于平行拱,并进一步分析了原因。     

新西海桥的非线性地震响应分析

本文讨论了日本第一座公路钢管混凝土拱桥——主跨230m的新西海桥的非线性地震响应特性。采用三维有限元计算模型,用纤维单元法考虑钢管混凝土的材料非线性,用P-δ效应考虑几何非线性,讨论了在纵桥向地震作用、横桥向地震作用以及纵、横桥两方向同时作用情况下该桥的非线性地震响应特性和抗震性能。计算表明,在纵桥向地震作用时轴力的作用显著,拱脚附近产生的内力较大;而横桥向地震作用时轴力和面外弯矩作用显著,拱脚以及拱肋与桥面连接附近产生的内力较大;横向地震响应远大于纵向地震响应;应考虑纵、横桥向地震力共同作用的影响。     

5跨连续中承式钢管混凝土拱桥抗震性能分析

钢管混凝土拱桥由于桥型优美在城市桥梁中得到广泛应用,对某正在设计的5跨连续巾承式钢管混凝土拱桥进行了动力特性和抗震性能分析,根据该桥的结构特点,建立了’该桥的空间有限元分析模型,计算桥梁的自振特性,基于反应谱方法计算了该桥在横向、纵向水平地震反应,计算结果表明：该桥拱肋的面外刚度相对较小,在桥梁振动中首先出现拱肋的面外振动;桥梁的竖向振动表现为拱肋与桥面的整体竖向振动,其基频明显比拱肋面外振动大;主拱肋的轴力由横桥向地震动控制,其他内力由纵桥向地震动控制;地震作用对弯矩的影响较大,故主拱的内力计算应考虑地震力的影响;在设计计算中除常规关键点应作为控制点外,内外拱连接处也应作为控制点。计算结果已为该桥的抗震设计提供了参考。     

康富钢管混凝土拱桥振动特性分析

康富桥是一座异型钢管混凝土拱桥，该桥内拱外倾、外拱内倾，组合拱肋与系杆、横梁组成空间结构体系。该桥型较少见，为了了解该桥型的动力性能，需要对桥梁进行空间振动特性分析。采用ANSYS软件建立该桥梁空间有限元计算模型，计算得到桥梁前15阶振动周期和振型。计算结果表明：该种桥型横向刚度较竖向刚度弱，桥梁低阶以拱肋横向振动为主。本文计算结果已为桥梁设计提供参考。     

北方某大跨钢管混凝土拱桥动力特性分析

针对北方某钢管混凝土拱桥东拱肋拱顶合拢高度比设计标高(35.017m)低0.30m,西拱肋拱顶合拢高度比设计标高低0.44m的问题,采用ANSYS软件对其建立空间有限元计算分析模型,并用子空间迭代法对结构进行了模态分析,得到了结构的自振频率和振型.由计算结果可知:该拱桥横向刚度小于纵向刚度,结构横向可能成为薄弱环节;结构的振型多次出现局部振动的特征,表明拱肋和桥面连接较弱.计算结果对该拱桥的检测、维修、改造具有重要价值.     

大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥抗震性能指标研究

高轴压比钢管混凝土墩柱的试验结果对钢管混凝土拱肋具有较大的借鉴意义。为明确大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥的抗震性能指标,研究了高轴比钢管混凝土构件的破坏过程及延性性能。以弯矩作为性能指标将高轴压比钢管混凝土构件的试验破坏过程分为轻微损伤、有限损伤与严重损伤3个阶段,结合钢管混凝土截面性能状态的数值分析,探讨了高轴压比钢管混凝土构件的破坏机理。结果表明:高轴压比钢管混凝土构件具有一定的可用延性;提出了以计算等效屈服弯矩作为抗震性能指标,适当利用延性和实现钢管混凝土拱桥的有限损伤抗震设计,并给出了与有限损伤相关的截面性能状态及参数。研究成果弥补了规范在此方面的不足,可供高烈度地震区大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥抗震设计时参考。     

钢管混凝土拱桥的材料非线性地震反应分析

采用组合单元和双单元法对钢管混凝土进行材料非线性分析,给出两种方法的恢复力模型曲线,并分别用这两种方法对某大跨度钢管拱桥进行非线性地震反应分析,结果表明,两种元法的分析结果比较接近,故都是非线性分析的有效方法;同线性分析结果相比较表明材料非线性对钢管混凝土拱桥的抗震性能影响足显著的。     

钢管混凝土(单圆管)拱肋刚度对其动力特性的影响

钢管混凝土的截面刚度应用不同的规范计算的结果之间存在着差异。本文以一座实桥为研究对象,讨论了这种差异对钢管混凝土拱桥动力特性的影响。分析表明,不同规范引起的钢管混凝土拱肋刚度的计算值的不同对钢管混凝土拱桥动力特性计算结果的影响较小。对自振频率,抗弯刚度取值的变化有一定的影响,但抗压刚度的影响极小;对自振振型,抗弯与抗压刚度取值的变化均无影响。     

中、下承式拱桥抗震性能分析

以下承式平行拱桥,下承式提篮拱桥和中、下承式斜靠式拱桥为研究对象,采用有限元程序Midas/civil建立3种桥型的空间有限元计算模型,计算其在El Centro波、Taft波地震波作用下的地震时程响应,对其进行抗震性能分析。计算结果表明:横向地震作用对3种拱桥的地震响应起控制作用;拱脚位置和横撑或横向联系处应作为拱桥抗震设计的控制截面,控制截面最大应力满足桥梁抗震性能要求,但平行式拱桥和斜靠式拱桥安全储备不充足,可采取一定的构造措施来保证其抗震安全性;提篮式拱桥主拱内倾和斜靠式拱桥稳定拱的设置对提高拱桥的横向抗震性能效果较为显著;提篮拱桥抗震性能优于平行式拱桥,斜靠式拱桥在横向地震下的拱顶横向位移最小,其抗震性能较好。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.