便携式常压空气脉冲电离室 α辐射仪的研制

本文介绍了一种新的、多用途便携式α辐射仪,其探测器是常压空气脉冲电离室,仪器既可作常规射气测量,又可开展累积法测氡（α杯法,α卡法等）,还能在野外现场作活性炭α测量,并有效地解决了探测器上放射性污染的去污处理问题.探测器灵敏面积500 cm²,灵敏度高.数据采集及处理系统由PC-1500袖珍计算机构成,功能强.     

利用熵平均法对地面γ能谱数据局部干扰消除的应用研究

阐述了熵平均法对地面γ能谱测量局部干扰的消除的基本原理和方法,应用此方法对浅覆盖区地质填图的γ能谱测量剖面数据及应用γ能谱测量确定古城墙位置的平面测量数据进行了处理,处理结果表明该方法对于消除地表植被及局部土壤元素富集随机干扰、突出弱异常具有明显的效果,使地质填图中进行岩性划分界线明显,考古中古城墙表现的弱异常突出,边界清晰.通过对熵平均法应用的讨论,可以看到5点熵平均对于局部干扰压制较多而对异常削弱较少的特点;与多点平滑相比,熵平均对于突跳点具有更好的压制作用.熵平均法对于地面γ能谱测量随机影响的消除起到了较好的效果,使地面γ能谱测量得到了较好的应用.     

我国及邻近地区地磁场的矩谐分析

本文从高斯位理论出发,得到了包含内源场和外源场的局部地区地磁场矩谐级数表达式,指出了局部地区地磁场内、外源部分分离的可能性。对中国及邻近地区1970.0年地磁场的矩谐分析结果表明:在北纬10°-45°之间有一个垂直分量的负异常带,异常中心在西藏高原和太平洋西部,最大异常值分别达到-330γ和-460γ;北向分量的正异常区从北纬23°一直伸展到北纬55°以北,极大值约在北纬40°附近,极值达300γ;东向分量在整个区域呈现微弱的正异常。本文对与矩谐分析有关的截断水平、光滑处理以及误差分析等问题也进行了讨论。     

利用观测面上等效源作磁场向上延拓的方法

利用虚磁荷的概念作磁场向上延拓,首先是提出的。他研究了地形水平的情况.设观测面上某点Q（α,β,γ）的单位面积虚磁荷的量为 m=Z_a（α,β,γ）/2π. （1）Z_a（α,β,γ）为Q（α,β,γ）点实测的垂直磁异常,则向观测面上半空间任一点P（x,y,z）延拓的公式为     

低能自然γ能谱测量的初步研究

提出在全谱测量基础上对自然γ能谱的低能谱段进行研究，将天然γ射线谱的低能部分看作是天然γ射线与物质作用的结果，增加反映岩石物质成分的参数。这样，测量结果提供的不仅有放射性元素分布的数据，而且还有直接反映岩性变化的资料，可用于地质填图及金属矿地质工作。     

地学书签

陨石宇宙年龄 age of Earth of meteorite以陨石形成年龄来推测的地球形成年龄。陨石矿物最后冷却、固化与形成的时间可用各种放射性测年方法测定,包括：铀-铅法、铅-铅法、铷-锶法、钐-钕法等。     

铅阻尼器的研究与应用

铅阻尼器是一种耗能性能良好、构造简单、制作方便的减震装置。本文概述了铅的基本性能。几种铅阻尼器的原理、构造与主要特性,给出了恢复力模型,介绍了其在隔震、耗能减震中的应用情况,指出了值得进一步研究的一些问题。     

τ法反演与地壳结构研究

本文对用爆炸地震资料研究地壳与上地幔结构及速度分布的τ法反演进行了探讨,并且在Bessonova提出的平均值方法的基础上,就减少解的不确定性及简化反演过程提出了新的作法:1.τ（p）的上下界各自独立地参与反演而后再将所得到的结果合并起来;2.在τ法反演中,抽去地壳模型中的低速层。根据以上两种计算方案,改进方法,取得较好的效果。 本文还用Bessonova的平均值方法计算了我国东部地区地壳-上地幔爆炸地震探测剖面的实例。该地区地壳厚度约为31 km,在18 km深处存在着低速层,厚度约6 km,速度为6 km/s。     

钻孔式气泡倾斜仪首批观测资料的调和分析结果

本文概述了我国首次研制成功的ZQY-2型钻孔式气泡倾斜仪的工作原理和技术指标,对在北京香山和江苏徐州两个地震台四个试验钻孔中所取得的首批观测资料进行了调和分析.结果表明,该仪器灵敏度高,线性范围大,长期稳定可靠,安装调试方便,能清晰地记录地倾斜固体潮和长周期地震波,填补了我国井下倾斜仪的空白.各测孔主要潮波的γ因子相对一致,中误差有随深度增加而减小的趋势,其中北京香山50m测孔东西向连续90天资料的M₂波γ因子中误差为±0.0046.仪器的主要技术指标和观测精度达到了同类仪器的国际先进水平.     

