湖北省三峡库区秭归县头道河Ⅱ号滑坡特征及稳定性评价

针对湖北省三峡库区秭归县头道河Ⅱ号滑坡现状条件下的明显变形迹象,本文对该滑坡进行了综合的分析和研究,详细介绍了该滑坡的地质背景及滑坡特征。采用剩余推理法,对滑坡体在各种不同工况下的稳定性作了科学分析,并对滑坡体在三峡水库蓄水以后的稳定性作了合理评价。结果表明,滑坡体在目前状态下基本稳定,三峡水库蓄水以后,将对滑坡体稳定性产生较大影响,极有可能导致滑坡体失稳,据此结合工程实际提出了一些可行的防治措施及建议。     

地震学方法在滑坡体结构及破裂过程的应用研究进展

地震学是利用地震波的传播特性来研究内部结构及震动源的一门学科,在获取滑坡体物性参数、监测其变化,以及探测滑坡发育过程中的变形和微破裂等信息具有天然的优势,这些信息对于滑坡的监测、治理、以及预警至关重要.本文调研了国内外近年来地震学手段在滑坡监测中的应用,分为滑坡体结构研究、滑坡发育过程中滑坡震研究以及滑坡启动后的动态过程研究三部分,主要概括了其原理及结论.调研结果表明,结合密集台阵长时间观测,地震学方法可以有效地获取滑坡体三维结构,局部及内部的变形、破裂情况,以及滑坡发生后的动力学过程.滑坡物性参数变化和滑坡震活动性异常等可能是滑坡灾害发生前的前兆信号,能被地震学手段获取.     

强降雨作用下金场坝水库边坡稳定性分析与治理评价

以FLAC3D数值模拟计算为主要研究手段,基于结构动力学非线性有限元理论,结合某水库左岸边坡实例,对强降雨作用下滑坡体应力、位移、塑性区域进行研究,以及采用混合抗滑措施后的加固效果进行评价.结果表明:强降雨作用下,滑坡体内部主要以压应力为主,不存在拉应力;滑坡产生的最大竖向位移位于滑坡体的中下部;塑性区域面积存在集中现象贯穿滑坡体内部,滑坡处于不稳定状态.加固处理后,滑坡产生的最大竖向位移相比设抗滑装置前滑坡滑动位移量明显减小,塑性区域的面积减少,滑坡整体处于稳定状态,治理效果明显.     

拖担水库大坝左岸滑坡形成机制与治理措施

拖担水库大坝左岸为一古滑坡,在水库扩建开挖过程中,诱发古滑坡体复活.在分析了滑坡工程地质特征的基础上,研究了其形成机制,通过反演计算,确定了底滑面的力学参数,提出了抗滑桩、开挖和挖锚结合三种处置方案,其中挖锚结合方案又分别对比了滑坡体上部开挖至2035.0m高程+下部锚固和滑坡体上部开挖至2015.0m高程+下部锚固两种方案.研究结果表明:古滑坡体为一基岩顺层滑坡,滑动模式为"滑移(弯曲)—剪断"型,左岸古滑坡体由于施工扰动,沿坡体内部软弱层面产生二次滑动;结合大坝工程设计,经技术经济比较,确定左岸滑坡体采取开挖治理措施.     

地震作用下三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡变形特性研究

选取三峡水库区地震频发的兴山县一典型厚层堆积型滑坡为研究对象,以实测库水位波动与地震发生时间点关系为基础,并参照V度地震烈度,采用静力-渗流-动力多场耦合3D数值模拟方法,对滑坡变形机理进行研究。结果表明:(1)地震作用与库水位波动密切相关,不利的渗流条件和地震动荷载作用相互叠加,渗流场-动力场耦合作用共同导致滑坡体发生变形;(2)堆积层滑坡体结构相对均质,无显著不良地质单元,除堆积体临空面附近外,其对地震波几乎无放大效应;(3)V度地震烈度条件下,连续地震对堆积层滑坡变形量的影响有限且收敛,但仍有必要对滑坡体变形进行长期监测。     

