结构抗震试验方法的发展

地震荷载极大的破坏性,使得结构抗震性能的研究成为一个被广泛关注的热点问题.为了提高结构抗震研究的试验能力和试验水平,近年来在传统结构抗震试验方法的基础上,出现了一些新的试验方式和方法.本文总结介绍了目前结构抗震试验方法的一些发展趋势,包括：（1）地震模拟振动台的大型化和多台化,以进行大比例模型甚至足尺模型试验或考虑大跨度结构地震动的非均匀性;（2）进行子结构试验的实时化,以实现数值子结构模型和试验子结构模型的实时结合;（3）进行试验设备的网络化,以提高试验设备的利用率,实现资源共享等,供有关研究者参考.     

基于环境DNA宏条形码技术的水体无脊椎动物多样性研究：以广州海珠湖为例

于2021年1月,利用环境DNA宏条形码（eDNA）技术,对广州海珠国家湿地公园海珠湖的水体和沉积物进行无脊椎动物多样性和群落结构调查,并比较了eDNA和传统形态学鉴定对浮游动物的检出能力。结果表明：eDNA检出海珠湖无脊椎动物9门16纲34目71科93属137个可操作分类单元（OTUs）;其中,水采样品中共检出9门50属68个OTUs,网采样品中共检出6门27属35个OTUs,沉积物休眠卵样品中共检出9门70属103个OTUs。水采和网采样品中,主要的无脊椎动物均为轮虫动物门和节肢动物门;沉积物中主要的无脊椎动物为环节动物门和节肢动物门。沉积物休眠卵OTU丰富度最高,水采样品的OTU丰富度高于网采样品。比较浮游动物的形态鉴定和eDNA鉴定,发现后者在属水平上能鉴定出更多的种类;形态学鉴定的桡足类（100%）和多数轮虫（58.82%）可被eDNA注释出,而eDNA注释出的多数桡足类（71.43%）和轮虫（58.82%）在形态学鉴定中未发现;eDNA未注释出枝角类。结果表明,eDNA在无脊椎动物调查中具有较高的应用潜力,与传统形态学鉴定组合应用能更全面地了解无脊椎动物的种类和水生生物多样...     

肺亚实性结节CT图像定量变化对浸润的判断

目的:定量评估肺亚实性结节（SSN）内非实性成分从基线到随访CT扫描之间的变化,以鉴别诊断有浸润表现的SSN,即微浸润性腺癌（MIA）和浸润性腺癌（IAC）。材料与方法:回顾性纳入有基线和复查CT,并有组织学结果的SSN。测量指标为SSN整体最大直径,非实性成分CT值均值、最大CT值、最小CT值和CT值标准差。以时间为因变量,用线性回归评估SSN测量值从基线到复查扫描的进展。采用受检者工作特征曲线（ROC）和曲线下面积（AUC）评价测量值年化改变对有浸润表现SSN的诊断能力。结果:71名患者（男32,女39）中纳入78个SSN,其中良性19个,原位腺癌10个,微浸润腺癌36个,浸润腺癌13个。所有SSN分类的直径均与时间呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。有浸润表现SSN的非实性成分CT值标准差与时间显著正相关（P=0.037）。良性和原位腺癌中,所有4个CT值指标与时间无相关性（P>0.05）。ROC分析提示CT值标准差年化改变可以明显诊断有浸润表现的SSN（P=0.014）,诊断敏感性、特异性和AUC分别为68.7％,77.8％和0.747。结论:在SSN的复查过程中,良性、原位腺癌、MIA和IAC的直径都有增加,评估CT值标准差的变化能够鉴别诊断有浸润表现的SSN（MIA和IAC）。      

板内逆断层地震破裂的基本特征及分段标志研究

通过对１６ 个板内逆断层地震的基本类型、构造环境、地震地表破裂尺度、几何形态、运动学特征及余震分布图像的研究分析,较系统地归纳了板内逆断层地震破裂的基本特征及分段标志．研究表明：（１） 逆断层破裂往往沿走向延伸较短,常表现为二维面状分布形态;（２） 地震断层未出露地表或仅有部分出露地表;（３） 逆断层地震破裂较走滑断层和正断层产生的地震破裂更为复杂,不仅表现在构成整体破裂带的各个单条破裂的力学性质差异方面,而且表现在几何结构方面．     

