华北地区地震异常前兆信息场演化特征及其与地震关系的研究

在对地震异常前兆信息量先前研究的基础上,进一步给出了描述各种地震异常前兆信息量的普适性综合数学表达式.从大量震例资料入手,再次研究了地震异常延续有效性的问题,进而建立了地震异常持续有效时间与延续有效时间的数学关系式.收集整理了1980～1997年华北地区水化、形变、地磁、应力、水位、地电等371个观测项目、上百万个前兆观测数据,对每一观测项目逐一计算了它们的地震异常前兆信息量.研究了华北地区近20年的地震异常前兆信息场的演化特征及其与地震的关系,建立了华北地区Ms≥5地震的中短期综合预报指标体系,经R值评分检验,表明该地震综合预报指标体系在中短期地震预测中具有一定效果.     

华北地区地震短期综合预测方法研究

在对华北地区114项骨干前兆观测资料进行地震短期异常前兆信息量提取与计算基础上，结合华北地区地质构造、地震活动、地壳厚度，特别是现今动力学环境因子等因素，研究了华北地区地震短期异常前兆信息量的时、空演化特征及其与地震的关系，给出了华北地区Ms≥5地震短期综合预测的指标和方法。经R值评分检验表明，该方法具有一定的地震预测效果。     

华北地区地震异常前光信息场演化特征及其与地震关系的研究

在对地震异常光信息量先前研究的基础上,进一步给出了描述各种地震异常前光信息量的普适性综合数学表达式,从大量震例资料入手,再次研究了地震异常延续有效性的问题,进而建立了地震异常持续有效的有效时间与有延续有效时间的数学关系式。收储整理了１９８０～１９９７年华北地区水化、形主为、地磁、应力、水位、地电等３７１个观测项目、上百万个前兆观测数据,对每一项观测项目逐一计算了它们的地震异常前光信息量,研究了华北地区近２０年的地震异常前光信息场的演化特征及其与地震的关系,建立了华北地区Ｍｓ≥地震的中短期综合预报指标体系,经Ｒ值评分检验,表明该地震综合预报指标体系在中短期地震预测中具有一定效果。     

华北地区水位与水氡中期、中短期前兆异常特征研究

收集华北地区地下流体观测资料并进行系统分析,采用定量方法判定异常,对该区强震前的前兆异常特征进行了研究。提出地下流体存在着趋势上升型的中期异常和转折型的中短期异常,且不同地震的前兆异常图像具有相似性;依据大量异常资料,给出了华北地区中长期和中短期前兆异常的统计特征,以期能为华北地区年度会商的地震预测提供较为确切的依据。     

华北地下水位强震短期异常演化及前兆判别标志研究

对地下水位地震前兆异常开展了参数提取方法的研究, 并以其提取的结果为输入, 对1984～2002年华北地区地下水位异常参数分布做了全时空扫描, 继而将全部图像与华北地区构造活动性量化评估的数字化图像进行了叠加, 实现了地下水位异常动态扫描与区域构造活动性背景的结合。 在此基础上, 对1985年以来华北地区5级以上地震前的地下水位短期图像演化情况做了全面分析, 提取出了判别异常区的指标以及地震短期异常区的演化特征, 并最终建立了华北地区强震前地下水位短期前兆的判别标志。     

短期综合前兆异常信息量方法在四川的应用

用地震异常前兆信息量综合数学表达式的方法,选择四川地区映震较好的前兆观测资料,进行地震短期异常前兆信息量的提取,分析四川地区地震短期异常前兆信息量综合时序值变化与四川及邻区6级以上强地震的关系,给出了四川及邻区6级以上地震短期综合预测的指标和方法,该方法能通过R值评分检验。用同样的方法提取不同学科前兆信息量地震短期综合预测的指标和方法,并进行地震预测效能检验,结果表明,不同学科前兆信息量短期综合地震预测效能存在一定的差异。     

小波变换在前兆观测资料分析中的应用

由于数字化前兆具有高精度特点，因此，如何分离数字化前兆中的高频与低频信息，以及如何识别地震前兆的趋势异常与短期异常，是数字化前兆资料分析应用中的一个重要问题。本文给出了小波变换应用于正常的数字化前兆资料高频与低频信息的分离方法，并实际应用于地震前兆观测资料的处理，结合实例给出了地震前兆的趋势异常与短期异常的识别思路，从而为数字化前兆的趋势异常与短期异常的识别提供了一种新的有效方法。     

华北构造区强震短期水氡异常空间图像演化及其前兆判别标志的研究

开展了水氡前兆异常参数提取方法的研究, 并以其提取的结果为输入, 对1985～2002年华北水氡异常参数分布做了全时空扫描, 继而将全部图像与华北地区构造活动性评估的数字化图像进行了叠加, 实现了水氡异常动态扫描与区域构造活动性背景的结合。 在此基础上, 1985年以来华北地区5级以上地震前的水氡短期图像演化情况做了全面分析, 提取出判别异常区的指标以及地震短期异常演化特征, 并提出了华北地区强震前水氡短期前兆的判别标志。     

华北地区地下流体的两类短期前兆异常

系统分析了地下流体前兆异常变化与中强以上地震的关系,提出华北地区地下流体存在转折型短期异常和单一型短期异常．结合震例对这两类短期前兆异常的特征进行了分析．认为应特别注意研究预测区内的这两类群体异常的准同步变化特点．     

井孔水温异常与2007年宁洱6．4级地震关系分析

井孔水温观测是地热观测网中主要的地震前兆观测方法.2007年宁洱6.4级地震前云南地区出现了群体性水温异常变化,包括中期趋势异常、短期异常和短临异常,短临异常出现在震前2个月以内,多数表现为温度升高,异常变化幅度在0.005～0.25℃之间;短期异常多数为震前温度下降,变化幅度在0.01～0.04℃之间;中期趋势异常中,既有上升型异常,也有上升转折型异常,变化幅度在0.03～0.4℃之间.这种配套性前兆异常有利于震前异常的识别和地震预测意见的提出.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.