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卫星遥感资料在地震预报中的应用研究——以1991年柯坪6.5级地震为例 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以1991年柯坪6.5级地震为例,对利用卫星热红外遥感资料监测临震地表热红外异常进行了探索研究,在柯坪地震前,震中地区出现热红外异常,震前2天异常最显著,震后3天异常恢复。异常形态呈条带状,分布范围与柯坪断裂基本一致,6.5级地震就发生在增温异常的中心地区附近。 相似文献
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利用NOAA—AVHRR数据通过Becker & Li地温计算模型反演,得到有关地震发生前后每日的地表温度分布图像,然后进行逐日的地表温度分布图像以及震源区地表温度平均值日变时序曲线分析。结果表明震前出现了较明显的热红外地震前兆异常。最后指出,从NOAA—AVHRR数据中利用分裂窗技术反演陆地表面温度结果容易受到云层的干扰,但是更高空间分辨率和光谱分辨率的EOS/MODIS数据的产生以及由于EOS/AMSU能够透过云层探测到地表亮温,必将使卫星遥感热红外信息在地震监测预报中的应用范围及深度上得以拓展。 相似文献
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介绍了卫星热红外遥感在国内外火山监测研究中的应用现状,结合热红外遥感在地震中的应用成果,对利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动的可行性及方法进行了探讨,提出通过火山区热红外亮温旬变、月变和年变模型扣除地形地貌、岩性、植被等地表环境因素的影响,通过火山区和邻近参照区红外亮温差值运算扣除气象因素影响的火山活动性热红外异常提取方法。并以长白山火山为例,利用1999、2003和2004年的NOAA卫星影像资料,对长白山火山及周围地区的热红外影像特征进行了分析解译,对长白山火山区与外围参照区的红外亮温年变差异进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)长白山火山区的红外亮温分布特征在空间上主要受地形控制,总体表现为以天池为中心,向外围逐渐升高的漏斗状,天池则是低温背景上的明显高温标记。在时间上,长白山火山区红外亮温的演变过程主要受季节变化的影响,具有明显的夏高冬低年变特征。2)相对于1999年,2003和2004年长白山火山区均显示出明显的升温趋势,升温幅度可达2K左右。我们认为这可能是近年来天池火山活动性逐年增强的反映。这也意味着利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动性将是行之有效的新途径,也是值得深入研究的课题 相似文献
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根据热红外遥感影像上断层热信息具有特征几何尺寸的特点,以断层系统热信息分析为目标,提出了一种基于尺度分析的断层热信息遥感图像增强方法.在江山—绍兴断裂金衢段的实际工作中,通过断层两侧地表高温区域尺度分析、特征尺度网格抽样和样本插值成图等步骤,有效地降低了背景干扰,客观地描述了研究区与断层相关的热信息的空间分布形态及特征.多种尺度分析结果表明,在9 km2特征尺度上,断层热信息特征规律明显:地表高温区域沿北东走向的江山—绍兴断裂带和常山—漓渚断裂带两侧分布,呈线性特征;在淳安—温州断裂带与衢州—天台断裂带交叉位置地表温度较高.研究结果经实测资料验证,基本特征与实测资料相符. 相似文献
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以汶川地震为例,探索卫星遥感获取的地表温度场中可能存在的构造活动信息。主要开展了3方面工作:1)分析了汶川地震前后的热场演化过程。结果表明,通过数据处理,将地表温度中的地形、大气和稳定年周期太阳辐射等非构造因素的影响去除后,获得的原地温度场中,存在丰富的、与构造展布密切相关的热信息。2)结合浅层气温的实际观测资料,初步尝试建立地表温度与地壳应力应变之间的定量关系。结果表明,地壳应力引起的温度变化,可对近地表大气温度产生比较明显的影响。特别是地表温度场中的低温区具有较高的可信度。汶川地震前后,降温区主要沿着大型活动地块的边界展布,反映出这些块体边界之间的相对拉张(或松弛)运动关系。3)以同震变形响应资料为基础,开展了变形与热信息的对比分析。结果表明,温度场获得的结果与同震变形观测结果高度吻合。这说明青藏高原内部地块边界的温度变化,可能正是地震前后青藏高原内部变形调整过程的真实反映。总之,可以通过"热"的方式来获取地壳应力状态的变化信息。 相似文献
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欲从热红外辐射中找到构造活动与地震活动的信息 ,需要考虑 2个基本问题 ,即大气的影响和地表热红外辐射的稳定场。通过以下方面的工作尝试对上述问题进行了研究 :1 )提出了地表亮度温度及年变基准场的概念。 2 )利用NOAA卫星 2 0年的观测资料 ,文中在获得地表亮温 (LSBT)的基础上 ,借用分离窗方法和小波分析方法 ,提取了中国地表亮温的年变基准场 ,为进一步分析异常场打下了基础。计算表明 ,大气的影响一般在± 1 0K范围内 相似文献
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The feasibility of using temperature measurements at a depth of about 2 m for locating and delineating salt domes and faults has been investigated both theoretically and in experimental field surveys. It is shown that measurable temperature anomalies in the soil are to be expected over shallow salt domes. In a field survey over a salt-dome area bordering the Groningen gas field, a large number of temperature measurements were made in small holes (2 m deep, 3 cm in diameter) within a relatively short time (some weeks). The results clearly indicate several temperature anomalies with differential temperatures of about 1°C. Comparison of our thermal contour map with interpretations of available seismic or gravity data, or with direct evidence from wells, showed an excellent correlation. Seismic data even support the shape of the thermal contours. Results in similar agreement with gravity or well data were obtained over salt ridges in a