薄互层地层震电波场响应特征

震电耦合产生的伴随震电场(CS)和震电界面场(IR)具有不同的强度,且能够反映地下地质体界面信息的震电界面响应一般较弱,而震电界面响应场可能在薄互层地质背景下能够出现较强的振幅值.目前还未有针对薄互层震电波场响应特征分析,且纵波引起的震电界面响应场是否对薄互层敏感有待探究.本文基于体积电荷密度的震电耦合理论数值模拟了平行薄互层(VTI)和倾斜薄互层(HTI)地质背景下的震电波场响应特征.结果表明,伴随纵波传播而产生的CS震电场几乎不受平行薄互层和楔形薄互层的影响.纵波在界面处诱导产生的IR震电场对垂直薄互层不敏感,但水平薄互层和楔形薄互层模型的厚度和薄互层的层数均能影响IR震电信号,薄互层单层厚度减小和薄互层层数增加会导致IR信号的增强.结果有力证明了纵波引起的震电界面响应场在薄互层地质体处会产生振幅异常,而水平和垂直薄互层的震电波场差异也有将助于探究层理方向有显著差异的页岩等储层中产生的震电信号.     

基于Poynting矢量行波分离的最小二乘逆时偏移

因为在逆时偏移中基于双程波动方程构建震源波场和检波器波场,所以在波场延拓过程中地震波遇到波阻抗界面时,背向发育的反射波会与正常传播的波场互相关产生较强振幅的低频噪声.这一特点使得以逆时偏移为基础的最小二乘偏移方法在梯度计算时同样存在着低频噪声的干扰,从而导致反演收敛的速度减慢.考虑到计算量和存储成本的因素,本文借助Poynting矢量良好的方向指示性实现波场的上下行波分离,并在早期迭代的梯度计算中只保留震源波场和检波器波场沿不同垂直方向传播的组分之间的互相关,有效避免了成像噪声的干扰,提高了算法收敛的速率.数值算例验证了方案的有效性.     

关中地区近期地壳垂直形变特征

采用分段线性速率动态平差法处理了关中地区７０年代以来的多期垂直形变资料，在此基础上，通过垂直形变场图像，数字特征量和曲面数字特征，定性、宣地分析了该区垂直形变场演化情况。指出，关中地区目前处于垂直形变差异较弱的继承性运动状态，并对这一现象作了探讨。     

瞬变电磁虚拟波场二阶Born近似成像算法

依据瞬变电磁扩散场与虚拟波动场之间的数学表达式,通过波场反变换得到虚拟波场,进而借用地震勘探上成熟的成像方法定位地质界面的位置以及形态.本文首先将时间域波动方程转换为频率域波动方程,将总波动场分为背景场和散射场、总波速分为背景速度和扰动速度,然后运用Green定理得到了散射场关于地质界面速度扰动量的表达式,并使用Bor...     

大地电磁测深垂直剖面响应分析

类比过源虚界面法,根据无源区电磁波在层状介质中传播时场的分布特点,计算大地电磁视电阻率的垂直分布情况.建立水平层状模型,从Helmoltz方程出发,根据分界面处阻抗的连续性,推导层状模型任意深度处的阻抗,计算多个频率的视电阻率发现,随着频率的增高,所得视电阻率曲线划分地层能力越强.此外计算了多个频率薄层厚度不同时的视电阻率,对比可知高频时视电阻率曲线对低阻薄层的分辨能力最佳,对高阻薄层的分辨能力较差,这对研究地下水平层状介质垂直电性变化具有重要意义.     

