福建沿海地区流域盆地的面积-高程积分特征及其新构造指示意义

基于ASTER GDEM V2数据,提取福建沿海地区主要的水系网络和流域盆地,计算亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分值(HI值),以分析区内流域地貌与新构造运动的响应关系。结果表明,HI值从沿海向内陆呈条带状逐渐递减,与本区NW向主要断裂带的活动特征和小震活动分布特征具有较好的一致性,这也可能是区内向内陆地区方向受到台湾岛动力触角的影响逐渐减弱的原因。同时南海盆地打开的裂谷扩张和太平洋板块向东俯冲过程的博弈结果在福建沿海地区的流域地貌中也得到了比较充分的反映。     

德钦—维西地区地貌特征及其对构造活动的响应

基于ASTER GDEM 30 m数据,使用ArcGIS空间分析模块提取了德钦—维西地区流域盆地范围,得到了德钦—维西地区亚流域盆地及主要次级流域盆地面积-高程积分(HI)值,获得990个亚流域盆地HI等值分区及12个主要次级流域盆地HI曲线。结果表明：阿东河、东水河和三岔河3个次级流域盆地HI曲线呈微凸型,处于地貌演化的幼年期,其它9个次级流域盆地HI曲线呈S型,处于壮年期。研究区HI值表现为北高南低趋势,HI低值条带的展布方向与研究区活动构造的延伸方向基本一致;HI高值主要分布于断裂带两侧及构造交会区域。研究区地貌演化的主控因素是构造活动,岩性和气候影响不明显,地貌对区内构造活动具有很好的响应关系。     

成都盆地南缘第四纪构造变形及地貌响应特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查与数字地形分析,研究了成都盆地南缘构造变形特征及与地貌的响应关系,重点为邛西构造和熊坡背斜的晚第四纪构造变形。结果表明：中更新世是成都盆地南缘地区一个较重要的构造变形阶段,邛西构造与熊坡背斜的发育与演化也主要集中在这一阶段,并导致了古青衣江数次改道,遗留下规模巨大的冲洪积扇——名邛台地。熊坡背斜亚流域盆地的面积—高程积分值（HI值）自SW向NE总体呈逐渐减小的趋势,反映了熊坡背斜主要受到来自南部的动力作用,并呈现自SW向NE扩展变形的过程,显示成都盆地南缘地区流域地貌对其构造变形存在着明显的反馈作用。     

墨脱断裂地貌特征及其构造意义

墨脱断裂展布于南迦巴瓦构造结的东侧,晚第四纪以来活动强烈,断裂水平运动表现为左旋走滑。为了进一步研究墨脱断裂倾向滑动特征及断裂活动性差异,文章基于DEM数据提取了4对横跨断裂矩形区域内的高程数据,计算获得沿断裂发育的31个流域盆地的面积高程积分值。研究表明,墨脱断裂两侧在同一高度出现对称的4组台地面,且从低到相邻的两级台面的高度差没有出现逐步增大的趋势,表明断裂没有表现出明显的倾向滑动;沿断裂分布的汇水盆地具有较大的面积高程积分值（0.42~0.60之间）,反映出墨脱断裂所在区域目前总体表现为强烈的构造隆升;根据汇水盆地面积高程积分值的空间分布特征,区域地壳隆升强度沿墨脱断裂由南至北具有逐渐减弱的趋势,结合断裂地貌形态,认为在强隆升区面积高程积分值对断裂活动性具有一定的指示意义。     

丽江-小金河断裂南、中段地貌特征及构造指示意义

丽江-小金河断裂位于青藏高原东南缘,是川滇菱形块体内重要的次级边界断裂。构造活动对区域河流水系的发育有重要影响,因此,定量研究水系地貌特征可在一定程度上反映区域内构造活动信息。本文采用地形坡度、地形起伏度、面积-高程积分值（HI）等地貌参数研究沿该断裂区域地貌对构造活动的响应。研究发现,断裂北侧坡度和地形起伏度较断裂南侧高,跨断裂4级流域盆地内亚流域盆地面积-高程积分值变化也指示断裂北侧流域成熟度低于断裂南侧,这反映了丽江-小金河断裂存在一定逆冲分量。     