tropical area. Experiments showed that the technique worked as well in lakes and marshes as on dry land. In addition, some experimental evidence collected so far over shallow and surface faults is presented. In several cases, strong thermal anomalies coincided with known surface faults. A thermal model for a surface-fault zone is suggested which accounts satisfactorily for the observed thermal data. It suggests some diagnostic value for the fault's geometry. For shallow faults, however, lack of knowledge of subsurface detail prevented any unambiguous correlation with observed thermal anomalies. Accordingly any geological use of thermal analysis over shallow faults remains debatable. The field technique is simple, needs little correction and can, where useful, easily be included in routine gravity work to provide additional local information. 相似文献
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通过求解全球能量平衡方程 ,得到地幔温度剖面。中地幔过渡带有一个温度突然增加 ,因此不能根据近地表数据向下做简单的外推。这个问题可以通过研究地球的冷却过程解决。目前地幔底部的温度值是 2 94 0K ,中地幔过渡带温度为 2 0 4 0K ,穿过这个带有一个 310K的突变。上部边界层底部的温度为 相似文献
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J. GEERTSMA 《Geophysical Prospecting》1971,19(4):662-681
Finite-element analysis has been used in calculating shallow temperature anomalies due to both the presence of salt domes and near-surface faults. The results of the numerical analysis are in good agreement with field observations reported earlier by Poley and van Steveninck. The calculations show how surface emissivity must be responsible for the pronounced temperature anomalies above salt domes. Faulting is a mechanism that disorders the layering sequence of sedimentary deposits. If the disordered sedimentary layers show notable differences in heat conductivity, the layers are thick enough and the displacements along the fault plane large enough, temperature anomalies close to the free surface may be apparent because of the surface-emissivity mechanism. In order to explain certain characteristic temperature anomalies where a fault reaches or approaches the free surface, an additional mechanism has to be assumed; namely a distortion of texture, and consequently a change in the heat conductivity of the rock material surrounding the fault plane. The consequences of both a reduced and an increased heat conductivity of the surroundings of a near-surface fault have been calculated, and they show remarkable agreement with temperature anomalies observed in various parts of the world. 相似文献
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Using remotely-sensed data, various soil moisture estimation models have been developed for bare soil areas. Previous studies have shown that the brightness temperature (BT) measured by passive microwave sensors were affected by characteristics of the land surface parameters including soil moisture, vegetation cover and soil roughness. Therefore knowledge of vegetation cover and soil roughness is important for obtaining frequent and global estimations of land surface parameters especially soil moisture.In this study, a model called Simultaneous Land Parameters Retrieval Model (SLPRM) that is an iterative least-squares minimization method is proposed. The algorithm estimates surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and canopy temperature simultaneously in vegetated areas using AMSR-E (Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS) brightness