基于InSAR与GPS观测的汶川同震垂直形变场的获取

发震断层的形变是断层活动的重要参数之一,对认识断层性质、震源机理有重要作用。文中以逆冲性质为主的汶川地震为例,采用符合地表水平形变特征的Biharmonic样条插值对GPS水平形变矢量插值,然后再分解为EW和SN向分量。利用可靠的GPS观测值对InSAR参考点进行校正,统一两者的坐标系。通过对汶川地震视线向形变场剖面与GPS对比分析发现,断层上盘GPS与InSAR观测参考点相差9.93cm,而下盘则为-11.49cm。在此研究基础上,通过GPS水平形变场与InSAR视线向形变场联合解算,获取了汶川地震垂直连续形变场。结果表明,断层两侧垂直形变衰减较快,横跨断裂带形变量30cm的宽度不超过50km;沿发震断层附近垂直形变高值区分布不均匀,主要集中分布在发震断裂的汶川县城至都江堰段、茶坪—北川—南坝段和青川段。这3段各有特色,南段断层两侧垂直形变极不对称,主要以上盘剧烈抬升为主,最大抬升区域在映秀镇至连山坪一带,抬升量达到5.5m。中段表现为较强的反对称性,断层一侧抬升另一侧沉降。该段上盘最大抬升区域在茶坪东侧,抬升量为255cm,下盘最大沉降量在永庆,沉降量为-215cm。北端垂直形变相对较小,主要分布在青川北侧,呈对称分布,在发震断层最北端,最大抬升量为120cm。     

非均匀弹性介质中旋转交错网格有限差分与任意高阶间断有限元地震波场模拟方法研究

复杂介质中的地震波数值模拟对于地震勘探非常重要.实际应用中经常遇到介质参数剧烈变化的情况,必须选择合适的数值方法进行正演,使波场模拟精度和计算效率满足要求.本文研究了旋转交错网格有限差分法与任意高阶间断有限元法在非均匀弹性介质中波场模拟的精度与计算效率,分析了界面两侧介质参数相对变化量以及界面倾角对上述两种方法数值模拟结果的影响.对于水平界面,界面两侧介质参数一定范围内的改变对旋转交错网格有限差分法的振幅精度和相位精度没有影响;在介质参数存在强反差的情况下,任意高阶间断有限元法需要使用高阶多项式基函数来达到较高的相位精度.有限元法的相位精度优于有限差分法,但需要更多的计算量.对于倾斜界面,当单位波长内含有14个网格点时,界面倾角的变化对旋转交错网格有限差分法的振幅精度及相位精度没有影响,且其精度与任意高阶间断有限元法的精度相接近.     

经验正交函数分解在地壳垂直形变场分析中的应用

论述了应用经验正交函数分解方法分析地壳垂直形变场,处理分析了甘肃河西地区的实测资料,结果显示,地壳垂直形变场的第一典型场对中强以上地震发震地点的判定有重要意义;而地壳垂直形变场的时间权系数能够表示区域地壳运动的相对强弱,它可以作为区域地震危险性判定的时间判据。     

西海固地区近期垂直形变场分析

本文采用分段线性速率整体动态平差法处理了西海固地区七十年代以来的多期水准资料,并用形变场图象及数字特征量等分析了该区垂直形变场变化特征及其与地震活动的关系。认为该区自1981年以后区域应力逐渐增强,再经1990年前后应力场调整,目前已恢复到正常的继承性运动状态。     

固体液体分界面处P波和S波波场的分离

在地震勘探中,Ｐ波和Ｓ波入射到一固体液体分界面处时,在该分界处的水平检波器和垂直检波器将接受到相位的响应垂直的响应。垂直检波器的响应与在自由界面处的垂直检波器 响应大概相同,而水平检波器对Ｐ波的响应相对于对Ｓ波的 来说要强。     

伪三维有限元地震活动模型及其在华北地区的应用

对伪三维地震活动模型做了进一步研究，主要是对无预设破裂方向的单元，引入应力摩尔圆方法来判定破裂发生的时间。该方法首先在一个简单的理论模型上加以应用，给出了一些计算结果，以检验所提方法的可行性。在此基础上，将这个模型应用到华北地区，得到了一些初步计算结果。这些研究结果为将地震活动的理论模型应用到实际地震活动中，提供了一种可能的研究途径。     

Subslab Depressurization Versus Subslab Ventilation: Insights from Recent Research

Many vapor intrusion (VI) mitigation systems involve some form of gas extraction from below the concrete floor slab of a building to create a static vacuum below the slab that meets or exceeds a value specified in a guidance document or standard. This also results in some degree of ventilation below the floor slab, which reduces vapor concentrations and achieves some level of mass removal of target chemicals. The relative contribution of vacuum and ventilation to protecting building occupants is generally not quantified. Recent research completed under ESTCP Project ER-201322 yields some new insights using new lines of evidence. The results warrant changes in the guidance documents and standards of practice to promote and enable VI mitigation system designs that vary according to the transmissivity of the material below the floor slab and the rate of vertical leakance of indoor air across the floor slab and incorporate additional lines of evidence including the mass removal rate.     