格仁错断裂带流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义

依据谷歌地球提供的影像(Landsat和GeoEye)和野外工作,在ArcGIS平台上利用数字高程模型(ASTER GDEM数据)提取了格仁错断裂带153个亚流域盆地的基本参数,作了面积-高程积分。统计结果显示,南北2盘流域盆地的规模(面积、河网分级)差异显著,南盘流域盆地起伏、坡度、面积-高程积分(HI)值均略大于北盘,积分曲线总体呈"南凸北凹"的形态特征;在断裂走向上,盆地起伏、平均坡度、HI值皆呈"东南高、西北低"的趋势,积分曲线由西向东具有变凸的态势。通过分析流域岩性与降雨条件,发现它们对以上地貌参数的影响有限。因此,流域盆地差异地貌特征反映并验证了格仁错断裂晚新生代南盘相对于北盘抬升,并且其南侧申扎-定结裂谷可能强化了该差异抬升运动。同时,可能指示冈底斯-念青唐古拉山晚新生代早期隆升为流域盆地提供了向N掀斜的先存地貌面,后期该山体和申扎-定结裂谷的快速隆升进一步促成南北2盘流域不对称的发育。     

基于GIS平台的石羊河流域地貌演化及构造活动性研究

基于ARCGIS 10.2平台,利用GDEM-30 m数据对石羊河流域进行水文分析,提取出了石羊河流域的流域范围,在此基础上通过研究区子流域的划分,把石羊河流域上游的8个子流域作为研究重点进行讨论。通过提取石羊河流域的地貌参数,包括盆地形状指数(BS)、盆地不对称度(AF)以及计算子流域高程—面积积分值(Hi)和水系分支比(Rb),并与前人活动构造研究成果对比。认为,石羊河流域盆地较为规则,且流域构造活动性相对较弱;主流域两侧掀斜程度低,且流域东侧稍弱于西侧;而流域高程—面积积分值从东往西呈逐渐增大的趋势,河流分支比则呈现出与之相反的变化趋势,综合反映了石羊河流域构造活动性不强,并且东部构造活动性弱于西部。     

六盘山断裂带构造活动特征及流域盆地地貌响应

通过航卫片解译和野外实地调查,对六盘山断裂带新活动特征开展详细研究。调查发现六盘山东麓断裂为一条全新世活动的逆左旋走滑断裂,而六盘山西麓断裂为晚更新世活动的挤压逆冲断裂,二者的构造活动控制和影响了本区的地貌发育和地震活动。同时利用SRTM数据提取六盘山东西两侧泾河和水洛河上游流域盆地水系,得到流域盆地面积-高程积分值(HI值)分布图,探讨本区活动构造和地貌的响应关系。分析结果表明,在相同的岩性条件下六盘山东侧的HI值要低于西侧,反映了活动断裂对本地区地貌演化特征的不同影响。上述地貌分析研究为认识和理解六盘山地区地貌演化以及控制因素提供了基础数据和思路。     

涪江流域河流地貌特征对虎牙断裂带活动性的响应

青藏高原东缘岷山东边界的虎牙断裂带强震频发,但因第四系保留有限,目前对于该断裂的活动性仍认识不清。而基岩山区河流地貌与活动构造关系研究发现,河流地貌特征能够很好地记录构造活动信息。虎牙断裂带横跨涪江流域,这为通过河流地貌研究虎牙断裂的活动特征提供了条件。文中选择涪江流域SRTM 30m精度数字高程模型(DEM)数据,利用GIS技术提取了涪江流域坡度(slope)、局部起伏度(local relief)、标准化陡峭指数(ksn)、面积-高程积分值(HI)等地貌指数,并对跨虎牙断裂带小流域盆地的平均陡峭指数(ks)和面积-高程积分值进行对比,结合野外调查、岩性、降水与现代侵蚀速率等特征,分析讨论了涪江流域地貌特征与虎牙断裂带活动特征的关系。研究表明:1)涪江流域基本处于稳态状况,区内仅有跨雪山断裂带的河道剖面显示明显的裂点,其余跨断裂河道剖面无明显裂点存在;2)虎牙断裂带两侧地貌指数差异明显,整体上表现为西高东低,这应与虎牙断裂的逆断活动有关;3)断裂两侧的小流域地貌指数差异分析表明,沿虎牙断裂带自北向南抬升作用逐渐增强,反映了虎牙断裂带北段以走滑为主,南段以逆断为主。该研究有助于提高对青藏高原东缘隆升变形机制的理解。     

