电离层诸参量对大气重力波的响应与重力波参数反演

本文利用欧洲非相干散射雷达数据,分析研究了电离层不同等离子体参量对大气重力波的响应之间的关系.应用这种关系,发展了一种在垂直于地磁场的电场可以忽略等简化假设下,由电子密度和离子沿场速度的同时测量数据,反演求解较高（约250km以上）F区中引起TID的重力波传播参数的方法.用此法对一典型TID事件进行分析计算,所得结果与全波解数值研究结果很好符合.     

重力波波包在向上传播过程中的破碎

采用二维全隐欧拉（FICE）格式对具有高斯分布的重力波波包在可压大气中传播时的饱和过程进行数值模拟和分析．数值计算结果表明,波振幅首先随高度增加而增加,但当波振幅接近于线性不稳定性给出的阈值时,不再增加,重力波波包达到饱和进而破碎．破碎出现的高度（86．50km）比线性理论预言的结果（84．59km）要高一些,并且一般都在波包的下游出现．波破碎过程能使波能量在空间重新分配,并对重力波能量有明显的耗散作用．并且波破碎会使波相关能量传输方向偏离线性射线理论的射线路径．     

对流层上传重力波的非线性演化

利用二维全隐欧拉格式对重力波在可压、非等温大气中的非线性传播过程进行了数值模拟和分析.分析结果表明，从对流层顶激发的重力波能稳定地经平流层传到中层顶，从而将能量和动量从一个区域带到另一个区域；在向上传播过程中，重力波经历了发展、位温翻转、对流直至最终破碎的演变；重力波的破碎是对流和小尺度波动的重要的源，对流不稳定和翻转是非线性现象的一个基本特征.计算还显示，扰动源的大小直接影响着重力波的非线性传播过程，当扰动源足够小时，重力波能稳定传播，而大振幅扰动可以加速重力波的破碎.     

利用中国GPS站网对地震波引发的大尺度电离层扰动的观测

地震瑞利波在沿地表传输时衰减很慢,其能量在远离震中的区域仍然能够激发大气和电离层扰动.本文利用中国境内的GPS接收机网络观测电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC),分析了 2011年日本地震后在中国区域上空产生的电离层扰动.研究发现,瑞利波的能量从地面经大气耦合传输到电离层高度,导致在中国区域上空电离层出现与瑞利波传播同步的TEC扰动.利用中东部的稠密接收机网络,还揭示了扰动的大尺度二维空间结构:瑞利波经过后产生的TEC扰动呈条带状,在中纬度地区沿西北—东南方向排列,而在低纬度大致为东西方向.条带的转向可能与地磁场作用下的中性-离子耦合过程有关,大气波动导致的等离子扰动倾向于沿磁力线方向(向南)传播,从而形成垂直磁力线方向(东西)的波前结构.这是首次在远离震中的区域使用GPS站网研究地震波耦合电离层扰动的大尺度二维空间结构.     

岩石层—大气层—电离层耦合作为震前大气层和电离层短临事件的影响机制

介绍了大气层和电离层震前现象机制的基本观念。简短回顾了观测结果后,我们得出结论：1．流体下层物质（气泡）向上迁移能导致近地表的热水／气体被逐出,并在强度弱化的地区引发地震;2．因此,气泡出现的时间和地点是随机的,但是地震、地球化学异常和前震（地震、SA和超低频电磁异常）是随机关联的;3．大气温度和密度扰动跟随着震前热水／气体释放,导致产生周期为6～60min的大气重力波（AGW）;4．地震引发的大气重力波能导致电离层扰动变化并导致大气层中地平线上无线电波传播、下部电离层低频波扰动和地面超低频辐射衰减的变化。     

利用COSMIC RO数据分析青藏高原平流层重力波活动特征

本文利用2006年5月至2013年4月COSMIC干温廓线数据,提取了青藏高原地区大气重力波势能,以此研究了青藏高原大气重力波势能的分布频率模型和大气重力波活动的时空变化特征,并进一步分析了高原大气重力波活动与高原地形、风速和高原大陆热辐射之间的相关性.青藏高原地区大气重力波势能的分布频率服从对数生长分布;青藏高原地区大气重力波在16~18km和28~31km高度较活跃,而在20~26km高度较平静;高原大陆边缘各季节重力波活动均较活跃,而高原大陆上空大气重力波活动呈明显季节性变化,其在冬春季节较活跃,在夏秋季节较平静;2010年冬季青藏高原大气重力波活动异常平静;各季节整个高原上空大气重力波活跃度有随大气高度升高而降低的趋势,高原上低层大气重力波向高层传播会发生耗散作用.地形与风速是影响青藏高原大气重力波活动的重要因素.地形主要影响平流层底部的重力波活动;纬向风比经向风对该地区平流层大气重力波活动的影响大,纬向风总体上会促进高原大气重力波活动.青藏高原大陆热辐射对高原大气的加热作用是导致青藏高原大气重力波活动呈季节性变化的重要因素.     