北京石花洞石笋微层灰度变化特征及其气候意义--Ⅱ. 灰度的年际变化

通过对北京石花洞石笋ＴＳ９５０１薄片样品微层灰度特征的研究,分析了影响灰度变化的各种环境因素,归纳了适于灰度测量石笋样品的条件是：（１）当地气候有明显的季节性差异;（２）溶洞埋深不宜过大,洞穴上方岩石中无横向水流,渗水为垂向运动;（３）渗水通道的调蓄能力能够保证季节性环境差异不会被破坏;（４）石笋样品含较多的有机杂质,不宜过于纯净,并在样品生长方向上有明显变化．通过与现代器测记录对比,发现石笋薄片透光条件下测得的灰度主要受地表气温（尤其是夏季气温）的影响,可以作为气温的替代性指标．并以此分析了北京地区一千多年来的气温变化,揭示出北京地区也存在几次明显的小冰期,与历史记录基本一致．而且在１４００ＡＤ前后气温型式有明显变化,此前的气温变化幅度小、波动较弱,而此后的气温波动剧烈、变化幅度大,出现了几次明显的小冰期．这种变化在世界其他地区的地质记录中也有表现,可能指示一次全球性的气候型式变化。     

井下振动环境分析与模拟

智能导钻井下工具及仪器在钻进过程中产生复杂的振动,剧烈或长时间振动会造成井下仪器的电路故障与钻具机械疲劳破坏,引发钻井事故,增加钻井成本.为了验证井下仪器的振动环境适应性与可靠性,需要开展破坏机理、井下工况数据采集与分析、测试与试验的体系化研究,在实验室充分发现仪器潜在的故障,不断迭代升级,提升仪器可靠性.本文通过自主研制的井下振动冲击记录仪器在实钻井中采集真实的振动环境数据,对数据进行处理分析后,制定了三个方向的振动试验条件;定制研制了国内首台专门用于井下仪器测试的双台并激振动试验系统,研究了基于双台振动设备的并激振动试验与测试方法,实现了实验室条件下真实模拟井下振动环境,构建的系统化井下振动试验平台有效支撑了井下工具及仪器的高质量研发.     

地震预报试验的另一种方案

现代地震预报试验要研究潜在大地震之前的地震活动特征，有证据表明，孤立震群中比较小的典型事件可能具有前兆意义，这种前兆性活动与更为复杂的地震活动区内大得多的地震之前的前兆特征相似。孤立震群中的这种典型事件有时候以短至几天的重复时间，在相似地点以相似的震级频繁地重复发生。作者认为，监测孤立震群中的这种典型事件可能是获得前兆活动的经验的一种有效途径，并对研究大地震前兆来说将具有指导意义。     

成岩过程对五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震岩石物理特征的影响

五峰-龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的首选层位,而其地震岩石物理特征是利用地震方法进行"甜点"预测的重要基础之一,但对五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性特征变化规律的研究并未考虑沉积、成岩过程的影响,致使相应的规律性认识缺乏地质意义.在对五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品系统声学测量基础上,分析了页岩样品地震弹性性质的变化规律.利用X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、阴极发光（CL）与能谱分析确定了五峰-龙马溪组页岩在不同沉积环境下的成岩过程,并讨论了成岩过程与地震弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,页岩中有机质（TOC）受高热演化程度的影响,其密度通常高于1.4 g·cm^-3,并接近于有机碳密度上限1.6 g·cm^-3（石墨密度）.五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性性质变化规律整体受沉积环境控制,沉积环境的差异形成不同的成岩过程,致使地震弹性特征也表现出不同的变化规律.表现在五峰-龙马溪页岩样品动态岩石物理特征主要受岩石结构控制（支撑颗粒弹性性质）,而孔隙度、TOC含量以及孔隙形状则为对地震弹性特征影响的次一级因素.五峰-龙马溪组页岩上段为浅水陆棚相,机械压实与化学压实（硅质胶结）为先后两个过程,造成样品表现出高的速度-孔隙度变化率、高速度比（泊松比）、高各向异性以及低TOC含量的特征.五峰-龙马溪组页岩下段为深水陆棚相,机械压实过程中同时伴有生物成因的硅质胶结,造成岩石样品表现出较高TOC含量与孔隙度、各向异性较弱以及较小的速度-孔隙度变化率.研究结果可为五峰-龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据.     

