地震与水压力耦合作用下岩质边坡倾覆解析方法

以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。     

层状结构岩质边坡动力稳定性试验研究

介绍了所进行的层状结构岩质边坡动力稳定性试验。结果表明，在水平地震动加速度达到0．4g时，层状结构岩质边坡就会出现局部的层间错动现象，当水平地震加速度达到0．8g时，层间结合力较弱的边坡将发生大面积的表面滑动和崩塌。而在铅直地震力作用下，当地震加速度达到1.0g时，才会出现破坏现象。因而对层状结构岩质边坡来说，其水平地震力造成的危害是主要的。     

地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究

汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中.以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响.节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏.上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据.     

反倾边坡地震破坏模式及能量判识方法研究

利用大型振动台试验,基于HHT边际谱理论,本文对含软弱夹层反倾岩质边坡地震破坏模式及其能量判识方法进行研究。振动台试验结果表明含软弱夹层反倾岩质边坡的地震破坏模式为中部岩层挤压滑出型。边际谱峰值的变化能清晰地表征边坡内部的震害损伤发展过程,且边际谱的识别结果与试验中坡面位移监测结果吻合较好。振动台试验和能量判识方法表明边坡的破坏过程为:0.1 g和0.2 g地震作用下,边坡未出现震害损伤,边际谱峰值随高程增加近似呈线性增加;0.3 g地震作用下坡顶附近出现震害损伤,坡顶出现局部掉块;0.4 g地震作用下,坡内震害损伤位置发展至相对高度0.295~0.6之间,坡体中部出现水平向微裂隙;0.6 g地震作用时,震害损伤位置进一步向坡脚发展,坡内震害损伤位置发展至相对高度0.295以下,上部坡体(相对高程0.8附近)向坡面方向滑出,坡面出现纵向裂隙,并与水平向裂隙贯通,中部软弱夹层被挤出,坡顶被震碎。边际谱辨识结果显示,边坡坡面附近的震害程度弱于坡体内部。本文的研究对认识含软弱夹层反倾岩质边坡的地震破坏模式具有指导意义。     

强震作用下层状岩质斜坡破坏的大型振动台试验研究

以“5.12”汶川地震背景为基础,对不同岩性组合水平层状岩质边坡进行了大型振动台模型试验研究.文中介绍了振动台试验过程,通过对试验现象的观察处理分析,考察了边坡的破坏现象特征、变形破坏模式.实验结果表明,地震力作用下边坡的变形破坏程度、特征以及稳定性不仅与地震波的类型、加载方向、频率、振幅有关,同时还受边坡的岩体性质、...     

地震和降雨对乌鲁木齐大学路泥岩边坡影响

利用有限元ABAQUS软件,模拟了人工开挖边坡,研究了降雨和地震对三叠系强风化泥岩边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:降雨会使滑体的内摩擦角和黏聚力减小,从而使边坡安全系数急剧降低。地震对边坡的影响最大,由于边坡存在与地震波传播方向相垂直的竖向结构面,很容易发生拉裂破坏。通过设置抗滑桩支护边坡可以提高边坡的稳定性,并且在桩间距一定的条件下,随着桩径的增加,边坡安全系数稳步增长。     

层状工程边坡振动失稳的物理模型试验研究

依据量纲分析法和相似定律,制作了顺层和反倾向岩质隧道边坡的物理模型,采用单向振动试验台施加动力荷载,利用摄像机记录模型边坡的变形破坏过程、加速度传感器采集边坡各部位加速度分布情况。试验结果表明:层状岩质边坡的变形破坏是受到结构面控制的,顺层边坡的破坏以剪切滑动破坏为主,而反倾向边坡的破坏以松散体塌落为主;另外,隧道洞口的破坏情况与洞口所处的高程有关,高坡位的隧道洞口在振动力作用下的破坏较为严重,而低坡位隧道洞口则容易被滑塌体堵塞洞口;模型边坡存在明显的"高程效应"和"趋表效应",不同结构面组合形式的边坡其加速度放大效应具有相似规律。     