铅同位素系统剖面化探与隐伏矿深度预测--以云南金平龙脖河铜矿为例

运用铅同位素三维空间拓扑投影特征值V1和V2 进行隐伏矿深度预测的铅同位素系统剖面化探方法使铅同位素化探方法得到了发展 .新建立的隐伏矿深度预测的理论模型在云南金平龙脖河铜矿评价中得到了验证 ,观察到的铅同位素深度变化规律与理论模型吻合得很好 .预测结果表明 ,龙脖河铜矿东矿带隐伏矿主矿体应出现在海拔 - 4 0 0～ - 5 0m左右 ;西矿带隐伏矿深度低于海拔 - 4 0 0m .     

隐伏断层活动性分段的汞地球化学标志初探

用测汞法对隐伏断层活动性进行分段，并就汞的地球化学标志进行了初步探讨。研究表明，当隐伏断层的上断点埋深较浅（几米～几十米），且该断层上各测线的汞含量背景均值接近时，用测汞法进行断层活动性分段可能是有效的     

衡水冀16井水位异常变化调查与分析

衡水冀16井水位2014年10月27日突升之后并维持在高值变化,在高值变化的同时出现多次阶升阶降变化形态。此井井深为1700.41米,突升幅度为0.0588m,以前从未出现过上述情况,该异常变化是否是前兆异常?为了确定异常性质,从供电系统、观测仪器、对比观测、环境干扰等方面进行调查和分析,最终排查出是泄流口排水池堵塞造成水位变化,不是地震前兆异常,对异常变化机理进行初步分析,为判断水位异常变化积累了经验。     

Magnetotellurics and radio-wave interference sounding

The plane harmonic electromagnetic fields are considered in the theory of magnetotelluric methods in the range of frequencies from 0.0001 Hz to 20 kHz. These fields are natural by their origin and contain information on the depths from tens of meters up to 100 km and more. The magnetotelluric soundings, which use the fields of radio stations, expand the frequency band almost up to 1 MHz and make it possible to study the depths from the first few meters. The method of radio-wave interference sounding supplements geoelectric prospecting on plane waves into the range of even higher frequencies (up to 100 MHz). In this case, the conduction and displacement currents become comparable, which makes it possible to distinguish objects both by their electrical conductivity and by their dielectric permittivity. For the two-layered model of a medium, there exist simple kinematic methods of data interpretation of a radio-interferometry sounding. Within multilayer, and especially horizontally heterogeneous, media, methods for solving equations of electrodynamics and inverse problems of geophysics are required. In the present paper, the foundations of the theory of radio-interferometry sounding, the methodology, its role in geoelectric prospecting, and the opportunities for the solution of geological problems are discussed.     

西部地下水资源勘查的综合地球物理问题-以鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系地下水勘查为例

西部地下水资源勘查不再是单纯的地理、地质和水文方面的问题。由于地下水的深赋存性质，决定了西部地下水的勘查与油气勘探一样，是深层的地球物理问题。地下水研究所涉及的基础地质问题、地层的含水性问题和水质问题是目前地下水水文地质研究的关键。这三个问题的有效解决，必须依靠勘探地球物理方法技术的有效运用和新方法、新技术的研究开发。本文在阐述地下水水文地质研究现状和面临问题的同时，就目前地球物理勘探技术的发展水平和在西部的发展状况，以鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查为例，提出了利用已有物探资料为地下水勘查服务的地球物理解决方案，从理论方法上证明其可行性，并提出了建立示范区研究的必要性，以期对目前正兴起的西部水资源研究提供参考。     

不同深度鱼塘水温状况分析

“七五”期间，黄淮海平原农业开发禹城试区，成功地推广了鱼塘－台田生态系统。为挖掘开发潜力及寻求最佳系统模式，本文结合渔业生产环境条件进行鱼塘不同深度的温度分析，认为，在该区的气候条件下，水深一般保持在１．５￣２．０ｍ较为适宜。     

GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF WATER LEAKAGES FROM RESERVOIRS*

