水动力条件对水体富营养化的影响

水动力条件是影响水体富营养化状态和进程的主要自然因素.研究水动力条件对水体富营养化的影响对于水体富营养化模拟、预测和控制具有十分重要的意义.水动力条件能直接作用于水华藻类细胞,影响其生长繁殖与种间竞争,同时改变水体环境及营养盐的状况.其中,流速不仅对藻类的生长聚集与分布具有十分明显的影响,同时还能影响水体营养物质与优势藻的种类;流量则主要通过单位时间内水量的变化影响水体富营养化的发生与消亡;水体扰动直接作用于水体中藻类细胞与藻团,加强藻类的聚集,同时影响营养物质的混合与运移,从而使水体富营养化得以发生并持续.本文综述了流速、流量和水体扰动等水动力因子对水体富营养化的影响研究,并对其未来的研究方向进行展望,最后指出:不同水动力条件对营养盐存在形态、藻类生长及水体富营养化状态的影响机理和水动力条件对水体富营养化影响的滞后性规律与临界值研究有待进一步加强.     

太平湖水库藻类演替与营养侦别研究

本文报告了1992～1993年间对安徽省太平湖水库藻类的演变以及库水营养侦别试验的研究结果。与1985～1986年资料相比,整个水库的藻类种类多样性下降,总种类数由175种降为112种,减少了1/3。藻类种类小型化现象十分明显,相隔6～7年,小型藻类的种类及其数量越来越多,单个藻细胞鲜重的平均值在敞水区和库湾区分别减少了63.6％和75.4％;平均细胞密度则分别增长了3.6和5.6倍;生物量的变化不大,增长不足1倍。营养侦别试验结果表明,磷仍然是该水库的主要限制因子,库水的藻类生长潜力约为对照培养基的1/4。     

面向流量管理的水动力对淡水藻类影响的概念机制

许多证据表明缓慢的水动力条件是水华暴发的重要诱因,尽管以临界流速和水体置换为基础的流量管理实践在水华控制中已见成效,但受限于水动力对藻类生长小生境的干扰机制尚不明晰,长期的流量管理实践效果并不理想.在长期野外观测、围隔实验和室内模拟等一系列研究的基础上,以现有水动力对藻类影响机制的讨论为依据,从细胞学角度提出了水动力对藻类生长影响的3种不同的概念机制,即低强度的水力扰动导致藻细胞外扩散层厚度变薄,有利于周边水体向藻细胞输送营养物质,促进藻类生长;中等强度的水力扰动导致藻类营养盐吸收及光合作用能力受损,抑制藻类生长;高强度的水流剪切导致藻细胞壁破损.基于该机制认为流量管理中临界流速应分别从水体置换和细胞学两方面考虑.研究结果可为流量管理中控制藻类水华暴发和维持水体水质的策略提供重要的理论支持.     

井水温观测分析中的水-热动力学研究综述

从井水温动态影响因素、井水温对动力加载的响应机理、水-热动力学理论模型三方面阐述了井水温研究进展。高精度数字化观测技术,为井水温的科学研究提供可靠、有效的数据支持。补给源和水动力作用是影响井水温动态变化的两大因素,补给源决定了井-含水层系统温度的垂直分布曲线的形态,水动力作用决定了含水层地下水补给量的多少和地下水流速的快慢,从而影响井-含水层系统温度变化的大小,而动力加载作用影响井-含水层系统内部的水流流动速度,改变水温变化情况。通过对井水温动态影响因素与水-热动力学形成机理研究的总结,有助于厘清井水温动态和含水层的关系,为井水温动态的定量分析和机理解释提供重要的研究思路。     