基于非确定性分析法的顺层边坡抗震性研究

顺层岩质边坡的抗震性指标大部分都是非确定的,无法用固定阈值衡量。提出基于非确定性分析法的顺层边坡抗震性性能研究,将顺层岩质边坡看作若干个叠加的薄板;运用非确定性分析法计算各个薄板的动力安全系数和动力极限状态方程,并对顺层边坡动力极限状态方程进行求解,可得在地震作用力下顺层边坡动力可靠度指标与顺层边坡失效概率之间的关系;评估地震作用力下顺层边坡整体稳定性,同时综合考量顺岩边坡的最小平均安全系数以及平均失效概率,得出评估结果。实验结果显示,在地震作用力下,顺层边坡坡高、坡角、岩层倾角对顺岩边坡抗震性能影响显著,评估结果与实际结果一致。     

反倾巨厚层状岩体地震滑坡特征分析

针对汶川大地震中产生的在反倾巨厚层状岩体中滑坡的特征,以甘肃武都寨子崖滑坡为实例,通过详细的野外地质调查,结合滑坡区的工程地质环境和面波测试成果,综合分析反倾巨厚层状岩质边坡中形成滑坡的条件,研究其特征和演化机制。不发育结构面、尤其不发育缓倾坡外结构面时此类边坡不具备产生重力滑坡的条件;此类斜坡在仅有水平地震力时同样不易形成滑坡,双向地震力共同作用时易产生地震滑坡。     

边坡动力响应的非线性特征分析

以节理岩质边坡作为研究对象,采用离散单元法,分析了边坡在地震作用下的变形特征,根据边坡演化过程中所表现出的非线性特征,应用相空间重构理论证明边坡的演化过程是混沌序列,边坡动力失稳过程包含2次分岔,边坡失稳的本质是分岔.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LARGE ROCK AVALANCHES TRIGGERED BY THE LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE AT HONGSHIYAN AND GANJIAZHAI

The 3 August 2014 Ludian, Yunnan M_S6.5 earthquake has spawned more than 1, 000 landslides which are from several tens to several millions and over ten millions of cubic meters in volumes. Among them, the Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are the biggest two with volumes over 1 000×10⁴m³. The Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are two typical landslides, the former belongs to tremendous rock avalanche, and the latter belongs to unconsolidated werthering deposit landslide developed in concave mountain slope. Based on field investigations, causes and formation mechanism of the two landslides are discussed in this study. The neotectonic movement in the area maintains sustainable uplifting violently all the time since Cenozoic. The landform process accompanied with the regional tectonic uplifting is the violent downward erosion along the Jinshajiang River and its tributary, forming landforms of high mountains and canyons, deeply cut valleys, with great height difference. The regional seismo-tectonics situation suggests that:Ludian earthquake region is situated on the southern frontier boundary of Daliangshan secondary active block, and is seismically the strongest active area with one earthquake of magnitude greater than M5.0 occurring every 6 years. Frequent and strong seismicity produces accumulated effects on the ground rock to gradually lower the mechanical strength of slopes and their stability, which is the basis condition to generate large-scale collapse and landslide at Hongshiyan and Ganjiazhai. The occurring of Hongshiyan special large rock avalanche is associated with the large terrain height difference, steep slope, soft interlayer structure and unloading fissures and high-angle joints. The formation mechanism of Hongshiyan rock avalanche may have three stages as follows:Stage 1, when P wave arriving, under the situation of free surface, rocks shake violently, the pre-existent joints(in red)parallel to and normal to the river and unloading cracks are opened and connected. Stage 2, on the basis of the first stage, when S wave arriving, the ground movement aggravates. Joints(in green)along beds develop further, resulting in rock masses intersecting each other. Stage 3, rock masses lose stability, sliding downward, collapsing, and moving over a short distance along the sliding surface to the inside of the valley, blocking the river to form the dammed lake. The special large landslide at Ganjiazhai is a weathering layer landslide occurring in the middle-lower of a large concave slope. Its formation process may have two stages as follows:Firstly, under strong ground shaking and gravity, the ground rock-soil body around moves and assembles to the lower of the central axis of the large concave slope, which suffers the largest earthquake inertia force and firstly yields plastic damage to generate compression-expansion deformation, because of the largest water content and volume-weight within the loose soil of it. Secondly, in view of the steep slope, along with the compression, the plastic deformation area enlarges further in the lower of slope, giving rise to a tensional stress area along the middle of the slope. As soon as the tensional stress exceeds the tensile strength of the weathering layer, a tensional fracture will occur and the landslide rolls away immediately making use of momentum. This two large landslides are the basic typical ones triggered by the M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake, and their causes and mechanism have a certain popular implication for the landslides occurring in this earthquake region.     