浙江省文泰震区地震滑坡危险性评估

地震滑坡灾害的震前预测与震后快速评估已成为减轻地震次生灾害的重要手段之一。本文使用简化Newmark模型,设定地震震级(M_S5.0),利用区域地质图、数字高程模型等基础数据,考虑地形对地震动的放大效应,对文泰震区潜在同震滑坡区域开展评估工作。研究表明,干燥与饱和状态下,设定地震作用下研究区内地震滑坡高危险区均主要分布在距设定震中15km以内的范围内,其分布与区内岩土体处于临界稳定状态的分布趋势相同。区内水库坝址与水库库体未受到潜在同震滑坡的影响,划定的重点关注区内位于潜在滑坡体下方的千秋门村、驮加村、高西村、杜山村、南峤村、包坑村、龙前村、新厂村以及各级公路易受到同震滑坡的影响,应提升重点关注区内承灾体的风险防范能力,尽可能减少潜在同震滑坡对区内生命财产安全造成的威胁。     

数值模拟在地震小区划滑坡灾害评价中的应用

工程场地地震安全性评价、特别是在地震小区划工作中,对地震滑坡的评价通常采用定性分析方法,因此,对其影响范围未给出定量的评价结果。本文以吕梁新城地震小区划滑坡评价为例,通过对该区的地质条件、地貌特征的研究,针对具有典型特征的剖面,选取地震力、内聚力、摩擦角作为影响因子,采用离散单元法(DEM)对潜在滑坡体的稳定性进行了数值模拟计算,得到了可能失稳的滑坡体潜在滑动的影响范围。并在此基础上通过对已知滑坡与潜在滑坡剖面结构特征的类比,对整个研究区内滑坡体的影响范围进行了评价。研究结果可为吕梁新城的规划提供依据,也可为同类工程中地震滑坡灾害的定量评价提供参考。     

基于时序InSAR的沙湾大沟滑坡型泥石流发育特征研究

滑坡型泥石流由滑坡失稳解体为其提供物源,运动过程中在高重力势能作用下其所造成的冲击和破坏能力较普通泥石流更强,给人们生命财产安全带来极大威胁.传统研究方法多从土体物理力学入手,以局部试验为主,难以从时空角度对其发育机制进行大尺度研究.因此,本文结合坡向数据,利用二维形变分解获取沙湾大沟糯勒滑坡体形变趋势,以探究滑坡型泥石流在复杂形变机制下的发育模式.首先,通过小基线集干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)获取研究区坡表2019—2021年的Sentinel-1A雷达视线(LOS)向形变速率;其次,引入坡向数据,并联合升降轨解算出滑坡体垂直向和沿坡向的形变值,从而获取滑坡体二维形变趋势.结果表明,坡体长期处于滑移状态,最大形变速率高达-347 mm/a.坡体后缘受雨水下渗作用,自重增加,孔隙水压力增大,抗剪强度降低,位移表现为沿坡向和垂直向的共同作用;坡体前缘受两侧泥石流沟切割和后缘坡体挤压作用,表现出强卸荷,位移以沿坡向为主.研究表明了降雨对滑坡形变的影响,坡体随降雨发生季节性运动,揭示了滑坡型泥石流在水动力驱使下的发育过程．本研究从二维形变的角度进行分析,直观反映出了滑坡型泥石流的演化...     

Sarma法在四川云阳鸡扒子滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

云阳宝塔滑坡区先后发生了多次滑坡 ,其中鸡扒子滑坡是最近的 1次 ,新滑坡是在旧滑坡的基础上沿旧滑坡面的部分复活。根据对该滑坡体几何形态、物质成分与结构特征及水文地质特征的考察 ,初步认为 ,降水入渗与排水不畅引起的滑坡体内孔隙水压力上升是导致鸡扒子滑坡破坏的主导因素。文中根据极限平衡理论 ,运用VC + +语言编制了Sarma法的计算程序 ,对三峡水库蓄水后鸡扒子滑坡是否可能再次发生滑坡进行了评价 ,指出在滑坡体排水率为 5 0 %与三峡水库水位达 14 5m时为滑坡稳定与否的临界值。通过调整影响滑坡稳定性的主要参数的取值 ,对影响滑坡稳定性的因素进行了动态敏感性分析 ,指出降水入渗、长江水位、滑坡体的排水状况是影响滑坡稳定性的决定因素 ,三峡水库蓄水前应针对此采取相应的工程防治措施 ,才能保证水库蓄水后鸡扒子滑坡不再发生滑     