基于中国东港台站的OH气辉成像观测数据对重力波波源的事件分析

利用东港（40°N,124°E）台站于2013年9月15—16日的OH气辉成像观测数据报告了两个重力波事件（1和2）.同时,结合北京十三陵（40.3°N,116.2°E）台站的多普勒流星雷达风场数据和位于39.4°N,130.6°E位置处的SABER/TIMED卫星的温度参数分析发现,观测的两个重力波事件于2013年9月15—16日02∶00—03∶00 LT时间段,和70~110 km高度是自由传播的.利用反射线追踪方法分析表明,重力波事件1和事件2分别产生于（39.3°N,117.2°E）和（47.1°N,121.3°E）.且事件1的波源位置与对流活动和大气向上向下运动过程中产生的不稳定性吻合较好.然而,通过ECMWF再分析资料和MTSAT卫星观测数据分析表明,事件2可能由对流活动或大气向上运动过程中可能产生的不稳定性导致.利用MERRA自地面到约70 km高度的风场数据分析表明,观测的重力波事件1和事件2的水平相速度分别是83.5 m·s^-1（事件1）和80.1 m·s^-1（事件2）,均大于低层-中层大气风速-10~45 m·s^-1.因此,观测的两个重力波事件是可能从低层大气传播到中层-低热层大气的.     

不同太阳活动及地磁条件下的电导率分布变化

电离层电导率在不同的太阳活动和地磁条件下会发生变化. 本文通过中性大气经验模式NRLMSISE_00（Neutral Atmosphere Empirical Model_2000，简称NRLMSISE_00）和电离层经验模式IRI_2001（International Reference Ionosphere_2001，简称IRI_2001）计算电离层的电子、离子碰撞频率以及电导率，并简要讨论了120 km和300 km高度上的电导率在不同季节、不同太阳活动和地磁指数下的经纬分布. 结果显示，电导率的分布与日照密切相关，且随太阳活动的变化而变化. 磁暴时电导率随地磁活动的变化相对于随太阳活动的变化要小，在120?km高度，磁暴期间电导率在低纬地区和高纬地区发生不同变化，且Pedersen电导率和Hall电导率变化趋势相反，向两极靠近，电导率变化幅度略有增长；在300?km高度上，磁暴对低纬地区和高纬地区电导率的影响要比120?km处大，Pedersen电导率和Hall电导率变化趋势相同，且越向两极靠近电导率的变化幅度越大.     

台风“麦莎”（Matsa）诱发平流层重力波的数值模拟

本文利用新一代中尺度预报模式WRF-ARW（V3.0）对2005年台风＂麦莎＂诱发的平流层重力波进行了数值模拟研究.覆盖整个＂麦莎＂台风主要生命史为期8天的模拟再现了＂麦莎＂的主要特征,与观测资料进行对比,模拟结果在台风基本特征（路径、强度、螺旋云带分布）以及平流层大气平均状态方面上,都与观测资料有较好的一致性.在此基础上,对＂麦莎＂诱发的平流层重力波进行了分析研究,分析结果表明：伴随台风向西北方向移动,在其上空以台风为中心的区域中,持续地出现显著平流层重力波,这些波动呈弧状的波阵面离开台风,并主要在背景流的上游中传播.这些波动特征表明了平流层重力波与台风之间存在紧密联系,我们把这种波动称为＂热带气旋-平流层重力波＂.模拟结果还显示,这些波动应该具有相当大的水平尺度,才使得在20km高度上清晰的波阵面出现在距台风中心1000km以外的位置,这与过去的观测分析结果揭示的与台风相伴的平流层大尺度重力波现象是一致的.     