考虑水流-结构强耦合作用的水流动力效应分析

在深水桥墩及桩基础等结构地震反应中,地震激励下的水流动水压力对水中结构的作用以及结构位形变化对水体的反作用,属于典型的流固强界面耦合问题。以一顶端伸出水面的圆柱式结构为研究对象,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述的Navier-stokes方程,建立了考虑水流-结构强耦合效应的水流-结构三维有限元模型。以正弦位移波输入,考察结构材料模量、水流流速和水位、激振频率和位移幅值等多种因素,分析了结构表面作用的动水压力反应特征以及水流动力效应,探讨了水流动力效应的主要影响因素。结果表明：考虑流固强耦合作用时,结构表面作用的动水压力及其分布具有强烈的频率依赖性,高频激励可显著增强动水压力作用;由于结构周围流体具有一定的粘滞性及动载作用下具有较强的辐射阻尼效应,水流动力效应对结构的位移、内力反应均有一定的抑制作用;激振频率、水流流速和水位以及结构材料模量等因素,对水流动力效应均有一定的影响。     

南极普里兹湾NP93－2柱样磁组构特征及其古气候意义

对采自东南极普里兹湾海区沉积物ＮＰ９３－２柱样系统的磁组构分析，结果表明：１．普里兹湾海洋沉积物具有较大的磁化率各向异性，较好地指示了沉积过程中水动力过程的变化；２．由磁化率各向异性主轴方向确定的古水流方面主要为近ＥＷ向及ＮＳ向，分别对应着南极绕极环流的方向及由融冰水的大量生成而导致的南极底层水形成的方向，这两种不同方向的水流在该海区不同时段的表现各不相同；３．依据表征磁组构的参数及古水流方向的变化，可将１２７００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来的南极地区的古气候分成５个古气候变化带．     

南极普里兹湾NP93－2柱样磁组构特征及其古气候意义

对采自东南极普里兹湾海区沉积物ＮＰ９３－２柱样系统的磁组构分析，结果表明：１．普里兹湾海洋沉积物具有较大的磁化率各向异性，较好地指示了沉积过程中水动力过程的变化；２．由磁化率各向异性主轴方向确定的古水流方面主要为近ＥＷ向及ＮＳ向，分别对应着南极绕极环流的方向及由融冰水的大量生成而导致的南极底层水形成的方向，这两种不同方向的水流在该海区不同时段的表现各不相同；３．依据表征磁组构的参数及古水流方向的变化，可将１２７００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来的南极地区的古气候分成５个古气候变化带．     

输水明渠着生藻类群落结构特征对水动力条件的响应

明渠输水系统的着生藻类异常增殖会淤塞拦污栅,降低明渠输水能力,并增加清理工作压力。目前,有关着生藻类对水动力的响应研究多在天然河流、湖泊中开展野外原型观测,针对混凝土衬砌表面着生藻类的水动力研究仍然少见。由于混凝土基质与泥沙基质的显著差异,着生藻类在衬砌明渠和自然水体中对水动力的响应特性不同。为探究水动力对明渠着生藻类生长及群落结构的影响,特开展明渠中着生藻类的培养观测及水动力冲刷实验。通过分析着生藻类叶绿素a含量、群落结构、无灰干重、细胞密度等指标,以探究不同基质粗糙度、不同生长阶段的着生藻类对不同水动力条件的响应。结果表明:着生藻类建群过程具有3个明显阶段,分别为迟滞期、指数生长期、稳定期;随着流速增大,着生藻类生物量先上升后下降,当流速v>0.6 m/s时,着生藻类的生长被显著抑制;冲刷流速增大至v=0.8 m/s的2天后,着生藻类生物量显著减少,群落多样性下降。在着生藻类建群迟滞期(实验中约3周),该阶段提高流速对着生藻类生物量的冲刷剥离效果最明显;基质粗糙度越小,着生藻类建群迟滞期越长,通过水力冲刷的除藻效果越明显。本研究探索了不同水动力条件下明渠着生藻类的响应规律,有...     