降雨作用下碎石土滑坡稳定性演化过程分析

不同的降雨强度和历时导致滑坡体内渗流场的动态演变,同时也影响着滑坡稳定性的变化,但目前对降雨作用下的滑坡稳定性变化规律的研究并不多。本文选取铜仁地区石灰溪滑坡进行案例研究,基于饱和—非饱和渗流理论和极限平衡理论,采用SLOPE/W模块研究在不同降雨强度及不同降雨历时组合工况作用下石灰溪滑坡在降雨中及降雨后1~7天的稳定性演化特征及规律。研究表明在不同降雨强度条件下,滑坡稳定性在第一天降雨过后急剧恶化,稳定性系数迅速减小,随着降雨强度的增大滑坡稳定性恶化明显,当降雨强度为100 mm/d时滑坡稳定性已经基本接近于整体滑动的状态;滑坡在降雨过程中稳定性系数迅速减小,随着降雨历时的增大滑坡稳定性恶化明显,当降雨历时为2天、3天时滑坡已经整体失稳。     

Amplification of flood discharge caused by the cascading failure of landslide dams

The cascading failure of multiple landslide dams can trigger a larger peak flood discharge than that caused by a single dam failure.Therefore,for an accurate numerical simulation,it is essential to elucidate the primary factors affecting the peak discharge of the flood caused by a cascading failure,which is the purpose of the current study.First,flume experiments were done on the cascading failure of two landslide dams under different upstream dam heights,downstream dam heights,and initial downstream reservoir water volumes.Then,the experimental results were reproduced using a numerical simulation model representing landslide dam erosion resulting from overtopping flow.Finally,the factors influencing the peak flood discharge caused by the cascading failure were analyzed using the numerical simulation model.Experimental results indicated that the inflow discharge into the downstream dam at the time when the downstream dam height began to rapidly erode was the main factor responsible for a cascading failure generating a larger peak flood discharge than that generated by a single dam failure.Furthermore,the results of a sensitivity analysis suggested that the upstream and downstream dam heights,initial water volume in the reservoir of the downstream dam,upstream and downstream dam crest lengths,and distance between two dams were among the most important factors in predicting the flood discharge caused by the cascading failure of multiple landslide dams.     

The seismic signatures of the surge wave from the 2009 Xiaolin landslide‐dam breach in Taiwan

The catastrophic Xiaolin landslide occurred on 9 August 2009, after Typhoon Morakot struck Taiwan. This landslide formed a dam that subsequently breached, burying and flooding the village of Xiaolin. Seismic signals were induced by the landslide and dam breaching and recorded at the Jiaxian broadband seismic station in Taiwan. The time‐frequency spectra for the data from this station were analysed to extract the seismic characteristics of the landslide and to deduce the timing of processes associated with the landslide dam‐break flooding. The duration of the river blockage, the time of the dam breach, the duration of the surge wave and the mean speed of the surge wave were estimated, and the hydrological implications of the flood behaviour were interpreted. The spectral characteristics of the different stream discharges were also studied. Stream water level/discharge is closely related to the frequency of the seismic signals. The broadband stations are particularly useful for flood monitoring due to their ability to continuously record measurements and their high sensitivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of debris flow caused by domino failures of landslide dams

