巴颜喀拉块体东部活动块体的划分、形变特征及构造意义

基于活动块体的基本概念,综合对研究区内活动断裂带空间展布、地震活动性等资料的分析将巴颜喀拉块体东部及邻区划分为巴颜喀拉块体（I）、华南块体（Ⅱ）、川滇块体（Ⅲ）和西秦岭块体（IV）等4个一级块体.利用GPS形变场、地球物理场等资料结合F检验法,将巴颜喀拉块体划分为阿坝（I₁）、马尔康（I₂）和龙门山（I₃）3个次级块体,将西秦岭块体划分为岷县（IV₁）和礼县（IV₂） 2个次级块体.利用分布在各个块体内部的GPS测站,计算各活动块体及块体边界断裂带的运动变形特征.结果表明：各活动块体的整体运动包括平移和旋转运动;东昆仑断裂带、甘孜—玉树断裂带和鲜水河断裂带的滑动速率明显高于龙门山断裂带的滑动速率;巴颜喀拉块体东部走向北西或北西西的边界断裂表现出左旋拉张的特性;走向北东的边界断裂带,除成县—太白断裂带外,均表现出右旋走滑兼挤压的活动特征.巴颜喀拉块体的东向运动存在自西向东的速度衰减,衰减主要被龙日坝断裂带和岷江断裂带分解吸收,其中龙日坝断裂带的水平右旋分解非常明显,约为~4.8±1.6 mm/a,岷江断裂带的水平分解较弱.龙门山断裂带被马尔康、龙门山和岷县等次级块体分成南、中、北三段,龙门山断裂带中段上的主压应变率要明显小于龙门山断裂带南段上的应变率,其北西侧变形幅度从远离断裂带较大到靠近断裂带逐渐减小,表明其在震前已经积累了较高的应变能,有利于发生破裂滑动.汶川地震后,地表破裂带和余震分布揭示的断裂带运动性质自南西向北东由以逆冲运动为主,逐渐转为逆冲兼走滑的特征可能与龙门山断裂带中段所受主压应力方向自南西向北东的变化有关.马尔康、龙门山和岷县3个次级块体与华南块体之间较低的相对运动速度以及龙门山断裂带低应变率、强闭锁的特征都决定了汶川地震前龙门山断裂带低滑动速率的运动特征.     

利用GPS和水准数据分析东昆仑断裂带东部及其邻区构造变形特征

基于1999—2016年GPS数据和1980—2010年区域精密水准数据,获取了东昆仑断裂带东部及其邻区主要断裂的滑动速率和区域构造变形特征。结果表示:东昆仑断裂带自西向东的走滑速率衰减非常明显,走滑速率从西大滩—东大滩和阿拉克湖段的约10 mm/a向东到塔藏段衰减至约2 mm/a,速率自西向东每100 km下降梯度约1 mm/a;东昆仑断裂带阿拉克湖段、托索湖段、下大武段和塔藏段均表现出一定的弱挤压特征。跨岷江断裂剖面显示区域挤压变形自西向东由龙日坝断裂至龙门山断裂带有逐渐减弱的特征。区域最大主应变方向为E-NEE向,最大剪切应变高值区位于阿拉克湖段和托索湖段交汇区域以及巴颜喀拉块体的龙日坝断裂中段区域。分析东昆仑断裂带东部及其邻区主要断裂间的构造转换关系认为,岷山地区的隆起变形主要是因为巴颜喀拉块体自西向东的运动受到了华南块体的阻挡,而非东昆仑断裂带向东延展引起的构造转换。     

基于GNSS的青藏高原东北缘地壳运动场及强震趋势研究

利用“中国大陆构造环境监测网络”GNSS数据研究1998—2018年青藏高原东北缘排除同震影响等干扰后的速度场、主应变率场、最大剪切应变率场、面应变场等的变化,活动断裂滑动速率变化、跨活动断裂基线变化等。将研究区域内的二级块体再分区,获得各次级块体内部的应变率变化;获取研究区域地壳运动场的趋势性、动态特征。研究结果显示,阿尔金断裂带中东段、祁连块体和柴达木块体交界、巴颜喀拉块体与羌塘块体交界、祁连块体南边界中段、海原—六盘山断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带西段的逆冲运动,祁连块体北边界西段、庄浪河断裂的左旋走滑运动,祁连块体北边界东段、西秦岭北缘断裂带东段的左旋逆走滑运动,都属于造成一定程度地壳变形的持续性局部应变增强活动。阿尔金断裂带东段、东昆仑断裂带中西段、祁连块体北边界、庄浪河断裂北段、海原断裂南段、六盘山断裂北段、西秦岭北缘断裂带东段可能存在闭锁,未来十年可能发生M_S6.0以上地震。     