宽级配砾质土应力路径试验研究

对某土石坝工程的宽级配砾质土进行了三轴等应力比应力路径试验,试验分别模拟了土石坝施工填筑期及蓄水期可能的应力路径,研究了宽级配砾质土在复杂应力状态下的应力应变特性。研究表明,砾质土心墙料在等主应力比和等主应力增量比应力路径作用下,应力应变表现出较好的线性关系;在竣工期,其平均主应力p（或剪应力q）与体应变ε_v及剪应变ε_s的曲线关系都为幂函数形式,ε_v—ε_1、ε_3—ε_1关系均可用线性函数来表示,而在蓄水期,各应力与应变之间的曲线关系则基本上都可以用线性关系来表示。本文研究明确了复杂应力路径下宽级配砾质土的应力应变关系,为建立宽级配砾质土的应力应变本构模型提供了一个重要线索。     

论中国东部大型盆地区及邻区地质-地球物理复合尺度解析

作为对中国东部陆缘地带大型盆地区及邻区地质－地球物理综合研究的部分结果,本文的基本认识：（1）穿过松辽盆地的1孙吴－双辽断裂可能是东倾伯低角度壳内断裂;（2）松辽盆地和渤海湾盆地可能属于“混合型裂谷盆地”;（3）东海盆地台北坳陷处在多期次张性应力场环境中,使在其西部附近产生张性正断层系;（4）欧亚大陆东部新生代区域构造运动总体处于右旋走滑拉张环境,其动力因素包括板块运动和地幔物质运动;（5）研究区莫霍面具有较为复杂的变化;（6）复合尺度研究方法是地质－地球物理综合分析的必要手段。     

Assessing surface water quality of the Yangtze Estuary with genotoxicity data

The present study investigated the genotoxicity of the surface water samples from the Yangtze Estuary with the Ames test in three seasons. Several important chemical parameters, such as COD inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate and heavy metals, were also analyzed at the same time. According the results, surface water samples from the south branch and a few of samples at the seaward end of the Yangtze Estuary show positive genotoxicity in some seasons. Chemical analysis revealed that the Yangtze Estuary was seriously polluted by inorganic nitrogen and by active phosphate. However, chemical parameters could not demonstrate the spatial variation of water quality of the estuary, and they could not assess adverse effects of chemicals in mixtures as well. Therefore, it is recommended that genotoxicity data, mutation rate of the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 at the dose of 1 l per plate, be taken as a new parameter assessing surface water quality of the Yangtze Estuary. Our studies also suggested that genetic toxicology assays, such as the Ames test, could be applied as a routine measure to monitoring marine environment in China. The paper proposes a development of the National Seawater Quality Standard of China.     

Do UK coastal and estuarine water samples pose a phototoxic threat?

Many studies have investigated phototoxicity under controlled laboratory conditions, however, few have actually demonstrated it occurring in environmental samples. Here we report on the potential for UK marine coastal waters to demonstrate phototoxicity when tested using the oyster embryo (Crassostrea gigas) bioassay in the presence UV light. Subsurface water, sea surface microlayer samples and subsurface water samples that had been extracted through solid phase extraction (SPE) columns were analysed. Results demonstrated that the majority of samples failed to display any phototoxic potential. However, those collected from Belfast Lough did display an increase in toxicity when bioassays were performed in the presence of UV light when compared to identical samples assayed in the absence of UV light. Analysis of water samples at this location identified known phototoxic PAHs, pyrene and fluoranthene. These findings suggest the need to consider the potential UV light has when determining the toxicity of environmental samples.     

地下水补给型湖泊表层沉积物矿物组成及其形成机制——以巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊群为例

盐湖中的矿物沉积记录着丰富的环境气候变化信息,是古环境研究的重要对象.在无地表径流补给的盐湖中,其矿物组成及沉积特征与有地表径流补给的湖泊相比是否有一定的特殊性,是值得探讨的问题.采集巴丹吉林沙漠33个不同矿化度地下水补给型湖泊的表层沉积物和10个地表风积砂样品,通过X衍射的方法,分析样品的矿物组成.结果显示:湖泊表层沉积物主要为石英、长石、辉石、云母等碎屑矿物,部分湖泊含有少量的碳酸盐和氯化物盐类矿物.湖泊沉积物的矿物组成与湖水矿化度的关系较为密切,淡水湖仅分布碎屑矿物,微咸水湖含有碎屑矿物和碳酸盐类矿物,盐湖含有碎屑矿物、碳酸盐类矿物和氯化物.风积砂样品中主要为碎屑矿物,占总矿物含量的90%,对湖泊沉积物的矿物组成影响较大,但对湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物没有贡献,表明湖泊表层沉积物中盐类矿物主要是自生作用形成的.虽然本地区湖泊边缘的沉积物中盐类矿物种类相对较少并且含量较低,但其盐类矿物组成与分布能够响应湖水矿化度的变化,其环境指示意义与有径流补给的盐湖相同,可以指示其湖水的盐度.因此,可以从巴丹吉林沙漠地下水补给型湖泊沉积的盐类矿物中提取相应的古环境信息,用于恢复古气候和古环境的研究.     