台风“梅花”诱发平流层重力波的数值模拟与AIRS观测

为了分析台风这类强对流诱发平流层重力波的过程,本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF-ARW(V3.5)和卫星高光谱红外大气探测器AIRS数据对2011年第9号强热带气旋"梅花"的重力波特征进行了分析.首先,针对模式输出的垂直速度场资料的分析表明,台风在对流层各个方向上几乎都具有诱发重力波的能量,而在平流层内则呈现出只集中于台风中心以东的半圆弧状波动,且重力波到达平流层后其影响的水平范围可达1000km.此外,平流层波动与对流层雨带在形态、位置以及尺度上均具有一定的相似性.其次,对风场的分析结果表明,不同高度上波动形态的差异主要是由于重力波垂直上传的过程中受到了平流层向西传的背景风场以及风切变的调制作用,揭示了重力波逆着背景流垂直上传的特征.随后,基于FFT波谱分析的结果表明,"梅花"诱发的平流层重力波水平波长中心值达到了1000km,周期在15~25h,垂直波长主要在8~12km.最后,利用AIRS观测资料分析了平流层30~40km高度上的大气波动,得到了与数值模拟结果相一致的半圆弧状波动.对比结果也验证了WRF对台风诱发平流层重力波的波动形态、传播方向、不同时刻扰动强度的变化以及影响范围的模拟效果.此外,也揭示了多资料的结合对比有助于更加全面地了解台风诱发平流层重力波的波动特征.     

Ionospheric Response to the Acoustic Gravity Wave Singularity

An original model of atmospheric wave propagation from ground sources to the ionosphere in the atmosphere with a realistic high-altitude temperature profile is analyzed. Shaping of a narrow domain with elevated pressure in the resonance region where the horizontal phase wave velocity is equal to the sound velocity is examined theoretically within the framework of linearized Eq.s. Numerical simulations for the model profiles of atmospheric temperature and viscosity confirm analytical result for the special feature of wave fields. The formation of the narrow domain with plasma irregularities in the D and low E ionospheric layers caused by the acoustic gravity wave singularity is discussed.     

地震电离层异常电场模拟及初步研究

强地震会造成电离层电场发生异常变化.基于大气层-电离层电动力学理论对地震电离层异常电场开展数值模拟和研究,将理论推导出来的电离层异常电场方程扩展到球面坐标系中,并且考虑到电离层层电导率的各向异性,建立新的地震电离层异常电场模式.引进一个电离层层电导率经验公式(Nopper and Carovillano,1979),对中低纬度地震电离层异常电场特性进行数值模拟.模拟结果表明:附加电流引起电离层异常电场范围远大于自身在地表上的分布.且发生在低纬地区的异常电场主要成分是纬向电场,在东西两侧显偶极子分布.在额外电流分布相同的情况下,夜晚生成的异常电场更显著,存在昼夜差异.     

雷暴激发的环状重力波在中高层大气中的传播特征

本文使用中国科学院国家空间科学中心——子午工程朔州观测站的全天空气辉成像数据,以及FY-2气象卫星云顶亮温数据（Black Body Temperature,TBB）,气象再分析数据和地闪数据,研究了2013年8月10日（LT）发生在内蒙古地区的雷暴活动激发的中高层环状重力波（Concentric Gravity Waves,CGWs）事件.根据最小二乘法的拟合结果和色散关系理论曲线,确定了激发中高层环状重力波的强对流系统,该对流中心位于内蒙古自治区中部（108.9°E,40.47°N）,重力波激发于雷暴初期,此时TBB低于220 K的深对流面积较小,随着时间的推移,该次雷暴活动越来越强,深对流面积在23：00达到最大,在23：30-24：00 LT时闪电频数最高,达到120.7 fl/min,随后深对流逐渐消散.在中高层87 km处OH（羟基）气辉层观测到的一次CGWs事件的两组波纹,分别沿水平方向传播了149.64 km和174.25 km,相应位置处的水平波长分别为12.67 km和16.75 km,周期分别为8.56 min和10.72 min,激发时间分别为19：34 LT和19：40 LT;随着水平传播距离的增加,CGWs水平波长增大.     

Calculation of atmospheric electric fields penetrating from the ionosphere

The spatial distributions of electric fields and currents in the Earth’s atmosphere are calculated. Electric potential distributions typical of substorms and quiet geomagnetic conditions are specified in the ionosphere. The Earth is treated as a perfect conductor. The atmosphere is considered as a spherical layer with a given height dependence of electrical conductivity. With the chosen conductivity model and an ionospheric potential of 300 kV with respect to the Earth, the electric field near the ground is vertical and reaches 110 Vm⁻¹. With the 60-kV potential difference in the polar cap of the ionosphere, the electric field disturbances with a vertical component of up to 13 V m⁻¹ can occur in the atmosphere. These disturbances are maximal near the ground. If the horizontal scales of field nonuniformity are over 100 km, the vertical component of the electric field near the ground can be calculated with the one-dimensional model. The field and current distributions in the upper atmosphere can be obtained only from the three-dimensional model. The numerical method for solving electrical conductivity problems makes it possible to take into account conductivity inhomogeneities and the ground relief.     

