轴压作用下斗栱的精细化有限元模型研究

斗栱中斗与横栱之间的嵌压及摩擦作用是影响斗栱在轴压作用下力学性能的重要因素。基于木材的正交各向异性本构关系和Yamada-Sun强度准则,引入修正的库伦摩擦模型,开发了木材本构关系子程序及木材摩擦子程序,并将两种子程序联合编译形成用户子程序,使用该子程序建立了大式建筑单翘单昂柱头科斗栱的精细化分析模型。将精细化模型及不采用子程序的普通有限元模型与斗栱轴压试验进行对比分析,结果表明:精细化模型计算得到的荷载-位移曲线、各构件的内力和变形与试验结果更吻合,更能真实反映斗栱在轴压作用下的力学性能。     

中国古代大木作结构斗栱竖向承载力的试验研究

为探讨中国古代大木作结构斗栱在竖向地震作用下隔震、减震机理以及相应的竖向极限承载能力，对三个缩尺比为l／3．52的二等材计心造两跳五铺作斗栱进行了竖向荷载作用下的试验研究，得出了相应的P-△曲线。结果表明，在竖向荷载作用下：(1)斗栱结构特性可视为变刚度线弹性变化，可用单自由度的质量-弹簧-阻尼器模型来说明；(2)斗拱的破坏始于华栱中部的塑性变形和劈裂；(3)在地震动过程中，其运动的竖向传递率大约为0．019，说明斗栱在减小结构地震响应方面发挥了重要作用；(4)在正常使用阶段，斗拱的内力与变形不超过其极限承载力的l／7左右，强度裕度很大。这保证了很多中国古代木结构能够抵御许多强烈地震作用并且矗立千年而不倒。     

中国古代木构建筑抗震机理及抗震加固效果的试验研究

为探究中国古代大木作(带有斗栱的木构建筑)结构抗震机理和抗震加固的有效方法，对缩尺比为1／3．52二等材宫殿当心间模型在同样条件下分别进行了模拟地震动的振动台试验研究，测试了模型结构加速度、速度和位移的动力时程响应；模型结构的自震频率和阻尼比。结果表明，古代大木作结构的抗震机理主要表现为两个方面：(i)因柱根滑移而隔震;(ii)斗栱以及普柏枋因弹塑性变形和摩擦滑移消耗掉大量地震能以致结构减轻了震害。     

RPC面层加固约束空斗墙参数分析和抗震承载力研究

为弥补空斗墙抗震性能差和发挥活性粉末混凝土(RPC)的超高韧性,对1片未加固处理的空斗墙和2片由RPC面层加固处理的空斗墙分别进行拟静力试验,并结合有限元对三组试验进行参数分析。得出影响墙体抗震性能的主要因素有:墙体构造柱尺寸、轴压比、RPC单双面加固以及面层加固厚度。根据试验和有限元所得到的破坏特征,结合圈梁-构造柱对墙体的约束作用,引入等效受压斜撑模型,并量化圈梁-构造柱对墙体约束效应。基于圈梁-构造柱与墙体、RPC面层与被约束的墙体的协同受力特性,建立约束墙体及面层加固体墙的抗剪承载力的计算式。     

木构架承重-空斗墙围护民居抗震加固振动台试验研究

木构架承重-空斗墙围护民居大量分布在我国南方农村地区,该类民居整体性较差,历次地震中该类民居破坏较严重。采取高延性混凝土ECC面层加固围护空斗墙,扁钢、角钢及薄钢板增强木构架节点,穿墙钢筋捆绑木构架与围护墙体等加固措施。设计了1/2缩尺模型进行振动台试验,通过调整输入地震波峰值加速度来考虑不同水准地震烈度,分析了围护空斗墙损伤,探讨了模型频率与阻尼比变化特性,对比了围护空斗墙体与木构架加速度放大系数和位移包络值,并验证了二者在地震中的变形协调性。试验结果表明:（1）围护墙体仅在外侧出现明显裂缝,内侧ECC面层与墙体始终未脱离且未出现裂缝,围护墙整体性仍可得到一定保障;（2）木构架与钢加固件连接部位仅发生轻微破坏,木构架没有出现明显损伤;（3）木构架与围护墙体之间出现滑移,整体上二者协同抗震变形性能良好。该系列措施的加固效果较理想,适用于该类民居的抗震加固。     