Comparison of Downhole and Surface Sampling for the Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ground Water

The relative precision and accuracy of sampling and analysis methods for the determination of trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water were compared. Samples were collected from a well containing nanogram-per-liter (ng/L) to microgram-per-liter (μg/L) levels of VOCs. A Keck helical rotor submersible pump was used to collect samples at the surface for analysis by purge and trap (P&T) and for analysis by adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD). Downhole samples were collected by passing water through an ATD cartridge. Although slight spontaneous bubble outgassing occurred when the water was brought to the surface, the relative precisions and comparabilities of the surface and downhole methods were generally found to be equivalent from a statistical point of view. A main conclusion of this study is that bringing sample water to the surface for placement in VOC vials (and subsequent analysis by P&T) can be done reliably under many circumstances. However, care must still be taken to prevent adsorption losses and cross contamination. Samples subject to strong bubble outgassing will need to be handled in a special fashion (e.g., by downhole ATD) to minimize volatilization losses. Additionally, the higher sensitivity of the ATD method allows lower detection limits than are possible with P&T. For example, several compounds present at the ng/L level could be determined with confidence by ATD, but not by P&T.     

Urease-Hemmtest für wirkungsbezogene Untersuchungen der Bindungsformen von Kupfer in Wässern und Bodeneluaten

Urease Inhibition Test for Effect-related Investigations of Copper Speciation in Water and Soil Extracts In 80 different water samples, the inhibition effect of cupric ions was measured by application of a simple urease inhibition test. In relation to the total copper concentration, the inhibition permits an effect-related classification of drinking water, rain water, spring water, surface water, leakage water, wastewater, and soil extracts. Drinking water contains high parts of cupric ions in the free hydrated form. Their copper content results in high urease inhibition and is caused by using copper pipes in house plumbing. In leakage water, wastewater, and soil extracts, cupric ions are mainly complexed by organic compounds in the sample matrix. Hence, the inhibition effects are low. In soil extracts, the urease inhibition increased after an UV-decomposition procedure, but a decreasing effect was observed for a surface and a drinking water sample, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand and UV-absorbance at 255 nm measured before and after the procedure were correlated to the content of organic compounds, i.e., humic acid. In most samples, the organic matrix was not decomposed completely. The oxidizing decomposition apparently forms further complexing agents, which suppress the inhibition effect of cupric ions. In the rain water samples investigated, the content of organic compounds depended on rain intensity. The chemical oxygen demand and UV-absorbance, respectively, were low for rain water collected during strong rain periods and increased with decreasing rain intensity. The rain water trickled over sheet-lead roof showed an increase of urease inhibition compared with the simultaneously collected rain. Consequently, a decomposition of organic matrix could be demonstrated in rain water by use of the urease inhibition test.     

Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic System in Berlin. Part I: Drug Residues and other Polar Contaminants in Berlin Surface and Groundwater

Several polar contaminants were found in screening analyses of 30 representative surface water samples collected from rivers, lakes, and canals in Berlin. Residues of pharmaceuticals and N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine originating from various sewage treatment plants effluents were found at concentrations up to the μg/L-level in the surface water, whereas the concentrations of polar pesticides such as dichlorprop and mecoprop were always below 0.1 μg/L. The pharmaceuticals most frequently detected in the surface water samples include clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, propiphenazone, and two other drug metabolites. Additional investigations of groundwater wells of a drinking water plant have shown that polar contaminants such as drug residues or N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine easily leach through the subsoil into the groundwater aquifers when contaminated surface water is used for groundwater recharge in drinking water production.     

