三维倾斜界面PS转换波CMP道集时距及参数估计

在PS转换波资料处理过程中,往往需要联合P波资料提供相应的模型.在实际应用中存在P波和PS转换波层位对比困难.本文仅利用PS转换波数据,通过三维倾斜界面PS转换波CMP道集精确时距关系推导了近似时距解析表达式;分析了PS波的精确与近似时距关系随测线方位、界面倾角与倾向的变化规律及其拟合误差;并讨论了近似时距关系的三个时距参数随方位的变化特征;理论上给出描述时距的三维倾斜界面倾角、倾向、深度、纵波速度和横波速度这5个独立参数的估计方法,并通过理论模拟数据证明了该方法的可行性.     

利用地震转换波探测地壳、上地幔构造试验

当远震P波通过地壳、上地幔速度界面时,除了产生PP型折射波,还产生一系列PS型折射转换波.这类PS转换波与初至P波之间的到时差,可用来测定地壳和上地幔构造. 转换波测深法首次在我国鲁西夏津-高唐地区和京西昌平地区进行了试验应用.为提高转换波震相识别的可靠性,在资料分析中采用了偏振滤波的方法.工作结果获得了上述两地区的深部构造剖面图.转换波法与爆炸地震法所得结果之对比表明,两者的主要界面基本一致.     

利用近震转换波探测地壳深部构造的研究

本文对近震PS折射转换波的运动学和动力学特征进行了初步的研究,并且提出了识别近震PS转换波的主要参考标志。利用这些标志分析了邢台地区某些测点的近震转换波资料,所测出的转换界面深度与爆炸地震法得出的主要结果基本一致。因此,近震PS转换波法是探测区域地壳深部构造的一种有效方法。      

各向同性薄层反射理论地震图

本文在各向同性介质假设下,计算了薄层顶、底反射P波和PS波的理论地震图.理论模拟发现薄层的反射P波与PS波是一复合波,包括层内的多次透射和反射转换波型,且具有类似单一界面反射的、脉冲式的波形特征.两类薄层反射整体振幅随着薄层厚度的降低而缩小;在地震子波主频40 Hz条件下,2 m左右厚度的薄层反射相比单一界面反射具有等同的振幅水平.1 m以下极薄层仅有弱反射甚至无反射;薄层反射复合波振幅与炮检距的关系依然成立,但不惟一;单界面反射AVO原理、方法不适用于薄层反射解释与反演.     

地震转换波测深中PS转换震相的分离和参数测定

转换波测深的实践表明,PS 波转换震相的波形长度往往超过来自相邻界面 PS 转换波之间的到时差,因此来自相邻界面的 PS 转换波的相互干涉,常组成复杂的干涉波系列.采用目测方法只能分出其中某些优势震相.本文介绍了转换波干涉震相的分离、参数测定和识别的计算机分析方法.计算实例表明,改进后的分离干涉波算法具有计算速度快、分离干涉波的能力强和精度高等优点.对提高转换波测深的分辨率和可靠性有重要意义.      

PS转换波界面二次源法射线追踪

界面二次源法是最近提出的一种最小走时射线追踪方法，尤其适合层状介质中走时和射线路径的计算.该方法相对于传统的最小走时树方法（如Moser法），仅在物性界面上设置二次源，射线路径的方向只在层界面处发生改变，该方法最大程度地消除了射线路径的锯齿状现象，同时也避免了低变速区的射线路径多值现象，因此，它具有更高的追踪精度和效率.本文采用界面二次源法在各向同性介质中实现了PS转换波射线追踪，理论模型的计算证实了界面二次源法追踪PS转换波的准确性和高效性，同时该方法在各向异性介质中也很好地追踪出分离的PSV波和PSH波，因此该方法有利于横波分裂在地震勘探中的研究和应用     

汶川MS8.0地震前后远震PS转换波与P波到时差的变化特征

利用远震初至波穿越地壳、上地幔等速度界面时产生的一系列PS型透射转换波,测定远震PS转换波与初至P波的到时差Δt_(PS)=t_(PS)-t_P随时间的变化特征,有可能监测孕震区转换界面以上有限的地层空间内介质物性的变化。选取2001—2012年作为研究时段,通过四川地震台网的YZP和JJS 2个台站记录到的兴都库什、苏门答腊南部地区2组震中距变化3°的远震数据,得到2个台站在2008年5月12日汶川M_S8. 0地震前后记录的PS转换波与初至P波到时差Δt_(PS)的变化特征。结果表明,在2006年以前Δt_(PS)有一个缓慢增大的过程;汶川地震前约2a内Δt_(PS)出现明显的降低过程,最大降幅达0. 2～0. 3s,超过测量误差4～5倍;震前2～3个月低值有一定程度的回返。文中讨论了可能引起Δt_(PS)变化的原因,分析表明文中提出的远震转换波法在地震监测中有很好的应用前景,值得进行进一步实验研究。     