小波分析在地震趋势预测中的应用

作者应用Ｍｏｒｌｅｔ小波对近年来华北地区几个引人注目地震所在区的地震能量序列进行了动态周期分析,发现地震活动既有长期较稳定的活动周期,也存在有一定时限的短期活动周期。另外用动态优势周期对未来地震活动趋势进行了估计,结果表明,地震都发生在“特征值”高值附近。     

Assessment of liquefaction triggering using strain energy concept and ANN model: Capacity Energy

In the present study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to establish a correlation between soils initial parameters and the strain energy required to trigger liquefaction in sands and silty sands. A relatively large set of data including 284 previously published cyclic triaxial, torsional shear and simple shear test results were employed to develop the model. A subsequent parametric study was carried out and the trends of the results have been confirmed via some previous laboratory studies. In addition, the data recorded during some real earthquakes at Wildlife, Lotung and Port Island Kobe sites plus some available centrifuge tests data have been utilized in order to validate the proposed ANN-based liquefaction energy model. The results clearly demonstrate the capability of the proposed model and the strain energy concept to assess liquefaction resistance (capacity energy) of soils.     

Love waves in a two-layered crust overlying a vertically inhomogeneous halfspace I

Summary The frequency equation is derived for the propagation of Love waves in a two layered crust overlying an inhomogeneous half-space. While exact solutions of the differential equation involved are obtained in some particular cases, both an asymptotic series and the WKBJ approximations are discussed for the solution in the general case. The asymptotic series solution and the WKBJ solution are compared with each other and with the asymptotic expansion of the exact solution. There is a good agreement between various results. It is shown that some of the existing results can be derived as particular cases of the general results obtained in this investigation.     

Measurement of electromagnetic effects generated by swell

Many studies have been conducted on swell, some of which have been particularly concerned with its associated magnetic field. One of us (M.K.) has reconsidered some of the theoretical studies which have been made, with attention given to the practical case of an ocean of finite depth.In the marine magnetotelluric program on the continental shelf, the Geophysical Research Center at Garchy has obtained records of the variation of the magnetic-field components in an ocean twenty meters deep.After having presented the hypothesis of the theoretical calculation, we give some computer-drawn chart (P.L.) and some power-density spectra of records obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. Some recent results on the electric field permits us to conclude that these first results are due to the magnetic field associated with swell and we discuss some implications of these results.     

震前电磁波异常观测试验研究

本文介绍了张掖地区电磁波观测点观测到的几次地震前的电磁波异常。这些异常一般出现在震前几小时、几天至十几天,信号一般呈低频扰动或频率稍高的连续双向强脉冲型。观测结果表明,电磁波异常可以作为一种地震的短临预报指标。     

Some error bounds and numerical experiments in modal methods for dynamics of systems

We present some error expressions for approximate modal solutions of viscously damped linear structural vibration equations; these approximations are calculated by a variety of modal techniques. Motivated by our numerical experience, we show the equivalence of some different modal solutions in the presence of classical damping and, in passing, we obtain a previously unremarked manifestation of this type of damping. We make some brief comments about obtaining error estimates and, finally, we show some numerical results for a standard test problem which illustrate properties of the modal solutions.     

基于相似系统理论的地震危险性分析

不同地区地震危险性的产生机制具有相似性，地震危险性可由若干地震活动指标（要素）加以描述，因此，这些指标特性的相似性反映了地震危险性大小的差异。为此，给出了一种计算相似度的新方法，并用这一方面对若干地区的地震危险性进行了评价，结果令人满意。     

近表磁异常与油气关系研究进展

本文对近年来国内外科学界关于油气产区与近表磁异常关系的研究进行论述。认为国外一些科学家提出的磁亮点以方法以及钻探岩芯及岩屑中的ＭＳＲＩ参数法都是新颖有效的。它为我们提供了一个新的思路,即从油气藏的烃渗漏问题入手,寻找与其有关的相关标志,来自国外的一些报导证实了磁性变化与油气资源间较高的相关性。而我国科学院家们在塔里木等地的工作,则进一步证实了方法的有效性。