东昆仑断裂带东段塔藏断裂几何结构及滑动递减模型讨论

塔藏断裂位于东昆仑断裂带东段,长约170km,与岷山断裂带共同构成巴颜喀拉块体的东北构造边界,中部与岷江断裂、荷叶断裂、虎牙断裂的北延段交会,构成岷山隆起的地貌边界。通过卫星影像解译结合构造地貌调查,确定了断层属于全新世活动断层,并利用断层走向弯曲和活动性、阶区等标志将塔藏断裂分为三段。西段为罗叉段,总体走向NWW,西侧与玛曲断裂形成左行左阶拉分区,东侧在下黄寨村走向顺时针偏转至东北村段。中段为东北村段,总体走向NW,东侧在九寨沟口附近走向逆时针偏转至马家磨段。东段为马家磨段,总体走向NWW,西侧隔荷叶断裂、虎牙断裂的北延段与中段相接。东北村段以岷江断裂斜交点为界可分为南北两个次级段,马家磨段以阶区为界划分为扎如次段、唐寨次段、勿角次段。罗叉段和马家磨段的地震离逝时间较近,东北村段相对较远。断裂带整体呈反"S"形,自西向东滑动速率总体呈减小趋势,大部分水平变形转化为垂向的岷山隆升。结合不同段上的滑动速率,发现东昆仑断裂东段滑动速率呈梯度下降特征与东昆仑断裂带东段断层弯曲的几何特征相对应。     

青藏高原北部地区构造变形特征及与强震关系

通过对1993～1999、1999～2001年青藏高原北部地区GPS水平运动资料的非震负位错模型反演和形变应变场时空演化分析,结合地质构造和有资料积累以来的强震活动,研究块体及边界带的构造变形特征,以及与强震孕育的关系．结果表明：(1)5级以上,特别是6级左右及6级以上地震多发生在区域应变场剪切应变率或面膨胀率高值区、边缘或其附近,尤其是与区域主干断裂构造运动一致的剪切应变率高值区;形变差异显著的块体边界附近;沿块体边界断裂带的高应变积累的闭锁区段及其附近．(2)1999～2001年较1993～1999年大范围的水平运动速率明显减弱,但应变率的减弱幅度不大,可能揭示昆仑山口西8．1大震孕育对北东向的构造应力传递起了某种“阻隔和调制作用”及太平洋板块的西进作用加强．(3)目前应变场分布高值区、块体间差异运动显著的边界带及高应变积累闭锁段有阿尼玛卿断裂中东段与鄂拉山断裂交汇区、祁连山构造带中东段及与海原断裂西段交汇区、日月山一拉脊山断裂与西秦岭北缘断裂交汇区、庄浪河断裂与西秦岭北缘断裂交汇区、六盘山断裂附近．     

汶川Ms8．0地震孕育发生的机制与动力学问题

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了Ms8.0强烈地震.发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀-北川断裂.分析震前的GPS速度场发现,从巴颜喀拉块体西部到龙门山断裂带沿大约N103°E方向的缩短速率为13.0 mm/a,龙门山断裂带的右旋走滑速率1.1 mm/a,断裂带处于闭锁状态.四川盆地沿大约N103°E方向有少量的压缩变形,而沿SW方向有少量的拉张变形.同震位移场显示,这次地震可能是巴颜喀拉块体SE向逆冲与四川盆地NW向俯冲同时发生的.应变场分析发现,震前震中区的主压与主张应变率分别为-30.840×10-9/a与13.956×10-9/a,主压应变轴N105.4°E与震源机制解得到的主压应力轴的方向N103°E一致.由本文提出的应力-应变机制得到的断层滑动方向和走向与地表破裂调查和震源机制解得到的结果一致.印度、太平洋和菲律宾海板块与欧洲板块的相互作用足龙门山断裂带积累弹性应变能和孕育汶川地震的长期作用力.苏门达腊大地震使青藏高原和华南块体的相互作用加强,促进了汶川地震的发生.     