Considerable water leakages from reservoirs make it difficult to attain the planned storage capacity. In some cases water leakages give rise to suffusion followed by catastrophes. Until recently methods for locating water leakages were extremely imperfect. Geophysical methods offer good prospects in this direction. For solving these problems, it is effective to use streaming potential measurements, water flow rate observations and thermometry. Laboratory experiments were carried out in connection with the fact that water leakages from reservoirs are characterized by negative anomalies of natural currents; the more filtration discharge, the higher these anomalies are. As a result, the relationship governing the intensity of streaming potential and sand granulometric composition, electrolyte concentrations and other factors were revealed. To determine the velocity of water flowing to leakage sites, a special device, based on the relationship between the temperature of a heated body and its resistance, is applied. This device simultaneously makes it possible to measure the water medium temperature. Observations at reservoir sites were effected by moving along the reservoir non-polarizable potential electrodes and water velocity devices. Recordings were carried out automatically by the recording device of the logging apparatus. Under the conditions of ice cover on water surfaces, measurements were made through separate points by digging holes in the ice cover. Practical field observations were carried out at reservoir sites located in regions where fissured massive rocks as well as loose sediments predominate. In the first case field experiments were carried out in alpine reservoirs, in Armenia. The major water leakages were found to be concentrated on the right bank of the reservoir. In this connection it was not only possible to locate water leakage sites, but also to evaluate their relative intensity. These data were used for planning antifiltration measures. In the second case water leakages from a reservoir located in Uzbekistan in the submontane part of the Pamirs were studied. Streaming potential anomalies and high benthonic flow rates made it possible to discover high filtrations in the base and walls of the dam. Further perfection of these methods should not only permit the determination of water leakage sites and their relative intensity, but also filtration discharges in absolute units.     

Paleolimnological assessment of the impact of logging on small boreal lakes

In Finland a great number of forest lakes are affected by silvicultural practices such as logging. Logging affects water chemistry and thus the ecological state of lakes by causing nutrient loads and increasing erosion and humic substances in water. Water quality assessment requires definition of natural background conditions and ecological status of water bodies. Therefore it is necessary to determine the impact of these practices on aquatic organisms. In the absence of long-term monitoring data, paleolimnological methods provide a powerful tool for determining human-induced changes in lakes. In this study diatom assemblages, diatom-inferred water total phosphorus and total organic carbon, and sediment chemistry were analyzed from the sediments of six lakes with a logged catchment area (11-53%). According to one-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) the diatom communities of three lakes were different before, immediately after and more than 10 years after logging and diatom assemblages in remaining three lakes did not show statistically significant differences between these times. However, all changes were minor, and at present the diatom assemblages and diatom-inferred water chemistry of all the lakes are close to the pre-logging conditions. The minor alterations are probably due to the wide protective zones around the lakes.     

山西罗云山山前断裂带中段龙祠-峪口全新世活动证据

通过断错地貌调查和探槽开挖,获得了临汾盆地西界罗云山山前断裂带龙祠-峪口段的最新活动信息:该段山前洪积扇后缘断断续续存在高2.5m、5.2m、8m左右的地表地貌陡坎;附近冲沟的Ⅰ级阶地热释光测年为距今7500a左右;在NW向的席坊沟内存在拔沟3.5m、8m、18m左右的3级阶地,与地貌陡坎有对应关系;席坊沟探槽揭示罗云...     

电容式和压力式水位仪动态标定及传输函数测定

采用现代数字采样技术和仪器标定测试平台,对ORBES—89电容传感式水位仪和压力式水位仪进行了动态标定。标定信号是标定平台产生的正弦型和阶跃型水位变化。文中采用线性最小二乘拟合方法,求得了两仪器传输函数的解析表达式。分析结果表明,两台仪器在低频段内产生的相位滞后及振幅畸变均很小,在固体潮观测资料数据分析处理时可忽略不计。     

The use of statistical methods to separate natural background and anthropogenic concentrations of trace elements in radio-chronologically selected surface sediments of the Venice Lagoon

A new method has been developed that predicts the natural background concentrations of microelements of interest in sediments using the concentrations of various components present in the sample. This is done by developing multiple linear regressions using a dataset which has been selected, using radiochronological dating and statistical methods, to reflect the concentration distributions of natural levels of a large number of sediment constituents. This method is demonstrated in Venice Lagoon, using data generated in a lagoon-wide sampling effort. A quantitative assessment is carried out of the variability of natural background levels at the lagoon scale for the main inorganic microelements, and distribution maps of the background and anthropogenic concentrations of a selected metal (Ni) in sediments at the lagoon scale are presented. With sufficient data, this method can be applied in other areas, allowing for a site-specific separation of natural background and anthropogenic levels of microconstituents in sediments, providing insights into regional geochemistry and aiding in the risk-based management of coastal sediments.