temperature data. The simultaneous estimations of the three parameters are based on a multi-parameter inversion algorithm which includes model construction, calibration and validation using observations carried out for the SMEX03 (Soil Moisture Experiment, 2003) region in the South and North of Oklahoma.Roughness parameter has also been included in the algorithm to increase the soil parameters retrieval accuracy. Unlike other methods, the SLPRM method works efficiently in all land covers types.The study focuses on soil parameters estimation by comparing three different scenarios with the inclusion of roughness data and selects the most appropriate one. The difference between the resulted accuracies of scenarios is due to the roughness calculation approach.The analysis on the retrieval model shows a meaningful and acceptable accuracy on soil moisture estimation according to the three scenarios.The SLPRM method has shown better performance when the SAR (Synthetic Aperture RADAR) data are used for roughness calculation. 相似文献
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利用热辐射探索构造活动具有“强背景,弱信息”的特点。地表辐射的探测精度与构造活动引起的辐射增强同属一个量级,有效信息可能被淹没于反演误差之中。并且,获得足够的精度后如何突出构造活动信息也是难点。为了解决上述问题,文中提出一种新方法——均值梯度法。其基本特点是,首先利用长时间数据进行平均,以损失一定的时间信息为代价获取更高的数据精度。然后根据大气和构造活动对地表热辐射影响的不同,利用热辐射梯度突出正在活动之断裂带的空间展布。分析表明,该方法可为利用热辐射探测现今构造活动的时空变化提供一些信息,同时也可为地震危险区划提供帮助 相似文献
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利用一套新的遥感信息反演的叶面积指数(LAI)数据和生物气候数据,建立了全球尺度的LAI与降水及温度的总体相关和距平相关,用以揭示全球尺度的植被季节和年际的变化对气候变化的响应特征.结果发现,全球尺度植被与气候因子的季节和年际变化随不同的生态系统差异明显.植被LAI与温度的总体正相关的最大值出现在北半球的中高纬度地区;LAI与降水的总体正相关高值(>0.8)出现在亚洲东部、北美洲北部腹地和热带非洲北部的Sahel地区;最大的LAI与温度的正距平相关(0.4-0.6)出现在东南亚南部、非洲Sahel地区的南部和巴西东部等热带地区;而从LAI与降水的距平相关来看,最明显的特征是出现在西伯利亚、亚洲北部和北美西北部的强的负距平相关.本文进一步阐明了出现相关特征差异的陆-气过程物理机制. 相似文献
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In this study, a parameterization method based on Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data and field observations is presented and tested for deriving the regional land surface variables, vegetation variables and land surface heat fluxes over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the method and two Landsat‐7 ETM images are applied to the Jiddah area of Saudi Arabia. The regional distribution maps of surface reflectance, normalized difference vegetation index, modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), vegetation coverage, leaf area index, surface temperature, net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux have been determined over the Jiddah area. The derived results have been validated by using the ‘ground truth’. The results show that the more reasonable regional distributions of land surface variables (surface reflectance, surface temperature), vegetation variables (MSAVI and vegetation coverage), net radiation, soil heat flux and sensible heat flux can be obtained by using the method proposed in this study. Further improvement of the method is also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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利用地表辐射 (亮温 )求取地面温度需要通过岩石比辐射率进行换算。地球上的岩石千差万别 ,即使岩石学上分类一致的岩石 ,比辐射率也可以显著不同 ,需要大量的比辐射率时 ,现有测量方法显得过于复杂或环境要求过高 ,发展简便的比辐射率测量方法十分必要。实际上 ,在室温情况下 ,比辐射率为常数 ,可以通过测量一系列的温度和相应的辐射值 ,仪器本身的辐射和环境辐射可直接当作未知量参加反演 ,最终利用最小二乘法拟合获得比辐射率 ,大大降低了测量的难度。文中测量了1 6种岩石标本的比辐射率 ,方差一般保持在 0 .0 1左右 ,大多数 <0 .0 1 ;线性拟合的相关系数均 >0 99 相似文献