汶川MS8.0地震孕育发生的机制与动力学问题

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了MS8.0强烈地震.发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.分析震前的GPS速度场发现,从巴颜喀拉块体西部到龙门山断裂带沿大约N103°E方向的缩短速率为13.0 mm/a,龙门山断裂带的右旋走滑速率1.1 mm/a,断裂带处于闭锁状态.四川盆地沿大约N103°E方向有少量的压缩变形,而沿SW方向有少量的拉张变形.同震位移场显示,这次地震可能是巴颜喀拉块体SE向逆冲与四川盆地NW向俯冲同时发生的.应变场分析发现,震前震中区的主压与主张应变率分别为-30.840×10^-9/a与13.956×10^-9/a,主压应变轴N105.4°E与震源机制解得到的主压应力轴的方向N103°E一致.由本文提出的应力-应变机制得到的断层滑动方向和走向与地表破裂调查和震源机制解得到的结果一致.印度、太平洋和菲律宾海板块与欧洲板块的相互作用是龙门山断裂带积累弹性应变能和孕育汶川地震的长期作用力.苏门达腊大地震使青藏高原和华南块体的相互作用加强,促进了汶川地震的发生.     

汶川8.0级地震前区域地壳运动与应变场动态特征

利用中国地壳运动观测网络GPS资料, 通过获取水平相对运动、 水平应变场分布变化等, 研究了汶川8.0级地震前的区域水平运动与应变率场变化, 以及大尺度地壳运动动态特征等。 研究结果表明, 发生汶川8.0级地震的龙门山断裂带, 由于受到其西侧巴颜喀拉地块向东运动的构造动力作用, 处于缓慢的应变积累状态。 在汶川地震前龙门山断裂带相对华南地块的差异运动小于GPS观测误差。 川滇地区应变场图像显示2004-2007年面应变率负值最高区出现在汶川8.0级地震震中区及其附近, 可能反应了局部挤压增强。 GPS基准站资料反映的大尺度北东向地壳缩短的相对运动增强, 也形成了促进龙门山断裂带发生大破裂的区域构造动力增强的背景条件。     

巴颜喀拉块体北和东边界大地震序列的关联性与2008年汶川地震

2008年汶川地震发生在巴颜喀拉块体的东边界.为了探讨区域动力学背景与该地震发生的关系,本文基于活动构造、震源机制解、GPS站速度、地震破裂展布以及历史大地震活动等资料分析巴颜喀拉块体北、东两个边界断裂系统的运动、变形以及大地震序列发生的关联性.结果表明:由于受到华南地块的阻挡,巴颜喀拉块体朝东-南东方向的"逃逸"运动...     

青藏块体东北缘近期水平运动与变形

利用青藏块体东北缘地区13、1年GPS观测资料，给出了本区地壳水平运动速度场及视应变场分布图，提出了由位移观测值直接求解块体旋转和变形参数的方法，初步研究了本区构造块体运动与变形特征.结果表明：①本区存在整体性向东-东南方的运动(速率约mm/a)；②南部的甘肃-青海块体的运动较快，而北部的阿拉善块体的运动较慢，二者运动速率相差近6mm/a，祁连-海原断裂带左旋走滑运动显著.③自西向东存在北北东-北东东向压性运动；④阿拉善块体、甘肃-青海块体内部存在北西西向张性变形，阿拉善块体的整体张性变形更显著，鄂尔多斯块体西侧的块体交接地带为压性运动.     

张家口—渤海断裂带分段运动变形特征分析

利用张家口—渤海断裂带(张渤带)及其邻区1999—2007年的GPS观测数据, 研究了该区域现今地壳水平速度场特征。 运用最小二乘配置方法获得应变率场的空间分布特征, 根据区域地壳主应变率、 面膨胀率和最大剪切应变率等形变场的空间变化, 分析了张渤带各分段的形变特征。 结果表明: 相对于欧亚框架, 研究区内GPS速度场以SE方向运动为主; 应变场以NE方向的主压应变为主, 伴随着近NW方向的张性应变; 整个张渤带及其邻区的高剪切变形区主要位于河北香河、 文安以及唐山等三个地区。 利用跨断层GPS剖面分析得到张渤带以左旋走滑为主, 兼有挤压运动。 华北平原块体和燕山块体的相对运动是张渤带左旋走滑的直接动力来源, 而印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞后继续向北的推挤作用则是张渤带运动变形的根本动力来源, 太平洋板块的作用相对较弱。     