天然地震PS转换波动力学特征的初步研究

本文根据合成理论地震图的广义射线理论,并应用自行编写的FORTRAN计算程序,研究了单一界面、薄层和迭层界面上形成的PS转换波的动力学特征,讨论了沉积盖层及上部地壳介质吸收对转换波的影响。     

接收函数方法及其新的进展

远震P波波形数据中包含了大量地震台站下方地壳和上地幔速度间断面所产生的PS转换波及其多次反射波的信息，由此提取的接收函数是了解地壳上地幔速度细结构的重要步骤手段之一．最近几年，接收函数和面波联合反演方法获得了较大的成功，两种分别对两种波形进行拟合，对反演的速度结构提供了有效的约束．地震勘探中的一些成熟技术被引进接收函数的数据处理，使其可用于地壳和上地幔主要速度界面的侧向变化研究．为增强接收函数的信噪比，将不同事件提取的接收函数进行分类，按方位角进行叠加，可以反应一些速度界面的横向变化．接收函数方法可用于PS转换震相的剪切波分裂研究．泊松比是推测地球内部物质构成的有效参数之一．接收函数方法分离出的转换波为获取泊松比提供了一条行之有效的便捷途径，单一的地震台远震记录中转换波可以估计点位下面地壳Vp/Vs值．另一方面，一些最新的反演技术被引入接收函数的反演．例如，格子收索方法力图解决接收函数反演中的不稳定性和非唯一性问题，格子搜索设计比较容易地结合先验约束并保证搜索是全空间的，避免了使用任何初始模型．该方法能保证在格子的间隔和参数的限度内获得全局最小，该方法被用于中东、南美及临近地区的深部结构．相邻算法是基于计算几何的概念而构建的一种非线性反演方法．该方法避免了此前一些方法(遗传算法、模拟退火)的一些缺陷，如大量样本的舍弃、过多参数的引进等，该算法对我国的五大连池和腾冲火山区的深部结构的反演，以及滇西地区的深部动力学研究获得了良好的效果．     

地震转换波测深中二次反射波震相的识别和利用

二次反射波震相的识别和利用对于进一步发展地震转换波测深法有重要意义。本文利用合成地震图方法,分析研究了短周期远震三分量初始30秒记录中主要震相的运动学和动力学特征。文中集中分析了PPP和PPS型二次波震相的振幅、波形和到时差等特征,及其与震中距、界面两侧波速差、界面结构和介质吸收等因素的关系。讨论了综合利用PS波和二次波震相的到时差资料测定介质速度参数的方法,并介绍了应用实例。     

VARIATION OF THE TRAVEL TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TELESEISMIC PS CONVERTED WAVE AND PP TRANSMITTED WAVE IN FOCAL REGION BEFORE AND AFTER WENCHUAN MS8.0 EARTHQUAKE

When P waves from distant earthquakes meet a velocity discontinuity in the earth's crust and upper mantle, they give rise to a series of converted PS waves besides PP refracted waves. It is possible to monitor the variation of the physical properties of the medium in the limited formation space above the transition zone of the seismogenic zone by measuring the time difference between the teleseismic PS converted wave and the first arrival P wave, that is, time-variation Δt_PS=t_PS-t_P. The advantage of this method is that the transition point of the teleseismic source with similar source is relatively stable at the transition interface, and the accuracy of the measured relative time is high, and the change of the medium in a small range of the seismogenic zone above the conversion interface can be monitored. This paper studies the variation of the travel time difference Δt_PS in focal region before and after Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. We select 2001 to 2012 as the research period, use teleseismic waveforms which occurred in the southern region of Sumatra and Hindu Kush area recorded by Sichuan station YZP and JJS. These teleseisms satisfy 5.0 ≤ M ≤ 6.5, and their waveform signal-to-noise ratio is high with clear initial P-wave motion. The epicentral distance of teleseisms is less than 3 degrees. Then we obtain the variation of the travel time difference Δt_PS between teleseismic PS converted wave and PP transmitted wave recorded during the study period in the two stations. The results show that there is a slow increasing trend of Δt_PS before 2006, and an obvious low value process of Δt_PS appeared in the period about 2 years before the Wenchuan earthquake. The maximum decline was about 0.2~0.3s, more than 4~5 times the measurement error. The low value has a certain degree of return about 2~3 months before the earthquake. The change of arrival time difference indicates that the medium is in different states in different periods of seismogenic process. The sharp decrease in Δt_PS from 2006 to January 2008 may be due to the strong disturbance caused by the stress accumulation of the medium. At this stage, the velocity of P wave and S wave increases with the increase of stress, and the increase of S wave velocity will result in the decrease of Δt_PS. The change of Δt_PS is greatly affected by S wave velocity, so Δt_PS appears to decrease rapidly. Regarding the low value that has a certain degree of return about 2~3 months before the Wenchuan earthquake, the possible reason is that the release of stress is much higher than the accumulation of stress in meta-instability stage. At this stage, the velocity of S wave decreases and the decrease of S wave causes Δt_PS to increase. Then, the Wenchuan earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred. It is shown that the teleseismic converted wave method in this paper can monitor the variation of medium's wave velocity before large earthquakes, and it has a good prospect in seismic monitoring and worth further experimental study.     