基于地表流域指数和相关资料综合研究帕隆藏布地区的差异构造隆升

帕隆藏布地区差异隆升的研究对于东构造结地区构造变形机制的理解以及断块模型的建立具有重要的科学意义。本文基于GIS平台,利用ASTER-30m的DEM数据,计算了帕隆藏布地区19个流域地貌单元的面积-高程积分指数(HI),并结合地震资料、地表沉积与侵蚀过程综合研究了该区域的差异隆升。结果表明HI值的空间分布能够反映出研究区的差异隆升。研究区不同地方处于不同程度构造隆升,主要存在着两个相对较强的隆升中心,一个位于东构造结附近,另一个位于嘉黎断裂带、怒江断裂带交汇部位。此外,研究区内流域演化、地震活动以及地表沉积、侵蚀之间紧密关联,共同构成了证据链,揭示了一个完整的"地下构造运动—地表地貌演化"的过程。     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE DARI FAULT AND RESTUDY OF THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1947 M73/4 DARI EARTHQUAKE,QINGHAI PROVINCE

Bayan Hara Block is one of the most representative active blocks resulting from the lateral extrusion of Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic. Its southern and northern boundary faults are characterized by typical strike-slip shear deformation. Its eastern boundary is blocked by the Yangze block and its horizontal movement is transformed into the vertical movement of the Longmen Shan tectonic belt, leading to the uplift of the Longmen Shan Mountains and forming a grand geomorphic barrier on the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. A series of large earthquakes occurred along the boundary faults of the Bayan Hara Block in the past twenty years, which have attracted attention of many scholars. At present, the related studies of active tectonics on Bayan Hara Block are mainly concentrated on the boundary faults, such as Yushu-Ganzi-Xianshuihe Fault, East Kunlun Fault and Longmen Shan Fault. However, there are also some large faults inside the block, which not only have late Quaternary activity, but also have tectonic conditions to produce strong earthquake. These faults divide the Bayan Hara Block into some secondary blocks, and may play important roles in the kinematics and dynamics mechanism of the Bayan Hara Block, or even the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. The Dari Fault is one of the left-lateral strike-slip faults in the Bayan Hara Block. The Dari Fault starts at the eastern pass of the Kunlun Mountains, extends eastward through the south of Yalazela, Yeniugou and Keshoutan, the fault strike turns to NNE direction at Angcanggou, then turns to NE direction again at Moba town, Qinghai Province, and the fault ends near Nanmuda town, Sichuan Province, with a total length of more than 500km. The fault has been considered to be a late Quaternary active fault and the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake was produced by its middle segment. But studies on the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault are still weak. The previous research mainly focused on the investigation of the surface rupture and damages of the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake. However, there were different opinions about the scale of the M73/4 earthquake surface rupture zone. Dai Hua-guang(1983)thought that the surface rupture of the earthquake was about 150km long, but Qinghai Earthquake Agency(1984)believed that the length of surface rupture zone was only 58km. Based on interpretation of high-resolution images and field investigations, in this paper, we studied the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake. Late Quaternary activity in the central segment of the Dari Fault is particularly significant. A series of linear tectonic landforms, such as fault trough valley, fault scarps, fault springs and gully offsets, etc. are developed along the Dari Fault. And the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is still relatively well preserved. We conducted a follow-up field investigation for the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake and found that the surface rupture related to the Dari earthquake starts at Longgen village in Moba town, and ends near the northwest of the Yilonggounao in Jianshe town, with a length of about 70km. The surface rupture is primarily characterized by scarps, compressional ridges, pull-apart basins, landslides, cleavage, and the coseismic offset is about 2~4m determined by a series of offset gullies. The surface rupture zone extends to the northwest of Yilonggounao and becomes ambiguous. It is mainly characterized by a series of linear fault springs along the surface rupture zone. Therefore, we suggest that the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake ends at the northwest of Yilonggounao. In summary, the central segment of the Dari Fault can be characterized by strong late Quaternary activity, and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is about 70km long.     