Electromagnetic and plasma effects during a carrier rocket flight

The disturbance generation model for the total electron content of the ionosphere and formation of the narrowband spectrum of electromagnetic disturbance on the Earth during a rocket flight along the horizontal leg of the trajectory has been considered. It has been indicated that a change in the total electron content is caused by the propagation of an acoustic gravity wave pulse, generated during a rocket flight along the horizontal trajectory leg, in the ionosphere. This pulse forms horizontal inhomogeneities of ionospheric conductivity in the bottomside ionosphere. Electric currents, induced by the background electromagnetic field in these inhomogeneities, are emitters of discrete modes of coherent gyrotropic waves propagating horizontally in a conductive layer of a finite thickness in the bottomside ionosphere. The line spectrum of electromagnetic disturbances has been calculated. The calculation results agree with the observational data.     

Equivalent gravity modes—An interim evaluation

Abstract

The behavior of the main solar semidiurnal tidal mode in a dissipative atmosphere is studied both in a rotating spherical atmosphere and by means of the equivalent gravity mode approximation. The former involves the neumerical solution of a two dimensional partial differential equation which (due to the presence of friction) is non-separable. The latter involves approximating the tidal mode at the equator by means of an internal gravity wave on a non-rotating plane; this approximation has been used extensively in earlier studies of the behavior of atmospheric tides in the thermosphere where viscosity assumes dominant importance. In the present study, dissipation is modelled by Newtonian cooling and Rayleigh. friction, both of which are taken to increase inversely with mean density. Coefficients are chosen to crudely simulate the effects of molecular viscosity and conductivity. The results of this study provide an opportunity to evaluate the equivalent gravity mode formalism. Our main findings are:

(i) Below 130 km, where friction is unimportant, equivalent gravity mode results are, for all practical purposes, identical to those at the equator obtained from a spherical calculation.

(ii) Above 130 km amplitudes over the equator obtained from the spherical calculation are about 30% smaller than those obtained from the equivalent gravity mode calculations. Also, there is a 15°xs (½ hour) difference in phase.

(iii) The amplitude reduction over the equator, cited above, is associated with a broadening of the latitude distribution of amplitude for the oscillatory pressure and temperature fields within the thermosphere. There is also a significant variation of phase with latitude within the thermosphere. Associated with the above variations are significant changes in the latitude distribution of horizontal velocity within the thermosphere.     

Theory of EM monitoring of sea bottom geothermal areas

Monitoring of geophysical conditions of marine sedimentary basins is necessary for predicting seismic events and for adaptation of geothermal technologies for seismically active (as a rule) sea bottom geothermal areas. These conditions are characterized by seismo-hydro-electromagnetic (EM) geophysical field interaction in the presence of gravity. Based on the main physical principles, geophysical and petrophysical data, we formulate a mathematical model of seismo-hydro-EM interaction in a basin of a marginal sea and calculate the transformation of a seismic excitation in the upper mantle under the central part of the sea of Japan into the low-frequency (0.1 to 10 Hz) EM signals at the top of the sea bottom sedimentary layer, at the sea surface and in the atmosphere up to the lower boundary of the ionosphere. Physics of the EM generation and propagation process is shown including: generation of EM waves in the upper mantle layer M by a seismic wave from under M, spatial modulation of diffusive EM waves by a seismic wave, stopping of the EM wave arrived (before the seismic P wave) from the upper mantle at the top of the sediments because of the high electric conductivity of seawater (3.5 S/m), immediate penetration of the EM wave through the seawater thickness after the delayed seismic P wave shock into the sea bottom, and EM emission from the sea surface into the atmosphere. Let us note that the EM signal in the sea bottom sediments is the first measurable signal of a seismic activation of geological structures beneath the seafloor and this signal is protected by seawater from the influence ionosphere disturbances. Amplitude of the computed magnetic signals (300, 200, 50, and 30 pT at the ocean–atmosphere interface and at the height of 10, 30 and 50 km, respectively), their predominant frequency (0.25 Hz), the delay of the seismic P wave in regard to the magnetic signal for the receivers at the shore (20 s), the amplitude of temperature disturbances in sediments (up to 0.02 K), the parameters of the long (150 km) tsunami wave of a small (up to 20 cm) amplitude far from the shore and other values that characterize the seismo-hydro-EM process are of the orders observed. Recommendations for the EM monitoring of dynamic processes beneath seafloor geothermal areas are given.     