堪察加地区现今地壳运动与变形特征研究

利用俄罗斯堪察加地区1995～2005年的GPS观测数据,研究了该区现今地壳水平运动速度场特征.在球坐标系中解算了各应变率分量,分析了应变率场的空间分布特征,并与地震学和地质学研究结果进行了综合对比分析.结果表明,堪察加半岛北部的微板块边界并不明显,堪察加南部测站运动速度大于中部和北部地区,愈靠近东部板块汇聚区,测站速度越大.从东海岸到西海岸,测站水平速度存在明显的梯度衰减特征,水平运动方向与太平洋板块向西北的俯冲方向基本一致.各应变率分量具有东部海岸大于中部和西海岸、从东至西呈梯度衰减的特点.堪察加大部分地区处于EW和NS向压缩状态,局部存在拉张.面应变率结果显示绝大部分为压缩区;刚性转动结果表明大部分地区表现为顺时针转动,北部地区和南端顺时针旋转性明显.东部有效应变率明显大于西部地区,东西向梯度衰减关系明显.主压应变率明显大于主张应变率,特别是在东海岸地区.主压应变率方向与中等以上地震的主压应力轴在水平方向的投影方向基本一致.地壳变形场在空间分布上的不一致性主要与太平洋板块在堪察加半岛东南侧的俯冲深度、俯冲方位角、俯冲倾角和俯冲带的耦合强度有关.     

张家口-渤海断裂带分段运动变形特征分析

We have collected GPS data in the period of 1999-2007 from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault and its adjacent regions to study the characteristics of present-day crustal horizontal motion velocities in the research zone.Strain rate components are computed in the spheric coordinate system by the least square collocation method.According to the spatial distribution of the principal strain rate,dilation rate and maximum shear strain rate derived from GPS measurements,this paper analyses the deformation of the subordinary faults of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault.The principal compression strain rates are apparently greater than the principal extension strain rates.The larger shear strain rate is mainly in and around the Xianghe,Wenan and Tangshan areas in Hebei Province.According to the profiles across different segments of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault,the three segments glong the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault show an obviously left-lateal strike-slip and compression characteristics.By analysis of the motion characteristics of the blocks,e.g.the Yanshan block,North China Plain block,Ordos block,and Ludong-Huanghai block in and around the North China region,this paper speculates that the dynamics of the motion styles of Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault may directly come from the relative movement between the Yanshan block and the North China plain block,and the ultimate dynamics may be the results of the collison between Indian plate and Eurasian plate,and the persistent northeastward extrusion of the Indian plate.     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90oE is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2±1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1±0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8±1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8±2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90°E is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2 ± 1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1 ± 0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8 ± 1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8 ± 2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

Current horizontal strain field in Chinese mainland derived from GPS data

Introduction In the years when the reliable data could not be obtained and in the analysis of strain property and magnitude in history, the intensity, property and activity pattern of strain field were mainly inferred on the bases of geometric characters of surface traces and behaviors (especially the faults) as well as the characteristics of petrology (XIE, et al, 1993; Molnar, Tapponnier, 1975, 1977; Tapponnier, Molnar, 1977; FU, et al, 2000). However, they are the averaged results accumu…     

DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS AND KINEMATIC PARAMETERS INVERSION OF HAIYUAN FAULT ZONE BASED ON TIME SERIES INSAR