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DAQINGSHAN DRAINAGE AREA IN THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF HETAO BASIN

The Daqingshan Fault located in the northern margin of the Hetao Basin has experienced intensive activity since late Quaternary, which is of great significance to the molding of the present geomorphology. Since basin geomorphological factors can be used to reflect regional geomorphological type and development characteristics, the use of typical geomorphology characteristics indexes may reveal the main factors that control the formation of topography. In recent years, more successful research experience has been accumulated by using hypsometric integral(HI) values and channel steepness index(k_sn)to quantitatively obtain geomorphic parameters to reveal regional tectonic uplift information. The rate of bedrock uplifting can be reflected by channel steepness index, the region with steep gradient has high rate of bedrock uplifting, while the region with slower slope has low rate of bedrock uplifting. The tectonic uplift can shape the geomorphic characteristics by changing the elevation fluctuation of mountains in study area, and then affect the hypsometric integral values distribution trend, thus, the HI value can be used to reflect the intensity of regional tectonic activity, with obvious indicating effect. Knick point can be formed by fault activity, and the information of knick point and its continuous migration to upstream can be recorded along the longitudinal profile of stream. Therefore, it is possible and feasible to obtain the information of tectonic activity from the geomorphic characteristics of Daqinshan area. The research on the quantitative analysis of regional large-scale tectonic activities in the Daqingshan area of the Yellow River in the Hetao Basin is still deficient so far. Taking this area as an example, based on the method of hypsometric integral(HI) and channel steepness index(k_sn), we use the DEM data with 30m resolution and GIS spatial analysis technology to extract the networks of drainage system and seven sub-basins. Then, we calculate the hypsometric integral(HI) values of each sub-basin and fit its spatial distribution characteristics. Finally, we obtain the values of channel steepness index and its fitting spatial distribution characteristics based on the improved Chi-plot bedrock analysis method. Combining the extraction results of geomorphic parameters with the characteristics of fault activity, we attempt to explore the characteristics of drainage system development and the response of stream profile and geomorphology to tectonic activities in the Daqingshan section of the Yellow River Basin. The results show that the values of the hypsometric integral in the Daqingshan drainage area are medium, between 0.5~0.6, and the Strahler curve of each tributary is S-shaped, suggesting that the geomorphological development of the Daqingshan area is in its prime, and the tectonic activity and erosion is strong. Continuous low HI value is found in the tectonic subsidence area on the hanging wall of the Daqingshan Fault. The distribution characteristics of the HI value reveal that the Daqingshan Fault controls the geomorphic difference between basin and mountain. Longitudinal profiles of the river reveal the existence of many knick points. The steepness index of river distributes in high value along the trend of mountain which lies in the tectonic uplift area on the footwall of the Daqingshan Fault. It reflects that the bedrock uplift rate of Daqingshan area is faster. The distribution characteristics of the channel steepness index show that the uplift amplitude of Daqingshan area is strong and the bedrock is rapidly uplifted, which is significantly different from the subsidence amplitude in the depression basin at the south margin of the fault, indicating that the main power source controlling the basin mountain differential movement comes from Daqingshan Fault. Based on the comparison and analysis on tectonic, lithology and climate, there is no obvious corresponding relationship between the difference of rock erosion resistance and the change of geomorphic parameters, and the precipitation has little effect on the geomorphic transformation of Daqingshan area, and its contribution to the geomorphic development is limited. Thus, we think the lithology and rainfall conditions have limited impact on the hypsometric integral, longitudinal profiles of the river and channel steepness index. Lithology maybe has some influences on the channel knick points, while tectonic activity of piedmont faults is the main controlling factor that causes the unbalanced characteristics of the longitudinal profile of the channel and plays a crucial role in the development of the channel knick points. So, tectonic activity of the Daqingshan Fault is the main factor controlling the uplift and geomorphic evolution of the Daqingshan area.     