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区成盐物质的来源与水力迁移作用

水动力条件是盐湖成盐成矿的必要条件之一.利用研究区各类水体的理化参数(pH、氧化还原电位、电导率和总溶解性固体)、水化学特征、元素比值等参数识别尕斯库勒盐湖成盐元素的来源及水力迁移作用.结果表明:尕斯库勒盐湖成盐元素主要来源于蚀源区岩石风化,其中冰川融水、硅酸盐风化、碳酸盐风化和蒸发盐风化分别占0.04%、0.15%、63.89%和35.92%,在祁漫塔格山前一带,受到深部补给作用.高山区到平原区,水动力条件总体上逐渐降低;而在垂向上随着深度的增大含水层Ⅰ~Ⅱ之间水动力条件逐渐减弱,含水层Ⅲ~Ⅴ之间水动力条件变充足.河流与溢出带水体之间存在局部水流系统,与平原区含水层之间存在区域水流系统.水动力条件和水力联系对元素的迁移和富集具有明显的相关性,二者控制着元素的迁移速度以及元素在空间上的富集规律并影响着水化学类型.     

西藏尼洋河水生生物群落时空动态及与环境因子关系:2.着生藻类

本文于2008-2009年按照季节调查了西藏地区尼洋河着生藻类群落的组成、丰度和多样性,并运用多元统计方法定量分析了着生藻类的空间和季节变化特征及其与主要环境因子之间的关系.结果显示,尼洋河着生藻类共计6门30科49属,其中硅藻为优势着生藻类.着生藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在尼洋河中游最高,在中上游河段和中下游河段呈下降趋势,符合中间高度膨胀(mid-altitude bulge)假说.着生藻类的总丰度、物种丰富度以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在尼洋河沿程不存在显著差异,总丰度在各个季节之间不存在显著差异,但物种丰富度在秋季和冬季存在显著差异,夏、秋季着生藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于冬、春季.主成分分析(PCA)表明,随着海拔的升高,着生藻类的物种丰富度和总丰度呈递减趋势;典范对应分析(CCA)表明,尼洋河部分硅藻与理化因子相关联,如:双壁藻(Diploneis)的丰度与总磷相关联,窗纹藻(Epithemia)的丰度与铵态氮相关联,双菱藻属(Surirella)的丰度与pH值相关联;部分绿藻与理化因子相关联,如:小球藻属(Chlorella)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus)、溪菜属(Prasiola)的丰度与水温相关联,小椿藻(Characium)的丰度与硬度相关联,转板藻(Mougeotia)的丰度与表层溶氧、矿化度相关联,新月藻属(Closterium)的丰度与碱度相关联;分类回归树(CART)模型预测了尼洋河着生藻类时空分布与主要环境因子之间的定量关系,即低海拔水域的着生藻类总丰度较高海拔高,高矿化度水域的着生藻类总丰度较低矿化度的高,不能用影响尼洋河着生藻类种类和数量的环境因子来解释着生藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数.这些关键环境因子对尼洋河水域着生藻类的时空变化有着重要的指示作用,建议加强对着生藻类及这些环境因子的关注,保障尼洋河水域生态环境的可持续发展.     

Small-scale spatial variation of benthic algal assemblages in a peat bog

Spatial patterns on a very small scale (10 cm), and the effect of artificial barriers on the composition of phytobenthic algal assemblages along two transects within different microhabitat types were investigated. Samples were taken in a peat bog along linear transects on a scale of 10 cm, and water chemistry was examined. The distribution of algae along both transects was influenced by both spatial distance and environmental conditions in similar proportions. Differences in species composition in various parts of the transects were observed, but this pattern was primarily related to the abundance of species, rather than to their presence/absence in samples. Similarity in species composition correlated with spatial distance and environmental parameters in both microhabitat types. I concluded that, given a homogenous environment on a small scale, spatial distribution of algae is affected by both the environmental conditions of the microhabitats and their dispersal limitations. Moreover, an artificial barrier constituted an obstruction for water and nutrient flow, as well as algal migration, and had an impact on species composition.     