Converted wave seismic imaging in the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada

Seismic imaging for mineral exploration in hardrock environment has typically relied on P-waves recorded using vertical component geophones. Here we demonstrate the potential of using P-to-S converted waves for mineral exploration by applying converted wave processing to high-resolution 3-component data acquired in the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada. Inferences regarding the relative value of PS data are made through comparison with corresponding PP images, interpretation with geological constraints, and by comparison with modeling results. Modeling results show that the horizontal component data provide a robust means of separating the PS conversions from the PP reflections in converted wave processing whereas contamination by PP energy is more severe if the vertical component data are used. A customized processing workflow has been developed in which horizontal component data are sorted into common-reflection point gathers by the application of the converted wave dip-moveout operator. The PS images are characterized by lower signal-to-noise ratios than the PP images due to the smaller S-wave impedance contrasts associated with the main lithologic units and the angular dependence of P-to-S conversion. An exception to this occurs for PS reflections from the ore zones which are accentuated on the PS images relative to the background host-rock reflectivity. There are discrepancies in the reflection dips and positions observed on corresponding PP and PS sections that are not fully explained. They can be partly attributed to the non-coincidence of subsurface spatial sampling associated with common-depth points versus common-conversion points, with an additional complication associated with the known 3D geology. Vp/Vs ratios determined by correlation of reflections observed on PP and PS images can provide a limited means of lithological discrimination.     

基于能量密度的自解耦互相关成像条件

基于能量密度构建的弹性波能量成像条件,可以准确提取弹性波场的能量信息,并可以有效压制背向散射.但是该成像条件得到的成像结果将所有弹性波场能量信息耦合在一起,难以区分纯波模式的能量信息.为此,我们从势能及动能两方面将能量场解耦,得到纯纵波（PP）、纯横波（SS）、转换波（C）能量场.根据能量守恒定律,基于Helmholtz原理对位移场的空间导数进行因式分解,将弹性势能自解耦得到纯纵波、纯横波及转换波势能;引入体应力构建得到P波及S波速度,将弹性动能分解为纯纵波、纯横波和转换波动能.从而,构建基于能量密度自解耦得到纯波能量互相关成像条件.数值实验表明自解耦成像条件可实现弹性波场能量的分解,并得到背向散射压制、振幅有效保持的PP波、SS波和C波成像结果.     

角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

VTI介质纯P波混合法正演模拟及稳定性分析

各向异性介质纯P波方程完全不受横波的干扰,在一定程度上可以减缓由于介质各向异性引起的数值不稳定,本文推导了具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质纯P波一阶速度-应力方程.由于纯P波方程存在一个分数形式的伪微分算子,无法直接采用有限差分法求解.针对该问题,本文采用伪谱法和高阶有限差分法联合求解波动方程,重点分析了混合法求解纯P波一阶速度-应力方程的稳定性问题,并给出了混合法求解纯P波方程的稳定性条件.数值模拟结果表明纯P波方程伪谱法和高阶有限差分混合法能够进行复杂介质的正演模拟,在强变速度、变密度的地球介质中仍然具有较好的稳定性.     