A NEW FINDING OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONES ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1936 LINGSHAN M6(3/4) EARTHQUAKE,GUANGXI, CHINA

On April 1, 1936, an M6(3/4) earthquake occurred on the Fangcheng-lingshan Fault. This event is the biggest historical earthquake on the coastal seismic zone, South China ever. But so far, no any findings about the surface rupture of this event have been reported. This paper is the first to find several intact surface rupture zones associated with the 1936 Lingshan seismic event, in the areas of Gaotang, Jiaogengping etc. on the northeast segment of the Fangcheng-Lingshan Fault. According to the field work, the surface rupture stretches to 10km and distributes along NE direction in front of Luoyang Mountain, represented by earthquake scarp, extensional fracture, dextrally faulted gully and river system etc. The characteristics of surface ruptures and faulted landforms indicate that the surface rupture is of normal-dextral strike slip faulting. The trenching on this fault exposed that at least three seismic events have been recorded, including two historical earthquake events and the latest one is the 1936 Lingshan M6(3/4) earthquake. These surface rupture zones are the key to the detection of seismogenic structure and the re-estimate of magnitude of this event. The new finding of these surface rupture zones would be particularly significant for the detection of the seismogenic structure of Lingshan M6(3/4) earthquake.     

USING DEFORMED FLUVIALTERRACES OF THE QINGYIJIANG RIVER TO STUDY THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE

On 20 April 2013, a destructive earthquake, the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake, occurred in the southern segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone, the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau in Sichuan, China. This earthquake did not produce surface rupture zone, and its seismogenic structure is not clear. Due to the lack of Quaternary sediment in the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and the fact that fault outcrops are not obvious, there is a shortage of data concerning the tectonic activity of this region. This paper takes the upper reaches of the Qingyijiang River as the research target, which runs through the Yanjing-Wulong Fault, Dachuan-Shuangshi Fault and Lushan Basin, with an attempt to improve the understanding of the tectonic activity of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and explore the seismogenic structure of Lushan earthquake. In the paper, the important morphological features and tectonic evolution of this area were reviewed. Then, field sites were selected to provide profiles of different parts of the Qingyijiang River terraces, and the longitudinal profile of the terraces of the Qingyijiang River in the south segment of the Longmenshan fault zone was reconstructed based on geological interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images, continuous differential GPS surveying along the terrace surfaces, geomorphic field evidence, and correlation of the fluvial terraces. The deformed longitudinal profile reveals that the most active tectonics during the late Quaternary in the south segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone are the Yanjing-Wulong Fault and the Longmenshan range front anticline. The vertical thrust rate of the Yanjing-Wulong Fault is nearly 0.6~1.2mm/a in the late Quaternary. The tectonic activity of the Longmenshan range front anticline may be higher than the Yanjing-Wulong Fault. Combined with the relocations of aftershocks and other geophysical data about the Lushan earthquake, we found that the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake is the range front blind thrust and the back thrust fault, and the pop-up structure between the two faults controls the surface deformation of the range front anticline.     

有关1976年唐山地震发震断层的讨论

对《地震地质》刊登的两篇文章中有关唐山断裂是高角度西倾的逆冲走滑断裂及唐山市东侧付庄-西河断裂是唐山地震的发震断裂的观点进行讨论。笔者认为,如果唐山地震断层是西倾的逆冲走滑活动,需要考虑唐山逆冲断裂的活动方式与唐山市西侧第四纪凹陷之间的关系;如果付庄-西河断裂是唐山地震震源构造的地表破裂,需要解释该西倾的倾滑断裂带与唐山市内走滑地裂缝带的成因联系。此外,还需要更有说服力的证据排除该地表破裂带是次生构造破裂的可能。建议对控制草泊第四纪凹陷的活动断裂开展调查     

REDETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE RUPTURES CAUSED BY THE HONGYAPU,GANSU PROVINCE,M7 1/4 EARTHQUAKE OF 1609

