张北6.2级地震深浅构造研究进展

对张北6.2级地震深浅构造特征的调查,主要集中在地壳浅表层及深部地质构造调查两个方面,调查内容包括活动构造、地震烈度、地震地裂缝、震源机制解分析、小震精确定位和深部探测。在综合分析的基础上对张北6.2级地震的发震构造特征和地震构造特征进行了分析,目的是使我们对张北6.2级地震的深浅部构造特征有一个比较全面的了解。     

探讨地震宏观破坏场分布的影响因素

提出震后根据仪器定位的微观震中和断层构造的关系快速确定可能的宏观震中位置,并依此使用烈度经验分布模型来进行震害快速评估。这将提高直接用微观震中位置进行震害快速评估方法的精度。通过对全国133个主要地震的微观震中与宏观震中偏离量进行统计可知。偏离量在35km范围内的占88％,其余基本都在75km范围内。这样就给出了判定宏观震中的重点区域和分析区域。详细分析南北地震带66个震例及其与断层空间分布特征的关系。以及震源机制解结果后发现,影响宏观震中偏离的因素除仪器定位本身的误差外,主要还有断层展布方向、活动规模、断层相互交接特征及震级大小等。通过对这些影响因素的分类处理分析,建立了震后室内快速判定可能的宏观震中位置的原则和步骤。以该方法为基础,通过建立包含有关因素的全国断层数据库,即可在实际的震害快速评估中得以应用。     

苏北盆地重力场及地壳结构特征

苏北盆地作为中国东部重要的油气开发基地,近年来广泛受到学者们的关注,其以箕状凹陷为典型特征,具有"坳-断-坳"3层结构,为了对苏北盆地地壳结构做进一步分析,本文利用布格重力数据通过重力小波多尺度分解法和Parker密度界面反演法对苏北盆地的深浅部构造进行了反演,以重力小波细节为基础对苏北盆地内部次级构造单元进行了划分,并基于地震资料和深部构造特征,分析了苏北盆地的孕震环境,影响其地震活动性的主要是板块因素和断裂因素,地震主要沿构造体边界处分布.结合前人研究资料,对苏北盆地的成因机制、应力环境、深部构造进行了分析,揭示了苏北盆地莫霍面深部构造与浅部构造呈同相的关系,认为苏北盆地自中生代形成以来,除了受苏鲁造山带逆冲推覆体的控制,还受郯庐断裂带不同时期左旋及右旋运动交替变换的构造应力场的影响.     

青藏高原南部上地壳正断层地震活动的一种可能解释

利用三维弹-粘性有限元分析，探讨青藏高原内部张性构造应力状态的可能形成机制．根据数值模拟结果得到以下结论:如果较破碎的高原上地壳物质具有小于其下部岩石圈物质的有效粘滞系数时，在印度大陆向北的强烈挤压下，青藏高原南部地壳上部仍可以处在张性应力状态下；如果上地壳的粘滞系数较高，则得不到正断层应力状态．模拟结果显示，具体的构造应力状态随岩石圈深度的增加而变化，由浅层的以张性应力状态为主过渡到其下部的走滑断层应力状态．张性应力状态可能主要存在于青藏高原南部的地壳上部．      

区域应力状态与断层的相互作用:韩国东南部钻孔现场应力与地震震源机制的互补分析

为了了解区域现今应力状态及其与断层群体之间的关系,我们用两组不同的数据(岩土工程的现场应力数据和地震震源机制解)来描述朝鲜半岛东南部地区的现今应力张量特征。两组数据都给出了相似的结果,即主压应力方向为NEE-SWW向,这与亚欧板块东部一级构造应力分区的构造主应力方向是一致的。经过对现场应力数据以及震源机制反演的更多严格分析可知,现今应力场在方向和大小上呈现出有规律的不均匀性,而这种不均匀性可能是由于断层组的影响引起的。在地壳浅部开展现场应力测量时,一般最大最小水平主应力随空间位置变化,且与垂直主应力正交。研究显示现场应力量值与区域断层逆相关。这表明由于断层活动而产生的应力释放可能是导致区域内低应力区的主要因素之一。为了证实这一推论,我们根据现今应力场仔细调查了新近活动过的第四纪断层的产状。在这一给定的应力条件下,断层滑移面上剪应力与主应力的高比值表明大部分断层位于优势滑移方向,这意味着可能是断层在维持着现在的应力场。当代的地震分布显示低应力区地震活动性密度较大,表明相应区域内的断层强度可能受现今应力状态影响处于摩擦极限状态。这也许告诉我们断层强度的不均匀性导致了区域应力状态的不均匀性。     