Located at the bend of the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Haiyuan fault zone is a boundary fault of the stable Alashan block, the stable Ordos block and the active Tibet block, and is the most significant fault zone for the tectonic deformation and strong earthquake activity. In 1920, a M8.5 earthquake occurred in the eastern segment of the fault, causing a surface rupture zone of about 240km. After that, the segment has been in a state of calmness in seismic activity, and no destructive earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above have occurred. Determining the current activity of the Haiyuan fault zone is very important and necessary for the analysis and assessment of its future seismic hazard. To study activity of the Haiyuan fault zone, the degree of fault coupling and the future seismic hazard, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a lot of research using geology methods and GPS geodetic techniques, but these methods have certain limitations. The geology method is a traditional classical method of fault activity research, but dislocation measurement can only be performed on a local good fault outcrop. There are a limited number of field measurement points and the observation results are not equally limited depending on the sampling location and sampling method. The distribution of GPS stations is sparse, especially in the near-fault area, there is almost no GPS data. Therefore, the spatial resolution of the deformation field features obtained by GPS is low, and there are certain limitations in the kinematic parameter inversion using this method. In this study, we obtain the average InSAR line-of-sight deformation field from the Maomaoshan section to the mid-1920s earthquake rupture segment of the Haiyuan earthquake in the period from 2003 to 2010 based on the PSInSAR technique. The results show that there are obvious differences between the slip rates of the two walls of the fault in the north and the south, which are consistent with the motion characteristics of left-lateral strike-slip in the Haiyuan fault zone. Through the analysis of the high-density cross-fault deformation rate profile of the Laohushan segment, it is determined that the creep length is about 19km. Based on the two-dimensional arctangent model, the fault depth and deep slip rate of different locations in the Haiyuan fault zone are obtained. The results show that the slip rate and the locking depth of the LHS segment change significantly from west to east, and the slip rate decreases from west to east, decreasing from 7.6mm/a in the west to 4.5mm/a in the easternmost. The western part of the LHS segment and the middle part are in a locked state. The western part has a locking depth of 4.2~4.4km, and the middle part has a deeper locking depth of 6.9km, while the eastern part is less than 1km, that is, the shallow surface is creeping, and the creep rate is 4.5~4.8mm/a. On the whole, the 1920 earthquake's rupture segment of the Haiyuan fault zone is in a locked state, and both the slip rate and the locking depth are gradually increased from west to east. The slip rate is increased from 3.2mm/a in the western segment to 5.4mm/a in the eastern segment, and the locking depth is increased from 4.8km in the western segment to 7.5km in the eastern segment. The results of this study refine the understanding of the slip rate and the locking depth of the different segments of the Haiyuan fault zone, and provide reference information for the investigation of the strain accumulation state and regional seismic hazard assessment of different sections of the fault zone.     

Deformation of the Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault zone inferred from the denser GPS observations

The Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault,an active tectonic feature at the Tibetan Plateau's northeastern boundary,was ruptured by two MS earthquakes(1920 and 1927)bracketing an unbroken section(the Tianzhu seismic gap).A high seismic hazard is expected along the gap.To monitor deformation characteristics and do a seismic risk assessment,we made measurements at two newly built campaign-mode Global Positioning System(GPS) stations and 13 pre-existing stations in 2013 and 2014.Adding existing data from 1999 to 2014,we derived a new velocity field.Based on the horizontal velocity,we used three block models to invert the deformation of four crustal blocks.The results suggest non-uniform deformation in the interior of the Lanzhou block,the Ordos block and the Alaxan block,but uniform deformation in the Qilian block.Fault slip rates derived from block models show a decreasing trend from west to east,(2.0-3.2 mm/a on the Haiyuan fault to 0.9-1.5 mm/a on the Liupanshan fault).The Haiyuan fault evidences sinistral striking-slip movement,while the Liupanshan fault is primarily thrusting due to transformation of the displacement between the strike-slip and crustal shortening.The locking depth of each segment along the Haiyuan fault obtained by fitting the fault parallel velocities varies drastically from west to east(21.8-7.1 km).The moment accumulation rate,calculated using the slip rate and locking depth,is positively correlated with the locking depth.Given the paucity of large seismic events during the previous millennium,the Tuolaishan segment and the Maomaoshan segment have higher likelihood of nucleation for a future event.     

伽师震源区中等强度地震矩张量反演及其应力场特征

使用区域数字地震台站记录的宽频带长周期波形资料,在时间域反演了1997~2004年伽师震源区52次中等强度地震的矩张量.反演结果揭示,在小尺度的伽师震源区内,震源机制解的P轴、T轴和N轴呈现出明显的分区特征.本文进一步把伽师震源区分为东区和西区,分别反演了东区与西区的应力场.应力场反演结果表明,东区的应力场主压应力轴走向为321°,基本水平.最大主张应力走向68°,倾角40°.截至2004年7月,伽师震源区西部的应力场一直较为稳定,最大主压应力方向为12°,最大主张应力方向282°,二者都基本水平,中等主应力轴基本直立.自西向东,伽师震源区最大主压应力轴逆时针旋转了49°,并且西区张应力的水平作用较为显著,东区压应力的水平作用显著.应力场的这种非均匀变化特征与GPS观测得到的地壳运动速率的空间分布以及塔里木盆地边界附近的地形地貌特征有很好的一致性.震源区深部结构的陡变以及位于震源区东部边界规模较大的NW走向的普昌断裂和色力布亚隐伏断裂可能对产生这种横向非均匀的局部应力场起了重要的作用.