The Hongyapu M7 1/4 earthquake in 1609 occurred on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi fault, which is a Holocene active thrust in the middle segment of the northern Qilianshan overthrust fault zone, located in the north-eastern edge of the Tibet plateau. This earthquake caused death of more than 840 people, ruined the Hongyapu Village and had an affected area ca. 200km². Previous work provided different opinions on the length of the earthquake surface rupture zone, such as 60km from the Bailanghe western riverbank to the Fenglehe eastern river bank, and only 11km from the Hongyazi village to eastern edge of the Hujiatai anticline. And the surface rupture zone appears in the western and middle segments of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi fault zone. Our detailed geomorphic analysis and topographic survey found that the surface rupture zone with a total length of ca 95km is present on the new geomorphic surfaces which are slightly higher than the modern allvial-dilvial fans and riverbeds, which begins from the Hongshuiba river, Jiuquan in the west extending to the Toudaodongwan, southern Gansu in the east along the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. The surface rupture zone occurred later than 0 A D, proved by the study of trenchs and chronology. Compared to the previous research on the epicenters of the historical major earthquakes in and around the study region, this surface rupture zone is considereded to be the surface rupture zone of the Hongyapu earthquake of 1609 in Gansu provice. Average vertical co-seismic displacement of the 1609 Hongyapu earthquake is 1.1m with maximum 1.8m, dominated by thrusting. The NNW striking Xiaoqun segment shows thrust with a component of dextral strike slip and the NEE-trending East Hongshancun segment is also mainly thrust but with sinistral strike slipp. The lateral movement could be caused by the local change of the fault strike direction. Based on the length of surface ruptures, the maximum coseismic displacement and fault dipping, this event is estimated to be of ca. M_W7.0~M_W7.4, close to the M7 1/4 suggested by previous studies.     

TECTONIC INDICATIONS OF OCCURRENCE OF MODERATE-TO-STRONG EARTHQUAKES IN CHAOHU-TONGLING AREA,ANHUI PROVINCE

The Chaohu-Tongling area in Anhui Province is a typical moderate-to-strong earthquake active area in the mainland of China. Four earthquakes occurred in this area, displayed as a NNE-trending zonal distribution, including the 1585 M5(3/4) Chaoxian earthquake and the 1654 M5(1/4) Lujiang earthquake, which formed a striking moderate-to-strong seismic activity zone. Field survey, shallow geophysical prospecting, drilling data, collection and dating of chronology samples and comprehensive analysis of fault activity indicate that the Fanshan, Xiajialing and Langcun faults are not active since Quaternary. The NNE-trending Tongling Fault is a buried middle-Pleistocene fault, but it can produce moderate-to-strong earthquakes and control the evolution and development of three en echelon geologic structures. The intensity of the four earthquakes is characterized by southward progressive decrease, which is in accordance with the characteristics that the subsidence range of Wuwei Basin is obviously larger than that of Guichi Basin to its south since late Cenozoic. In terms of deep structure, the characteristics of spatial distribution of Tongling Fault indicate that it corresponds to a NNE-striking Bouguer gravity anomaly gradient belt. So there is a spatial correspondence between the middle-Pleistocene Tongling Fault, the en echelon structures, the differential movement of the neotectonics, the Bouguer gravity anomaly gradient belt and the moderate-to-strong seismic activity belt in the Chaohu-Tongling area, indicating that they should be the tectonic indications of occurrence for moderate-to-strong earthquakes.     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND PALEOSEISMIC RUPTURE BEHAVIOR FOR THE SOUTHEAST SECTION OF THE GANZI-YUSHU FAULT