华北地区地震震源机制分区特征

正反映地壳应力状态最常用的方法是对发生在地壳深部地震的震源机制研究。与数量少且分布集中的强震相比,中小地震数量众多,地理分布广泛,为探测区域地壳应力状态提供了可能。华北地区地震活动强度和构造变形强烈,是中国大陆强震活动最强烈的地区之一,加强对该地区应力状态的研究,具有重要意义。     

以形变观测为约束的芦山M_S7.0地震孕震机理数值模拟研究

本文以2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震前后在震中附近开展的形变观测研究结果为约束,利用震区天然地震成像、大地电磁测深、人工地震探测剖面、余震精确定位、震源破裂过程、地质考察、GPS观测、构造应力场等结果,建立了芦山地震震中及邻近地区的深浅部构造二维有限元数值模型,探讨了青藏高原向东挤出运动、区域地形特征、地壳内低速带和滑脱面、震区主要断裂带活动等可能因素对芦山地震孕育和破裂的控制作用.模拟结果显示,汶川地震后的青藏高原东部物质相对四川盆地运动速率增大是引发或加快芦山地震发生的主要动力学控制因素,龙门山断裂带西侧上中地壳内部低速带和滑脱面的存在是控制芦山地震震源位置的重要条件,其他因素则是控制龙门山断裂带长时间尺度区域构造活动的动力学因素;同时本文给出了主震破裂为复杂"y"型双破裂面的同震位移,模拟计算的地表垂直位移与观测结果一致,进一步支持了余震精确定位提出的主震为"y"型破裂面的推测.     

龙门山断裂带中段及邻区构造变形特征及应力场演化的数值模拟研究

根据龙门山断裂带中段及邻区的主要构造特征,同时考虑地壳速度结构和构造运动的深浅部差异,建立该地区的二维接触有限元模型,数值模拟了长期构造过程中断裂带位移和应力的时间演化过程。结果显示:①汶川—茂县断裂、映秀—北川断裂、灌县—安县断裂的逆冲速率与实际观测结果基本一致,映秀—北川断裂逆冲性质最强,巴颜喀拉块体和断裂带区域呈水平缩短与增厚抬升趋势,四川盆地保持相对稳定;②断裂带附近岩体大小主应力比随深度增加而减小,总体上与实际测试结果相符,且主应力轴方向和倾角与利用震源机制解反演得到的构造应力场特征亦较为接近;③龙门山断裂带中段区域构造应力场呈低态稳定—应力累积—临界稳定的阶段式演化过程,与该区所处的应力累积—地震发生—应力再累积的地震活动特征相呼应。此外,仅根据地表调查和震前GPS观测所揭示的断裂活动速率评价活动断裂区的地震危险程度具有一定局限性,需结合其深部动力学过程和区域应力状态进行综合分析。     

东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制

利用2993个浅源地震的地震矩张量解、404个Ｐ波初动方向震源机制解和47个深井孔的孔壁崩落资料，编制了东亚地区现今地壳构造应力场主应力方向和应力类型分布图．按200km的等距格点，算出有资料地区各格点半径为200km范围内的平均应力方向，绘制了平均主应力方向分布图，并绘制了东亚地区的震源机制解分布图．主应力方向分布特征表明，东亚地区的现今构造应力场除受印度 欧亚板块碰撞的强烈影响外，俯冲带的弧后扩张亦有重要影响．喜马拉雅山弧处的大陆碰撞和缅甸山弧处的弧后扩张之联合作用可能形成了青藏高原东南部主应力方向的显著转动．菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块在台湾的碰撞与琉球岛弧弧后扩张的联合作用影响了中国东部的应力场．爪哇海沟俯冲带的弧后大片地区现今没有强震活动，这里的弧后扩张可能是造成东南亚地区物质容易向南运动的因素．青藏高原内部大致以昆仑山为界，北部和东北部是大陆内部的宽阔挤压带，南部和西南部地壳上部主要处于正断层型应力状态中．      