用生态修复调控浮游植物种群局部控制富营养化——以贵州红枫湖水质生态修复工程为例

利用物理生态工程在水深10 m左右,水位变幅7 m左右的贵阳红枫湖/水库(正常水位时57.2 km2)右二湾富营养水体进行局部(围隔水体面积1.33 hm2)生态修复.对工程前后和内外水体浮游植物的群落结构、丰度、生物量等进行比较,结果表明,当植物浮岛覆盖率超过1/5～1/3时(可视为阈值),物理生态工程可以调控浮游植物种群结构和丰度,浮游植物优势种群由生态修复前的微囊藻属、角甲藻属及同期外环境的蓝藻门蓝纤维藻属转变为硅藻门的直链藻属.工程内与工程外比较,种属数减少了29.4%,特别是减少了蓝藻中可能释放藻毒素的微囊藻、鱼腥藻等属,蓝藻丰度和生物量分别减少了55.5%和57.9%;而硅藻的种属数则增多120.0%,且其丰度和生物量分别增加了56.4%和60.3%.从藻类总体统计资料看,工程内与工程外比较,藻类丰度减少53.6%,生物量减少39.1%,透明度提高了数十厘米以上,稳定在120～220 cm.当工程区外浮游植物优势种群是蓝藻,暴发蓝藻水华,且可释放藻毒素的种属有多次检出时,工程区内仍然以硅藻为优势种,未曾检测出可释放藻毒素的种属,从而在红枫湖局部水体实现了水质改善和富营养化控制.在目前高污染负荷下恢复浅水湖泊沉水植被时,本项目发展的可全年镶嵌式种植包括香根草、杞柳等高杆植物在内的多种水面植物的浮岛可作为防浪削浪、遏制蓝藻、改善水质、提高透明度的先锋性措施,以保障局部水面植被覆盖面积超过上述阈值,成为保护沉水植物生长、遏制暴发蓝藻水华的可操作途径.     

Nutrient fluxes induced by disturbance in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

A wave flume experiment was conducted to study nutrient fluxes at water-sediment interface of Meiliang Bay under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results reveal that hydrodynamics has remarkable effects on nutrient fluxes in this area. With a bottom wave stress of 0.019 N m-2 (equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 5-7 m s-1 at the sediment sample site of Meiliang Bay), the fluxes of TN, TDN and NH4+-N were separately 1.92× 10-3, -1.81 × 10-4 and 5.28× 10-4 mg m-2 s-1(positive for upward and negative for downward), but for TP, TDP and SRP, the fluxes were 5.69 × 10-4, 1.68 × 10-4 and -1.29 × 10-4 mgm-2 s-1. In order to calculate the released amount of nutrients based on these results, statistic analysis on the long-term meteorological data was conducted.The result shows that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 5-7 m s-1 in this area is about 15 h in summer. Further calculation shows that 111 t TN, 32 t NH4+-N, 34 t TP and 10 t TDP can be released into water (the sediment area was 47.45% of the whole surface area), resulting in concentration increase of 0.025, 0.007, 0.007 and 0.002 mg L-1 separately. With stronger disturbance (bottom wave stress is 0.217 N m-2 which is equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 10-11 m s-1 at the same site), there has been significant increase of nutrient fluxes (1.16× 10-2, 6.76×10-3, 1.14× 10-2 and 2.14× 10-3 mgm-2 s-1 for TN, DTN and NH4+-N and TP). The exceptions were TDP with flux having a decrease (measured to be 9.54× 10-5 mgm-2 s-1 ) and SRP with flux having a small increase (measured to be 5.42 × 10-5 mgm-2 s-1). The same statistic analysis on meteorological data reveal that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 10-11 m s-1 is no more than 5 h. Based on the nutrient fluxes and the wind lasting-time, similar calculations were also made suggesting that 232 t TN, 134.9 t TDN, 228 t NH4+-N, 42.7 t TP, 2.0 t TDP and 1.1 t SRP will be released from sediment at this hydrodynamic condition resulting in the concentration increases of 0.050, 0.029, 0.049, 0.009, 0.0004 and 0.0002 mg L-1. Therefore in shallow lakes, surface disturbance can lead to significant increase of nutrient concentrations although some components in water column had negative flux with weak disturbance (e.g. TDN and SRP in this experiment). In this case, sediment looks to be a source of nutrients. These nutrients deposited in sediment can be carried or released into water with sediment resuspension or changes of environmental conditions at water-sediment interface, which can have great effects on aquatic ecosystem and is also the characteristics of shallow lakes.     

