用F-K方法确定腾冲火山区震源机制*

介绍了计算理论地震图的 F- K方法在不同深度 ,不同震中距 ,不同震源类型的情况 ,表明这种方法在高频区和多层水平层状模型计算效果较好 ,适用于研究中小地震的震源机制。采用 F- K方法得到了发生在腾冲火山区的 3个地震的震源机制 ,结果表明地震 1和地震 2是走滑断裂 ,地震 3是逆断层。 3个地震的主压应力轴基本呈北西向 ,与云南地区主压应力轴方向基本吻合 ,因此 ,推断这 3个地震是构造地震。     

用不完整的地震资料估计地震矩年变化率

在充分考虑现有地震资料的不完备性和震级服从两端截去泊松分布的条件下,建立了用历史地震资料和现代地震资料及考古地震资料计算地震矩年变化率的方法。计算了西南地区几个地震带的地震矩年变化率,并与地质资料得到的结果进行了比较,结果表明该方法是切实可行的     

基于MSFM的复杂近地表模型走时计算

地震走时层析成像方法是解决复杂近地表模型速度建模问题的重要技术.该方法是一种迭代反演方法,在反演过程中需要反复计算地震射线走时.故而,高效高精度且能适应复杂模型的走时计算方法是地震走时层析成像实用化的关键技术之一.本文引入医学成像领域研究的MSFM(Multi-stencils Fast Marching Methods)用于地震层析反演中的走时计算.该方法在标准FMM(Fast Marching Methods)基础上利用坐标旋转生成新的FMM计算模板,使计算网格点对角方向邻点参与计算,改善了标准FMM存在对角方向误差大的缺陷.本文分析对比了MSFM和标准FMM的计算精度和计算效率;针对地震层析成像技术解决的起伏地表模型建模问题,研究了起伏地表模型地震走时计算的MSFM实现方法;采用炮点邻近区域局部细分网格技术只需增加很少的计算量即可大幅提高计算精度.理论分析和模型试算表明MSFM算法明显改善了FMM的计算精度,同时保持了FMM算法的高效性.文章通过对崎岖地表模型的正演和层析反演试算,验证了基于MSFM的地震走时计算方法对复杂模型有很强的适应能力.研究表明该方法作为地震走时层析反演中高效高精度的正演算法,有很好的应用价值.     

基于半精度浮点数优化与OpenMP的地震数值模拟

研究地震波场的传播特征是地震勘探的基础,利用有限差分法求解波动方程进行地震正演,其优势在于占用内存低、计算速度快、易于实现。但在三维情况下,计算量和数据量会急剧增加,传统串行地震数值模拟将无法满足计算效率的需求。因此,本文提出一种基于半精度浮点数优化与OpenMP的三维波动方程地震数值模拟方法,该方法首先利用半精度浮点数对地震常用的浮点型数据进行优化;其次利用应用程序接口OpenMP在多核CPU下通过以分割波场计算区域的方式实现并行计算;在保证计算结果满足精度需求的同时,能有效提高三维地震数值模拟的计算效率,并减少近一半的内存需求。通过数值试验证明该方法的有效性和实用性。     

层状介质中内源引起的地震波理论地震图的部分分离变量——有限差分计算方法

文献〔1〕给出了震源在地表时计算理论地震图的部分分离变量——有限差分方法。本文继〔1〕讨论了震源在介质内部时,特别是震源在介质分界面上时理论地震图的计算方法。含贝塞尔函数的数值积分是用FiLon方法完成的,它具有精度高,运算速度快的特点。作为例子,本文最后给出了利用所述计算方法得到的不同内源在含两个高速夹层地壳模型中的理论地震图。     

由背景地震活动性估算南加州的地震危险性

我们分析了南加州的历史地震活动性，提出了一种合理的方法来计算由６．５级或稍小一些的背景地震产生的地震危险性。该方法的基本假设是未来的地震在空间上将丛集在震级等于或大于４级的地震主震的附近。我们分析了离散的南加州地震目录按网络计算地震发生率，然后进行平滑，以此计算未来地震地空间分布，为了得到合适的空间平滑函数，我们研究了南加州地震的距离相关性，并发现它们遵多指数关系１／ｒμ。     

合成理论地震图方法综述

合成理论地震图对震源和地下结构的研究而言是一项重要的基础工作.一直以来,诸多地震学领域的先驱们都致力于合成理论地震图的方法发展与改进,是一个愈久弥新的研究课题.同时,经过很多非常有影响力的地震学家的发展,合成理论地震图的方法种类变得多种多样.本文全面而深入地总结合成理论地震图的不同理论、不同方法所具有的优势与不足,并讨论各种理论地震图计算方法的研究进展.以期为理论地震图计算方法的发展以及在实际应用中选择合适的方法提供有价值的参考.经过对比研究,我们得到以下三点认识:(1)在解析类方法中,波数积分法在使用上不区分局部或全球尺度、计算精确且为全波形模拟,因此适用性更为广泛;(2)在数值类方法中,谱元法在适用性和计算效率上是一种最受欢迎且最精确的计算方法;(3)根据不同的需求采用不同方法相结合的混合计算方法是较好的选择.     

冻土场地地震反应分析研究中的关键问题探讨

总结了当前场地地震反应分析的计算方法与发展现状,得到寒区场地中由于冻土层结构的存在会对地震动的传播和场地的地震反应产生影响的结论。土体在冻结过程中其强度与刚度会显著增强,在地震过程中冻融土层界面的容易发生滑移破坏,并对场地地震反应和地震波的传递特征具有较大影响,是冻土场地地震反应分析中应当考虑的关键问题。鉴于当前场地地震反应计算方法不能模拟该界面的滑移特征的局限性,建议构建冻土场地地震反应计算新方法,并阐述了构建该方法所需要开展的基础性研究工作。     

计算深震辐射波能量的混合方法

以波辐射发出的能量是了解地震破裂物理学所必需的一个参数,然而计算这种能量是困难的、不确定的。我们发展了一种新的计算辐射波能量和其他重要地震参数的混合方法。该方法以一种内部一致且客观的方式计算这些参数,可对参数和相关地震之间进行严格对比。此外,该方法不需要对数据作反褶积和滤波,所以,结果保留了记录的全部高频(成份)。我们用这种方法计算了19个近年来规模在M_u6.5～8.2之间的深源(深度>292km)地震的震源时间函数、地震矩、持续时间和辐射波能量。我们计算了3次最大地震的有效地震效率,基本结果为有效地震效率小于0.3。若地震破裂遵守Orowan模型,则破裂时平均摩擦应力和断层面上的最终剪应力相等,从而地震效率为1。但因测量到的地震效率小于1,在这些大的深震的破裂过程中,更多的能量是分布在摩擦中,且破裂时的平均摩擦应力比最终断层面应力要高。     

基于微分求积原理的地震反应谱计算方法

将结构地震反应微分求积分析方法用于地震反应谱的计算,发展了一种具有较高精度和计算效率的计算地震反应谱的新方法。通过对3条不同卓越周期和频谱结构的地震地面加速度时程的反应谱的计算,阐释了该方法的可靠性和高效率,并分析了时步长度和节点数量等微分求积分析重要参数对计算结果的影响。研究表明,本文建立的基于状态分析的单自由度体系地震反应微分求积分析方法用于地震反应谱计算是可行的、合理的,对不同频谱结构的地震波都可以适用,且具有计算精度好、计算效率高、使用简便的特点,不失为一种计算地震反应谱的高效实用方法。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.