景谷M_S6.6地震同震地表破坏特征与孕震构造

无量山断裂带位于云南西南部,主要由磨黑、宁洱、普文和景谷—云仙4条断裂组成,晚第四纪活动特征明显.受青藏高原隆起影响滇西南块体向南运动,中下地壳广泛存在的低速层为块体运动提供了有利条件,但刚性的临沧花岗岩体对其南向运动起着顶托作用,使得东、西两侧块体运动速率出现差异,且块体运动方向与无量山断裂带呈小角度相交.在此背景下,无量山断裂带表现为水平右旋走滑运动,起着滑动分解应变的作用.在其与横向断层交汇部位或在断裂端部,应力易于集中而引发地震,此次MS6.6地震就发生在断裂的端部.据野外科考调查,在宏观震中区集中出现带状砂土液化和地裂缝等地面破坏.喷砂孔呈串珠状线性分布,主要有NW和NE两组;NW向地裂缝呈右阶雁行状、NE向地裂缝呈左阶雁行状排列特征,它们具有明显的构造成因.地震烈度长轴方向、余震分布和震源机制解等显示,此次地震是沿NW向节面右旋走滑所致,宏观地面破坏特征和微观观测结果非常吻合,一致表明此次地震破裂与景谷—云仙断裂运动有关,其孕震构造应是景谷—云仙断裂.     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震宏观震中与破裂起始点的判定

对比分析国内外不同学者对昆仑山口西8．1级地震地表破裂带的考察结果和作者4次现场考察记录,认为：本次地震的宏观震中及破裂起始点位于同一地点,即布喀达坂峰东南3km处,与根据中国数字化地震台网资料确定的微观震中基本一致。     

The earthquake of November 21, 1979 in NE Bohemia

Summary The present paper describes the macroseismic field of the earthquake which occurred in NE Bohemia on November 21, 1979. The co-ordinates of the epicentre, the focal depth, the epicentral intensity and the magnitude of the considered shock are determined on the basis of macroseismic and microseismic data.     

1996年阿图什6.9级地震参数与宏观震中

对通过计算机定位得到１９９６年３月１９日阿图什６．９级地震基本参数的可靠性进行了分析与论证，并对该次地震微观震中与宏观震中差异较大的原因进行了探讨。     

Main Factors Affecting the Distribution of the Macroscopic Destruction Field of Earthquake

It is proposed that some possible macroseismic epicenters can be determined quickly from the relationship that the microseismic epicenters located by instruments bear with faults.Based on these so-called macroseismic epicenters,we can make fast seismic hazard estimation after a shock by use of the empirical distribution model of seismic intensity.In comparison with the method that uses the microseismic epicenters directly,this approach can increase the preccision of fast seismic hazard estimation.Statistical analysis of 133 main earthquakes in China was made.The result shows that the deviation distance between the microseismic epicenter and macroseismic epicenter falls within the range of 35km for 88% earthquakes of the total and within the range of 35to 75km for the remaining ones.Then,we can take the area that has the microseismic epicenter as its center and is 35km in radius as the area for emphatic analysis,and take the area within 75km around the microseismic epicenter as the area for general analysis.The relation between the 66 earthquake cases on the N-S Seismic Belt in China and the spatial distribution characteristics of faults and the results of focal mechanism solution were analyzed in detail.We know from the analysis that the error of instrumental epicenter determination is not the only factor that gives effects to the deviation of the macroseismic epicenter.In addiditon to it,the fault size,fault distribution,fault activity,fault intersection types,earthquake magnitude,etc,are also main affecting factors.By sorting out ,processing and analyzing these affecting factors,the principle and procedures for quickly determining the possible position of the macroseismic epicenter were set up.Taking these as a basis and establishing a nationwide database of faults that contains relevant factors,it is possible to apply this method in practical fast estimation of seismic hazard.     

德令哈6．6级地震的地震地质灾害及发震构造分析

对2003年4月17日德令哈6．6级地震烈度调查、区域地质地貌及地震地质灾害等进行了描述，并通过综合分析、研究推测了此次地震的发震构造及宏观震中。     

丽江-攀枝花-者海地带二维地壳结构及其构造意义

本文利用攀西地区通过攀枝花的东西向剖面爆炸地震资料,进行了震相的重新识别和二维射线追踪与理论图计算.结果表明,沿剖面地表附近有4个低速区和若干高速带,它们与地质和构造有很好的对应关系.渡口附近的高速岩体一直延伸到了上地壳的底部,形成一个统一的地垒状构造,该高速体与攀枝花成矿岩体相关,并推断华坪及其以西地带也是找矿的有利地区.中地壳下部有一厚度约9km的低速层,它可能是壳内的韧性剪切带.低速层顶部深度为27.0-29.5km,与研究地区的居里面深度及天然地震震源深度的分布基本符合.剖面东段中地壳顶部还有一层很薄的低速层,反映了构造带两侧运动的不对称性.地壳厚度为53-56km,构造带中部的Moho界面没有明显的上隆.     