ECC面层加固空斗墙抗震性能试验研究

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)具有高强度、高延性和水硬过程中粘结性能良好,在砌体加固工程中具有广泛的应用前景。通过对2片未加固、2片单面和2片双面ECC面层加固后空斗墙进行水平拟静力试验,对比加固不同砌法下单面和双面空斗墙破坏模式、滞回曲线、刚度退化、承载能力和延性性能,进而研究ECC面层加固对墙体抗震性能的影响。利用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用预留孔洞的整体建模方式进行有限元分析,对比了试验值与计算值。结果表明:ECC面层与砖墙之间粘结较可靠,ECC面层优越的材料抗力可以抵抗墙体承担的水平剪力;单、双面ECC面层加固后空斗墙体极限变形能力及极限承载力均得到大幅提升,试件延性和抗震性能同步改善;有限元计算的水平承载力值与试验值相差不大。     

空斗墙抗剪性能试验研究及有限元分析

通过24片1/2模型的空斗墙墙体和3片1/2模型的实砌墙体,在低周反复荷载下试验,研究3种砌筑方式的空斗墙在2种高宽比、4种砂浆强度和2种竖向压应力的影响下,墙体的抗剪承载力和破坏模式。建立有限元分析模型,分析砌筑方式、材料强度、高宽比和竖向压应力对空斗墙抗剪性能的影响。研究表明:不同砌筑方式的空斗墙极限荷载接近,约为实砌墙体的60%～85%;抗剪承载力随着砖和砂浆强度的提高而增大;抗剪承载力随着高宽比的增大而减小,破坏模式从剪切破坏转变为弯曲破坏;当N/Nu=0.6左右时,抗剪承载力最大。在此基础上提出空斗墙的抗剪强度计算公式。     

漾濞6.4级地震受损穿斗木结构农房振动台试验

2021年5月21日大理漾濞6.4级地震中大量传统穿斗木结构农房遭到破坏。首先对灾区大量现役的传统穿斗木结构土墙围护房屋进行建筑结构概述，然后利用已有的二层穿斗式木结构模型，采用黏弹性阻尼器加固木构架榫卯节点，通过输入此次地震中漾濞台(距震中7.9 km)记录到的EW向地震波开展振动台试验，最后，结合农房实际震害，在分析试验结果基础上归纳总结房屋震害规律和加固效果。研究结果表明：木结构模型能较好地反映漾濞地区该类房屋在地震中的振动特性，模型各层刚度和阻尼呈竖向不规则分布，木构架横向整体性高于纵向，层间耗能纵向以二层为主，横向比较均匀。无阻尼模型整体加速度放大系数在0.92～1.43之间，位移响应在输入地震动不大时以剪切变形为主，高烈度输入时弯曲变形增加，模型在加载过程中基本完整，满足大震不倒的要求。阻尼器可为榫卯节点提供附加刚度和阻尼，安装阻尼器后模型各层耗能能力增强，测点位移响应峰值明显减小，试验范围内，输入地震动越大，层间位移角降低越显著。     

1980年地球动态

现将别列人表1980年地球自转速率的变化和地极坐标值分有关说明可查本刊198。年第1、3期。表2地极坐标值2o期(贝塞尔年)表1地球自转角速度日期年月UT:系统UT,系统田△田/叭臼△勿/仍。1980.1 2 3 4 5 6 了 8 9 10 ll l27 .29211斗935 14941 14934 14918 14948 l庵988 15009 14998 1斗952 14924 1斗931 l斗9斗52912812923 132722 181 9020426630牛2952777 .292114946 14956 14962 l斗956 14956 l斗957 14949 149斗4 14930 14939 14961 1 4966275262252262261259271278296285255247年均值。:夕.29211斗9多2。△。/必。:267。的单位为10一,弧…     

漾濞6.4级地震穿斗木房屋震害特征及其原因简析

基于漾濞6.4级地震现场震害调查的结果,简要介绍了穿斗木构架民居的结构布置形式,对穿斗木结构的破坏现象进行分类和归纳,并得出穿斗木结构的整体破坏程度重于砌体结构与混凝土框架结构的结论。对比芦山7.0级地震中穿斗木结构震害较砌体结构和混凝土框架结构轻的现象,从地震动差异及围护墙差异两个方面给出了初步解释。结合现有的研究成果,对穿斗木结构的改进与加固提出了建议。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.