2D and 3D amplitude-preserving elastic reverse time migration based on the vector-decomposed P- and S-wave records

The elastic reverse time migration approach based on the vector-wavefield decomposition generally uses the scalar product imaging condition to image the multicomponent seismic data. However, the resulting images contain the crosstalk artefacts and the polarity reversal problems, which are caused by the nonphysical wave modes and the angle-dependent reduction of image amplitudes, respectively. To overcome these two problems, we develop an amplitude-preserving elastic reverse time migration approach based on the vector-decomposed P- and S-wave seismic records. This approach includes two key points. The first is that we employ the vector-decomposed P- and S-wave multicomponent records to independently reconstruct the PP and PS reflection images to mitigate the crosstalk artefacts. The second is that we propose two schemes in addressing the issue of polarity reversal problem in the conventional PP image. One solution is to adopt the angle-dependent equation. Another one is to reconstruct an amplitude-preserving PP image with a separated scalar P-wave particle velocity, which has a clear physical meaning. Numerical examples using two-dimensional and three-dimensional models demonstrate that the proposed elastic reverse time migration approach can provide the images with better amplitude-preserving performance and fewer crosstalk artefacts, compared with the conventional elastic reverse time migration approach based on the scalar product imaging condition.     

基于Russell近似的纵横波联合反演方法研究

PP波和PS波联合反演方法作为有效的地震技术,比单纯纵波反演精度要高,能够提高地震储层识别的精度.以Russell近似理论为基础,推导了新的转换波AVO近似公式,双层模型界面的反射特征数值模拟显示,新公式具有较高的近似精度,且具备直接反演流体因子f、剪切模量μ和密度ρ等参数的优势,有效避免间接反演带来的误差.结合纵横波联合反演理论,提出了基于贝叶斯理论的新型联合反演算法.在实际应用中,对纵波和转换波角道集进行同相轴匹配处理,综合利用纵波和转换波资料携带的信息,实现基于Russell近似的多波联合反演.模型数据和实际资料测试结果表明,反演结果与真实值或测井结果匹配度较高,证实该方法真实有效.     

PP-PS协同反演技术预测大庆深层火山岩含气储层

徐深气田深层火山岩含气储层含气检测尚缺乏有效的方法,传统的纵波反演由于反演过程中仅仅使用单个模型的波,反演结果存在多解性.PP、PS联合反演方法较好地解决了多解性难题,反演结果比较稳定,可信度较高.通过在大庆深层火山岩探区采集2D3C多波资料,并进行处理技术攻关,综合利用测井、VSP等资料,利用PP、PS联合反演技术进...     

3D description and inversion of reflection moveout of PS‐waves in anisotropic media

Common‐midpoint moveout of converted waves is generally asymmetric with respect to zero offset and cannot be described by the traveltime series t²(x²) conventionally used for pure modes. Here, we present concise parametric expressions for both common‐midpoint (CMP) and common‐conversion‐point (CCP) gathers of PS‐waves for arbitrary anisotropic, horizontally layered media above a plane dipping reflector. This analytic representation can be used to model 3D (multi‐azimuth) CMP gathers without time‐consuming two‐point ray tracing and to compute attributes of PS moveout such as the slope of the traveltime surface at zero offset and the coordinates of the moveout minimum. In addition to providing an efficient tool for forward modelling, our formalism helps to carry out joint inversion of P and PS data for transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI media). If the medium above the reflector is laterally homogeneous, P‐wave reflection moveout cannot constrain the depth scale of the model needed for depth migration. Extending our previous results for a single VTI layer, we show that the interval vertical velocities of the P‐ and S‐waves (V_P0 and V_S0) and the Thomsen parameters ε and δ can be found from surface data alone by combining P‐wave moveout with the traveltimes of the converted PS(PSV)‐wave. If the data are acquired only on the dip line (i.e. in 2D), stable parameter estimation requires including the moveout of P‐ and PS‐waves from both a horizontal and a dipping interface. At the first stage of the velocity‐analysis procedure, we build an initial anisotropic model by applying a layer‐stripping algorithm to CMP moveout of P‐ and PS‐waves. To overcome the distorting influence of conversion‐point dispersal on CMP gathers, the interval VTI parameters are refined by collecting the PS data into CCP gathers and repeating the inversion. For 3D surveys with a sufficiently wide range of source–receiver azimuths, it is possible to estimate all four relevant parameters (V_P0, V_S0, ε and δ) using reflections from a single mildly dipping interface. In this case, the P‐wave NMO ellipse determined by 3D (azimuthal) velocity analysis is combined with azimuthally dependent traveltimes of the PS‐wave. On the whole, the joint inversion of P and PS data yields a VTI model suitable for depth migration of P‐waves, as well as processing (e.g. transformation to zero offset) of converted waves.