Simple method for combined studies of macroseismic intensities and focal mechanisms

A simple method is presented for the computation of theoretical models of the macroseismic field, approximately valid close to the epicentre of a weak crustal earthquake. It is assumed that the intensity is logarithmically proportional to the energy flux of a complete directS wave. A circular source is used, whose energy-flux directivity is weak and thus simply predictable. The focal mechanism influences the solution through standard far-field double-couple radiation patterns. For the wave propagation in the layered crust the ray method is used, and a simple absorption correction is applied. Conversion coefficients at the earth's surface are included. To speed up repeated computations of the theoretical macroseismic fields for varying focal mechanisms, the ray quantities are computed (and stored) separately. This makes the program fast and simple enough even for routine applications on small microcomputers, whenever observed macroseismic fields, focal mechanisms, and hypocentre locations need joint interpretation.     

VARIATION OF THE TRAVEL TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TELESEISMIC PS CONVERTED WAVE AND PP TRANSMITTED WAVE IN FOCAL REGION BEFORE AND AFTER WENCHUAN MS8.0 EARTHQUAKE

When P waves from distant earthquakes meet a velocity discontinuity in the earth's crust and upper mantle, they give rise to a series of converted PS waves besides PP refracted waves. It is possible to monitor the variation of the physical properties of the medium in the limited formation space above the transition zone of the seismogenic zone by measuring the time difference between the teleseismic PS converted wave and the first arrival P wave, that is, time-variation Δt_PS=t_PS-t_P. The advantage of this method is that the transition point of the teleseismic source with similar source is relatively stable at the transition interface, and the accuracy of the measured relative time is high, and the change of the medium in a small range of the seismogenic zone above the conversion interface can be monitored. This paper studies the variation of the travel time difference Δt_PS in focal region before and after Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. We select 2001 to 2012 as the research period, use teleseismic waveforms which occurred in the southern region of Sumatra and Hindu Kush area recorded by Sichuan station YZP and JJS. These teleseisms satisfy 5.0 ≤ M ≤ 6.5, and their waveform signal-to-noise ratio is high with clear initial P-wave motion. The epicentral distance of teleseisms is less than 3 degrees. Then we obtain the variation of the travel time difference Δt_PS between teleseismic PS converted wave and PP transmitted wave recorded during the study period in the two stations. The results show that there is a slow increasing trend of Δt_PS before 2006, and an obvious low value process of Δt_PS appeared in the period about 2 years before the Wenchuan earthquake. The maximum decline was about 0.2~0.3s, more than 4~5 times the measurement error. The low value has a certain degree of return about 2~3 months before the earthquake. The change of arrival time difference indicates that the medium is in different states in different periods of seismogenic process. The sharp decrease in Δt_PS from 2006 to January 2008 may be due to the strong disturbance caused by the stress accumulation of the medium. At this stage, the velocity of P wave and S wave increases with the increase of stress, and the increase of S wave velocity will result in the decrease of Δt_PS. The change of Δt_PS is greatly affected by S wave velocity, so Δt_PS appears to decrease rapidly. Regarding the low value that has a certain degree of return about 2~3 months before the Wenchuan earthquake, the possible reason is that the release of stress is much higher than the accumulation of stress in meta-instability stage. At this stage, the velocity of S wave decreases and the decrease of S wave causes Δt_PS to increase. Then, the Wenchuan earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred. It is shown that the teleseismic converted wave method in this paper can monitor the variation of medium's wave velocity before large earthquakes, and it has a good prospect in seismic monitoring and worth further experimental study.     

2003年12月1日昭苏6.1级地震及余震的定位

分析比较了中国新疆昭苏6．1级地震序列资料和哈萨克斯坦科教部地震研究所提供的该次地震目录，通过补充哈萨克斯坦地震台网的地震资料，对2003年12月1日发生的昭苏6．1级地震及其51个余震进行了重新定位，并对此次地震的微观震中、宏观震中进行了讨论。