The formation of landslide dams is often induced by earthquakes in mountainous areas.The failure of a landslide dam typically results in catastrophic flash floods or debris flows downstream.Significant attention has been given to the processes and mechanisms involved in the failure of individual landslide dams.However,the processes leading to domino failures of multiple landslide dams remain unclear.In this study,experimental tests were carried out to investigate the domino failure of landslide dams and the consequent enlargement of downstream debris flows.Different blockage conditions were considered,including complete blockage,partial blockage and erodible bed（no blockage）.The mean velocity of the flow front was estimated by videos.Total stress transducers（TSTs）and Laser range finders（LRFs） were employed to measure the total stress and the depth of the flow front,respectively.Under a complete blockage pattern,a portion of the debris flow was trapped in front of each retained landslide dam before the latter collapsed completely.This was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the mean velocity of the flow front.Conversely,under both partial blockage and erodible bed conditions,the mean velocity of the flow front increased gradually downward along the sloping channel.Domino failures of the landslide dams were triggered when a series of dams（complete blockage and partial blockage） were distributed along the flume.However,not all of these domino failures led to enlarged debris flows.The modes of dam failures have significant impacts on the enlargement of debris flows.Therefore,further research is necessary to understand the mechanisms of domino failures of landslide dams and their effects on the enlargement of debris flows.     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的新型带支撑泥石流拦挡坝抗冲击性能研究

以显示动力学和接触碰撞理论为基础,应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序,对常规的泥石流重力拦挡坝和带支撑的新型拦挡坝进行了单个球体撞击下的多参数数值模拟计算及对比分析。结果表明：无论有无支撑,混凝土坝身的破坏模式均为由撞击区域应力骤增导致的局部混凝土压碎,但支撑使坝身迎击面应力分布均匀,提高了材料利用率;支撑能够显著减小混凝土坝顶动位移,最大减幅在30%以上,甚至可达近65%,坝身刚度得到大幅度提高;当撞击高度一定时,支撑间距越小,混凝土坝顶动位移越小;若设置了支撑,则可适当减小混凝土坝身厚度,其减小比例以1/3为宜;撞击力主要由混凝土坝身承担,其刚度显著大于支撑总刚度;撞击高度越高或者支撑间距越小,则混凝土坝底支反力所占比重相对越低,支撑的加强作用也就越显著。     

Prediction of the behaviour of landslide dams using a geomorphological dimensionless index

Landslide dams are a common phenomenon. They form when a landslide reaches the bottom of a river valley causing a blockage. The first effect of such a dam is the infilling of a lake that inundates the areas upstream, while the possibility of a sudden dam collapse, with a rapid release of the impounded waters, poses a higher flood risk to the downstream areas. The results of the main inventories carried out to date on landslide dams, have been examined to determine criteria for forecasting landslide dam evolution with particular emphasis on the assessment of dam stability. Not all landslides result in the blockage of a river channel. This only occurs with ones that can move a large amount of material with moderate or high‐velocities. In most cases, these landslides are triggered by rainfall events or high magnitude earthquakes. A relationship also exists between the volume of the displaced material and the landslide dam stability. Several authors have proposed that landslide dam behaviour can be forecast by defining various geomorphological indexes, that result from the combination of variables identifying both the dam and the dammed river channel. Further developments of this geomorphological approach are presented in this paper by the definition of a dimensionless blockage index. Starting with an analysis of 84 episodes selected worldwide, it proved to be a useful tool for making accurate predictions concerning the fate of a landslide dam. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水降落作用下无基坑振冲土石坝的渗流安全分析

无基坑振冲加密施工是一种比较先进的土石坝建筑方法。以海南省三亚市西部的宁远河中下游河段的大隆水利枢纽工程土石坝为研究对象,对其进行准确分区,以饱和-非饱和渗流理论为基础,通过三维有限元数值方法,模拟库水下降作用下的土石坝渗流场,并对各级水位下的孔压、流速及流向进行分析,评价大坝的渗流安全。研究结果表明：采用无基坑振冲加密施工方法后,坝体内填砂砾振冲层形成上游排水通道,在坝前水位骤降工况下,防渗土料内有效流速方向和渗透压力的方向由近水平的指向坝面变为竖直向下指向填砂砾振冲层,而且有效流速明显变大,利于渗透水通过填砂砾振冲层排到下游,有利于上游坝体稳定。     

Estimation of shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using artificial blasting test