The Ganzi-Yushu Fault, the boundary of Bayan Har active tectonic block, Qiantang active tectonic block and Sichuan-Yunan active tectonic block, is a sinistral strike-slip fault zone with intensive Holocene activity. Thus, the study of activity characteristics and rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes in the late Quaternary on the Ganzi-Yushu Fault is of fundamental importance for understanding the future seismic risk of this fault. The southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault is made up of three segments of Ganzi, Manigange and Dengke, where a M_S7.3 earthquake in 1866, a M_S7.7 earthquake in 1854 and a M_S7.3 in 1896 occurred, respectively. There is still lack of in-depth study on the active features and the cascading rupture possibility of these segments, which hindered the evaluation of seismic risk for the southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault. By the means of field geological survey and micro topography measurement, this paper studied the geological and geomorphological features of the southeast section of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault. The results show that the Ganzi and Dengke segments show obvious extension movement, in addition to the left-lateral movement. For Manigange segment, the characteristics of the movement are mainly left-lateral strike-slip and thrusting, and the maximum vertical displacement of the Holocene strata is greater than 2m. In part areas, the movement is normal faulting, which perhaps relates to the left stepping zone in the local stress environment. Therefore, combining the research results such as the fracture distribution in different motion characteristics, rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes, and the distribution of historical earthquake surface ruptures, we divide the southeast section of Ganzi Yushu Fault into Ganzi, Manigange and Dengke segment, and consider the Yakou and the Dengke Basin as the stepovers and the segments' boundaries. As the small scale of impermanent barriers including Dengke Basin and the ridge near Yakou, of which the width is about 1~2km, they may be broken through in great earthquake rupture in future. A trench was excavated in Zhuqing township to investigate the paleoearthquakes on the Manigange segment, radiocarbon dating was employed and 3 paleoseismic events were revealed in the Zhuqing trench, which are the seismic events occurring respectively at 3875~3455BC, after 775BC, and the latest one that ruptured the surface. Compared with the previous results of paleoseismology in the southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault, it is found that the paleoseismic events in the Manigange segment are obviously different with that in Ganzi segment and Dengke segment. Due to the lack of sufficient data on the southeast section of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault, it still needs further discussion whether the cascade-rupturing between these segments exists.     

2012年6月24日宁蒗-盐源MS5.7地震发震构造刍议

2012年6月24日宁蒗-盐源M_S5.7地震,位于丽江-小金河断裂西北30km。区域范围内历史上地震频繁,为滇西北地震多发区。震区断裂构造复杂,主要发育NW向、NE向2组断裂,呈棋盘格式展布。经野外实地考察,震中附近发育NW向永宁断裂和NE向日古鲁-岩瓦断裂2条晚更新世活动断裂。永宁断裂由温泉断层、永宁断层和阿拉凹断层组成。在卫星影像上线性特征清晰,断层地貌明显。断裂对永宁、泸沽湖第四纪盆地具有严格的控制作用,沿线多处发育温泉。前所河的多条支流顺断层发育,八七—海衣角一带、日古鲁东山厝附近,多处河流右旋位错。阿拉凹一带断错T₂阶地上更新统沉积,被错地层最新年龄(TL)为(21.19±1.80)ka,是一条以右旋走滑兼正断性质的晚更新世活动断层。日古鲁—岩瓦断裂对岩瓦、日古鲁、利家咀等古近纪、新近纪盆地和永宁第四纪盆地有着明显的控制作用,断错中更新世和上更新世地层。中挖都—利家咀一带,有多条小溪呈现出同步左旋位错特征。断裂在晚更新世有着明显的活动迹象,以左旋走滑运动为主。据震源机制解结果,此次地震为正断兼右旋走滑型地震,NW向节面产状与永宁断裂基本吻合,地震破裂型式与永宁断裂运动学特征一致。地震烈度长轴方向、Ⅷ度烈度异常点线性分布以及构造地裂缝方向均与永宁断裂走向一致。分析认为,永宁断裂为此次地震的发震构造。此外,1996年丽江7.0级地震、1976年中甸5.5级地震以及本次5.7级地震,均具有明显的正倾滑分量。这些地震多分布在哈巴雪山和玉龙雪山新构造隆起周缘。根据区域地形条件分析,该地区的正断层运动作用很可能与地形巨大反差引起的重力势能有关。     

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND DYNAMICS PARAME-TERS OF THE 2014 MS6.6 JINGGU EARTHQUAKE IN YUNNAN