Formation of large-scale disturbances in the upper atmosphere caused by acoustic gravity wave sources on the Earth’s surface

The results of a model study of the acoustic gravity wave (AGW) propagation from the Earth’s surface to the upper atmospheric altitudes have been considered. Numerical calculations have been performed using a nonhydrostatic model of the atmosphere, which takes into account nonlinear and dissipative processes originating when waves propagate upward. The model source of atmospheric disturbances has been specified in an area localized on the Earth’s surface. The disturbance source frequency spectrum includes harmonics at frequencies of 0.5ωg-1.5ωg (ωg is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency near the Earth’s surface). The calculations indicated that AGW propagation and dissipation over the source result in the fact that the region of large-scale spatial disturbances of the upper atmosphere mean state is formed at ～200 km altitudes. This region substantially affects AGW propagation and results in waveguide propagation of AGWs with periods shorter than the Väisälä-Brunt period at the altitude of a disturbed atmosphere. The dissipation of AGWs propagating in such a waveguide results in a waveguide horizontal expansion. The extension of the disturbed region of the mean state of the upper atmosphere and, consequently, the waveguide length can reach ～1000 km, if the AGW ground source operates for ～1 h. The physical mechanism by which large-scale disturbances are formed in the upper atmosphere, based on the propagation and dissipation of AGWs with periods shorter than the Väisälä-Brunt period in the upper atmosphere, explains why these disturbances are rapidly generated and localized above AGW sources located on the Earth’s surface or in the lower atmosphere.     

Observations of short-period waves with an all-sky camera in the infrared airglow above Yakutsk

The parameters of internal gravity waves detected based on the variations in the hydroxyl molecule emission are statistically analyzed. The wave structures were registered with an all-sky infrared camera at Maimaga optical station (? = 63° N, λ = 129.5° E). The data obtained in the winter period of 1998–2002 are analyzed. In total, 162 waves, the majority of which propagated westward, were recorded. The wavelengths vary from 15.4 to 100 km (the average value is ～31 km); the observed horizontal phase velocities change from 19 to 166 m/s (the average value is ～60 m/s), and the estimated periods are 9–90 min (the average value is ～11 min). The statistical characteristics of the waves do not differ from those of similar waves at middle and low latitudes. The azimuthal dependence of the wave propagation direction is consistent with the theory of wave filtration by a background wind in the middle atmosphere. Probable sources of the waves are mountain ranges located at a distance of 200 km east of the observation site. Somewhat greater values of the mean wavelength and wave propagation velocities than those recorded at lower latitudes may be due to the lower loss of energy and velocity of the waves during their propagation from the source to the mesosphere, although other causes are not ruled out. Ripple-type waves have the same direction of propagation as band-type waves.     

Disturbances of the ionospheric conductivity owing to the generation of magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range by means of the heating of electrons by a ground-based high-power high-frequency transmitter

Experiments on the generation of artificial electromagnetic pulsations constitute an important part of investigations of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system with the use of an active action. The investigation of the generation of magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range has shown that the response of the ionosphere to heating is detected only in a few experiments. Although the primary perturbed parameter is the electron temperature, the efficiency of the generation of pulsations is determined by the perturbations of the ionospheric conductivity. The magnitude of these hertz perturbations depends complexly on the electron density profile and the parameters of a pump wave. The numerical experiment demonstrates the determining effect of the electron density in the D region on the magnitude of perturbations of the ionospheric conductivity. Under conditions of a low electron density, it is impossible to create a large perturbation of the conductivity in the Pc1 frequency range, although perturbations of the electron temperature can be large in this case. In view of a large number of electrons at altitudes of 70–90 km, which absorb a considerable fraction of the energy of a high-frequency wave, the electron temperature in the E region of the ionosphere cannot be sharply increased, but the amplitude of the variations of the ionospheric conductivity in this case is larger than that for the profiles with a low electron density. In the presence of the developed D region, the efficiency of the modification of the conductivity in the indicated frequency range can be increased by choosing the optimal frequency and polarization of the pump wave. A low efficiency of the experiments on the generation of artificial magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range is apparently explained by the fact that they were performed in winter in the absence of a well-developed D region of the ionosphere.