The objective of this study is to estimate the shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using the vibration generated from artificial blasting events, and to verify its applicability. In this study, near-field artificial blast testing and monitoring were carried out at the Seongdeok dam, Korea, as the first blasting tests to be carried out on an existing dam in Korea. Vibrations were induced by four different types of blasting, using various explosive charge weights and depths of blasting bore-holes. During the tests, acceleration time histories were measured at the rock outcrop adjacent to the point of the explosion, and at the crest of the dam. The fundamental frequency of the target dam was computed from the frequency analysis of measured acceleration histories. Numerical analyses were carried out, varying the shear modulus of the earth fill zone and using the acceleration histories measured at the rock outcrop as input ground motions. From a comparison between the fundamental frequencies calculated by numerical analyses and those of measured records, the shear wave velocities with depth, which are closely related to shear moduli, could be estimated. It is found that the effect of different blasting types on shear wave velocity estimation for the target dam materials is negligible, and that shear wave velocity can be consistently evaluated. Furthermore, by comparing the evaluated shear wave velocity with empirical formulae from previous research, the applicability of the method was verified. Therefore, in cases of mid-to-small earth dams, where the earthquake record is not available, the shear wave velocity of earth fill materials can be reasonably evaluated using blasting vibration records obtained at the site adjacent to the dam.     

Two-phase elasto-plastic seismic response of earth dams: applications

The model presented in the companion paper is validated in both the linear and nonlinear cases under steady-state single frequency harmonic and transient ground motions. The crest acceleration responses of the Santa Felicia earth dam subjected to the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and of the Long Valley earth dam subjected to the strongest of the 1980 Mammoth Lake earthquakes are computed and compared with the motions recorded at the site. Acceleration time histories for the solid and fluid phases in both horizontal and vertical directions, as well as stress-strain and pore water pressure-strain time histories for points along the height of the dam are presented. The ability of the model to simulate the occurrence of liquefaction in a dam is also demonstrated.     

汶川地震高速远程滑坡速度研究

汶川地震诱发了大量的高速远程滑坡。在超强的地震动作用下,坡体结构被撕裂并抛射后,受到坡体前缘地形及自身势能的影响,很容易转化为碎屑流作远程运动,这种高位滑坡以其很快的运动速度和超常的运动距离造成了巨大的灾害与损失。本文在对汶川地震大型典型高速远程滑坡大量现场调查的基础上,分析了坡体临空飞行运动初始速度、滑程运动最大速度以及碎屑流运动速度,并且以东河口滑坡为例,对比了不同计算方法下的运动速度和运动性,得到东河口滑坡的运动特征值μ=0.2292,最大运动速度Vm ax=63.40 m/s,平均运动速度超过25 m/s,属于超高速滑坡运动以及强碎屑流性质。     

Assessment of seismic hazard of roller compacted concrete dam site in Gilgit-Baltistan of northern Pakistan

The proposed site of the Diamer Bhasha Dam in northern Pakistan is situated in an active tectonic zone with intensive seismicity, which makes it necessary for seismic hazard analysis(SHA). Deterministic and probabilistic approaches have been used for SHA of the dam site. The Main Mantle Thrust(MMT), Main Karakaram Thrust(MKT), Raikot-Sassi Fault(RKSF) and Kohistan Fault(KF) have been considered as major seismic sources, all of which can create maximum ground shaking with maximum potential earthquake(MPE). Deterministically estimated MPE for magnitudes of 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, and 7.1 can be produced from MMT, MKT, RKSF and KF, respectively. The corresponding peak ground accelerations(PGA) of 0.07, 0.11, 0.13 and 0.05 g can also be generated from these earthquakes, respectively. The deterministic analysis predicts a so-called floating earthquake as a MPE of magnitude = 7.1 as close as 10 km away from the site. The corresponding PGA was computed as 0.38 g for a maximum design earthquake at the project site. However, the probabilistic analysis revealed that the PGA with 50% probability of exceedance in 100 years is 0.18 g. Thus, this PGA value related to the operational basis earthquake(OBE) is suggested for the design of this project with shear wave velocity(V_(s30)) equal to 760 m/s under dense soil and soft rock conditions.