On October 17, 2014, a M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in Jinggu, Yunnan. The epicenter was located in the western branch of Wuliang Mountain, the northwest extension line of Puwen Fault. There are 2 faults in the surrounding area, one is a sinistral strike-slip and the other is the dextral. Two faults have mutual intersection with conjugate joints property to form a checkerboard faulting structure. The structure of the area of the focal region is complex. The present-day tectonic movement is strong, and the aftershock distribution indicates the faulting surface trending NNW. There is no obvious surface rupture related to the known fault in the epicenter, and there is a certain distance from the surface of the Puwen fault zone. Regional seismic activity is strong. In 1941, there were two over magnitude 7.0 earthquakes in the south of the epicenter of Jinggu County and Mengzhe Town. In 1988, two mainshock-aftershock type earthquakes occurred in Canglan-Gengma Counties, the principal stress axes of the whole seismic area is in the direction of NNE. Geological method can be adopted to clarify the distribution of surficial fracture caused by active faults, and high-precision seismic positioning and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sequences can contribute to understand deep seismogenic faults and geometric features. Thus, we can better analyze the three-dimensional spatial distribution characteristics of seismotectonics and the deep and shallow tectonic relationship. The focal mechanism reveals the property and faulting process to a certain extent, which can help us understand not only the active property of faults, but also the important basis for deep tectonic stress and seismogenic mechanism. In order to study the fault characteristic of the Jinggu earthquake, the stress field characteristics of the source area and the geometric parameters of the fault plane, this paper firstly uses the 15 days aftershock data of the Jingsuo M_S6.6 earthquake, to precisely locate the main shock and aftershock sequences using double-difference location method. The results show that the aftershock sequences have clustering characteristics along the NW direction, with a depth mainly of 5~15km. Based on the precise location, calculations are made to the focal mechanisms of a total of 46 earthquakes including the main shock and aftershocks with M_L ≥ 3.0 of the Jinggu earthquake. The double-couple(DC)component of the focal mechanism of the main shock shows that nodal plane Ⅰ:The strike is 239°, the dip 81°, and the rake -22°; nodal plane Ⅱ, the strike is 333°, the dip 68°, and the rake -170.31°. According to focal mechanism solutions, there are 42 earthquakes with a focal mechanism of strike-slip type, accounting for 91.3%. According to the distribution of the aftershock sequence, it can be inferred that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault. The obtained focal mechanism is used to invert the stress field in the source region. The distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress orienation is concentrated. The main features of the regional tectonic stress field are under the NNE-SSW compression(P axis)and the NW-SE extension(T axis)and are also affected by NNW direction stress fields in the central region of Yunnan, which indicates that Jinggu earthquake fault, like Gengma earthquake, is a new NW-trending fault which is under domination of large-scale tectonic stress and effected by local tectonic stress environment. In order to define more accurately the occurrence of the fault plane of the Jinggu earthquake, with the precise location results and the stress field in the source region, the global optimal solution of the fault plane parameters and its error are obtained by using both global searching simulated annealing algorithm and local searching Gauss-Newton method. Since the parameters of the fault plane fitting process use the stress parameters obtained by the focal mechanism inversion, the data obtained by the fault plane fitting is more representative of the rupture plane, that is, the strike 332.75°, the dip 89.53°, and the rake -167.12°. The buried depth of the rupture plane is 2.746km, indicating that the source fault has not cut through the surface. Based on the stress field characteristics and the inversion results of the fault plane, it is preliminarily believed that the seismogenic structure of the Jinggu earthquake is a newly generated nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component. The rupture plane length is about 17.2km, which does not extend to the Puwen fault zone. Jinggu earthquake occurred in Simao-Puer seismic region in the south of Sichuan-Yunnan plate. Its focal mechanism solution is similar to that of the three sub-events of the Gengma earthquake in November 1988. The seismogenic structure of both of them is NW-trending and the principal stress is NE-SW. The rupture plane of the Jinggu main shock(NW direction)is significantly different from the known near NS direction Lancang Fault and the near NE direction Jinggu Fault in the study area. It is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of this earthquake has a neogenetic feature.