贵州红枫湖越冬藻类的空间分布与实验室复苏实验

本文选取贵州省红枫湖这一典型的亚深水型湖泊作为研究对象,在8个代表性湖区开展了为期一年的表层水体藻类浮游植物分布的月定量监测,并在4个采样点采集新鲜沉积物进行了越冬藻类赋存与复苏模拟实验研究.研究表明,红枫湖表层水体藻类种群密度蓝藻绿藻>硅藻>甲藻,蓝藻为优势门类,水体藻类种群密度秋季初期最高,其次是春季初期和夏季,具有明显的季节性演化特征.水体中越冬藻类以蓝藻为主,其次是硅藻和绿藻,水深对水体中藻类的种群密度及组成没有显著影响.沉积物中越冬藻类以硅藻为主,基本不含蓝藻.模拟实验表明,水体中的光照条件对藻类的复苏和生长有重要影响,温度和沉积物中藻类的种群密度与组成同样影响藻类的复苏.     

Evaluation of Several Vacuum Solution Samplers in Sand and Silt Loam at Several Water Potentials

Until recently, there was little information available on the water collection capabilities of pore water samplers. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of ceramic, fritted-glass, stainless steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous samplers in sand and silt loam soil columns over a range of soil water potentials. Soil solution intake for samplers was determined by application of constant and falling vacuums. Constant vacuum was applied for a three-day period when soils were at field moisture capacity. The PTFE samplers did not function when tested with a constant or falling vacuum. With a 50-kPa constant vacuum, the ceramic sampler collected the greatest sample volume (average 20 mL) from the sand. With a constant 25-kPa vacuum, the stainless steel sampler collected the greatest sample volume (average 81 mL) from the silt loam soil. Sampler performance with a fixed volume of vacuum was evaluated by applying 100 kPa vacuum to a 1-liter reservoir. With this falling vacuum, samplers were tested until no further solution was collected over a 10-day test period. With a falling vacuum, fritted-glass and stainless steel samplers, with relatively larger pores and greater hydraulic conductance, collected a greater volume of sample and at a faster rate than ceramic samplers in sand soil that was nearly saturated. When the volume was normalized with respect to sampler surface area, for the falling vacuum tests in silt loam soil at field moisture capacity, the volume collected by fritted glass was significantly higher than those from other samplers. In sand at field moisture capacity or silt loam at soil water tensions ≧30 kPa, ceramic samplers maintained vacuums near 70 kPa and collected more sample than the other samplers during the 10-day test period.     

Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Steroids: Investigation of Their Release into the Environment and Their Behavior During Bank Filtration

A reliable and sensitive analytical method for the determination of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been established. Samples are concentrated using automated solid-phase extraction and analysis is performed by liquid chromatography with detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of all analytes were between 93% and 107%, and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.1 and 0.4 ng/L for purified sewage, and surface, ground, and drinking water, and between 1 and 2 ng/L in case of raw sewage. For the investigation of estrogen release into the environment and its behavior during sewage and surface water treatment, and during ground water recharge, samples from municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), a surface water treatment plant, a bank filtration site, and a ground water enrichment (GWE) pond were analyzed. El was found in the raw waste water with an average concentration of 157 ng/L, whereas E2 and EE2 were found with mean concentrations of only 18 and 9 ng/L, respectively. Sewage treatment by municipal WWTPs affected a removal of EE2 (76%), El (92%), and E2 (94%). In the investigated surface water of Berlin, only E1 could be detected at concentrations around or below 1 ng/L. E2 and EE2 were not present in the Berlin surface water above the LOQ of 0.2 ng/L, respectively. Surface water treatment also leads to a significant removal of E1 (> 80%). In the ground water samples from the GWE site near Lake Tegel, only a few samples contained detectable concentrations of E1. These samples were collected from a shallow monitoring well located very close to the bank of the pond. Even a short distance between the bank and observation wells led to concentrations of El below the LOQ showing the potential of ground water recharge systems for the retention of estrogenic steroids depending on the environmental setting.     

武汉月湖水体和表层沉积物中25种半挥发性有机污染物分布特性

2006年4月在武汉月湖采集了8个样点的水样和表层沉积物样品,采用气-质联用技术分析了样品中25种半挥发性有机污染物(SVOCs)的含量,探讨月湖受有机物污染的程度.水样中25种半挥发性有机污染物总浓度为564.04-1209.41ng/L,平均值为965.64ng/L.沉积物中总浓度为8500.26-23347.20ng/g(DW),平均值为14832.04ng/g(DW).邻苯二甲酸酯类物质是月湖的主要污染物,其中,邻苯二甲酸乙基己基酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量最高.多环芳烃、硝基甲苯、异佛尔酮等均有不同程度检出,靠近以前的排污口的样点浓度最高.沉积物中25种半挥发性有机污染物的含量大约是水体中含量的15倍,具有潜在生态风险.