武汉九峰地震台超导重力仪观测分析研究

连续重力观测和GPS的技术结合能够监测到物质迁移和地壳垂直形变之间的量化关系.和相对重力测量以及绝对重力测量技术相比,其避免了时间分辨率和观测精度低,无法精细描述观测周期内的物质迁移过程问题.本文利用武汉九峰地震台超导重力仪SGC053超过13000 h连续重力观测数据;同址观测的绝对重力仪观测结果;气压数据;周边GPS观测结果;GRACE卫星的时变重力场;全球水储量模型等资料,采用同址观测技术、调和分析法、相关分析方法在扣除九峰地震台潮汐、气压、极移和仪器漂移的基础上,利用重力残差时间序列和GPS垂直位移研究物质迁移和地壳垂直形变之间的量化关系.结果表明:在改正连续重力观测数据的潮汐、气压、极移的影响后,不仅准确观测到2009年的夏秋两季由于水负荷引起的约(6~8)×10^-8m·s^-2短期的重力变化.而且在扣除2.18×10^-8(m·s^-2)/a仪器漂移和水负荷的影响后,验证了本地区长短趋势垂直形变和重力变化之间具有一致的负相关性规律.同时长趋势表明该地区地壳处于下沉,重力处于增大过程,增加速率约为1.79×10^-8(m·s^-2)/a.武汉地区重力梯度关系约为-354×10^-8(m·s^-2)/m.     

Planktoneustonic algae in the surface films of Lake Zürich: Occurrence and dependence on phytoplankton succession

Samples of surface films and of the underlying bulk water at 0.2 m depth were taken in Lake Zürich on 48 occasions in 1986, 1988 and 1989, with the aim of assessing the appropriateness of applying existing neuston nomenclature to the organisms found in these films, of determining which organisms accumulate there during which periods of time, and of assessing the importance of the phytoplankton community in the development of neustonic biocoenoses. Lake Zürich surface films were found to support a community of high population density, consisting of organisms which had migrated from the benthal or pelagial, or which had entered the film via the atmosphere or inflowing rivers. In all samples, species originating from within the phytoplankton community accounted for the greatest proportion of the total abundance. Several of these species were found to exhibit a special preference for the surface biotope, viz. those with a relative frequency (rF) exceeding 10%, a mean enrichment factor (Ef) exceeding 100, and, in the majority of cases, with a greater concentration of individuals in the surface film than in the underlying bulk water layer. We suggest that only those organisms occurring in the surface films of large water bodies which fulfil the above criteria should be considered as belonging to the planktoneuston, in order to distinguish them from other species, the occurrence of which in surface films is merely coincidental. The fact that planktoneustonic algae are dominant in the surface films of Lake Zürich means that changes in the species composition of the planktonic algal biocoenosis directly affect the species composition of the neustonic algal biocoenosis. Thus, just as in the underlying bulk water, a succession can be observed in the algal biocoenosis of the surface films. However, because of the higher abundance of planktoneustonic algae there, this succession is distinct from that occurring in the pelagial. Factors bringing about these differences which are discussed for the case of the dominant planktoneustonic algae are: alterations in specific gravity; positive phototaxis; and enhancement of growth rates in surface films as compared with the underlying bulk water.     

Changes in the hydrochemical composition and diatomic flora of bottom sediments in the zone of influence of metal mining production (Kola Peninsula)

Paleoecological studies of small water bodies were carried out in a model subarctic lake-river system. The degree of transformations of aquatic ecosystems under a set of anthropogenic factors is shown to vary depending on the load and individual features of water bodies. Data on the state of aquatic ecosystems before the industrial development of the region are collected. The species composition of diatom algae and their ecological characteristics are examined.     

濮阳地区油田注水引起的重力场变化与地震活动性的关系

收集了1995—2007年中原油田濮阳地区各油田的注水开采等质量迁移资料,利用图示法研究发现油田注水与区域地震活动之间存在一定联系,并定量计算了油田注水引起的重力变化量。结合重力复测资料对油田注水引起的重力场变化和该地区地震之间的关系进行了初步研究,其注采作业引起的重力场变化在±0.1～10×10-8 m.s-2之间,并随着油田中心区域的距离而衰减。     

Environmental drivers of biotic traits and phenology patterns of Diptera assemblages in karst springs: The role of canopy uncovered

Springs are stable environments with constant abiotic factors and therefore of use in variety of ecological experiments. We investigated the influence of canopy coverage on abundance, diversity, phenology and feeding guilds among Diptera assemblages at two rheocrene karst springs located near each other. The springs differed by canopy coverage while physicochemical characteristics of the water were similar. We set six emergence traps for one year at each spring covering all available microhabitats proportionally. We hypothesized that canopy coverage will have a strong effect on assemblage composition of Diptera as well as on diversity, abundance, phenology and feeding guilds composition between sites and that it will have a stronger effect than microhabitat characteristics. Similarity of species composition among springs was only 37.5%, with 23 common species/taxa out of 74 species/taxa. Abundance of Diptera was 8.5× higher at the open canopy spring, while diversity and number of species/taxa was higher at closed canopy spring. Emergence started earlier at open canopy site and was prolonged even in winter months. The majority of species were detritus feeders followed by collectors and there was no substantial difference among sites. We conclude that at springs with similar water characteristics, canopy coverage is the main driver of Diptera assemblage structure, with water velocity as a complementary factor. Substrate and other physicochemical factors seem less important.     

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorous, and their interaction on coral reef algal succession in Glover's Reef, Belize

Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers were used to determine their short-term summer effects on algal colonization, abundance, and species composition in moderate herbivory treatments. Secondary succession of algae on coral skeletons was examined in four treatments: an untreated control, a pure phosphate fertilizer, a pure nitrogen fertilizer, and an equal mix of the two fertilizers. Turf algae cover was the only measure of algae abundance to respond significantly to fertilization. Turf cover was three times higher in treatments with added nitrogen when compared with the pure phosphorus treatment. These turfs were dominated by green and cyanobacteria taxa, namely Enteromorpha prolifera, Lyngbya confervoides, and two species of Cladophora. The phosphate treatment was dominated by encrusting corallines and the cyanobacteria L. confervoides, while the controls had the highest cover of frondose brown algae, namely Padina sanctae-crucis and two species of Dictyota. Results indicate that turf algae were co-limited by nitrogen and phosphorus but enrichment appeared to inhibit brown frondose algae that currently dominate these reefs. Number of species was lowest on the pure phosphorus and nitrogen treatments, highest in the controls and intermediate in the mixed treatments, which suggests that diversity is reduced most by an imbalanced nutrient ratio.     

黑龙江呼兰河湿地藻类植物群落结构及分布特点

2009年5-10月期间对呼兰河湿地8个样点进行了5次藻类植物采样调查,经显微镜观察,共鉴定藻类植物158个分类单位,包括148种10变种,隶属于7门8纲14目23科50属.呼兰河湿地藻类群落组成以硅藻、绿藻为主,藻类植物的细胞密度变化范围在469.55×105-847.35×105 cells/L之间,不同采样点藻类...