钢结构管道穿越西山断层安全性分析

根据乌鲁木齐市西山发震断层的有关资料,针对西山地区两种主要地层岩土工程数据,利用有限元理论,采用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS对天然气管线穿越西山断层的反应进行了分析和研究。通过分析穿越断层地下管线的应力与变形情况,得出了在使用年限内钢结构管道以粉土层为地基持力层和覆土材料将处于安全状态的结论。     

蓄水引起的地基垂直形变的总效应和丹江水库地震

水库蓄水后,水体质量荷载引起地基岩石介质产生静力学形变效应.发生地震的水库,由于震源区岩石介质扩容,也会引起地基岩石介质的形变.本文同时考虑了这两种效应.水体质量荷载的静力学形变总效应包括:荷载引起的地基岩石介质的静态弹性形变,质量引起的重力等位面形变以及静态弹性形变所引起的重力等位面形变.岩石介质扩容效应在一定阶段会引起地基岩石介质的膨胀隆起,这种隆起形变同样也引起重力场变化.采用上述模型分析了丹江水库的水准测量成果,确定了该地区地基岩石介质的 Lame 常数,分析了地面垂直形变与地震的关系,从而认为使用该模型分析蓄水后库区的地面的垂直形变,可以为预报水库区地震提取必要的信息.      

基于无人机影像的危岩体识别及公路地震风险研究

我国西南山区地质条件复杂,且地震频发。地震除引发滑坡、泥石流外,也会导致大量崩塌落石灾害,对基础设施造成严重破坏。以位于程海断裂带沿线、地震发生风险较高且危岩带分布典型的八代村为研究对象,分析地震作用下危岩体的影响范围,并评估山脚高速公路的受灾风险。首先基于无人机影像,利用图像识别技术快速获取危岩体位置及尺寸参数,与人工识别结果对比发现识别准确率达76.2%;然后将危岩体参数代入二维数值模拟软件Rocfall,并结合地震能量计算公式,计算地震作用下危岩体运动距离。结果表明,公路与危岩体影响区最近距离仅57 m,需要在坡脚段设置挡墙等防护措施。     

古构造残余应力场对震源的作用

本文根据中国西南部四个强震带残余应力场水平和铅直分布的测量和实验研究结果，讨论了古构造残余应力场对震源的作用：降低震源岩体强度，增大震源岩体形变，与现今应力场迭加在一起促成地震，随岩体破裂释放残余弹性能加到震源释放的现今弹性能中去提高震级和地震活动水平。     

双向地震作用下崩塌堆积体边坡动力模糊可靠性分析

考虑崩塌堆积体边坡岩土体参数随机性和模糊性,以及地震力双向性,建立一种边坡地震动力模糊可靠度计算方法,针对竖向地震力对崩塌堆积体边坡稳定可靠性的影响进行进一步研究。首先,选用动力有限元时程分析法计算出双向地震工况下崩塌堆积体边坡的响应特征,并运用模糊理论对强度参数进行模糊性处理;然后,根据Mohr-Coulumb强度准则构建边坡安全系数与可靠度的时程计算模型;最后,采用边坡地震可靠性评价新方法,通过MATLAB编写相应程序,实现计算和分析结果的快速输出。案例结果表明:新方法计算结果更加合理,对工程而言也更加安全;竖向地震作用均对崩塌堆积体边坡整体可靠性存在影响,但影响程度需根据工程实际情况进行分析。在算例工况下,竖向地震对崩塌堆积体边坡的可靠性影响很小,仅使得可靠度降低3.55%,因此,可仅考虑水平地震的影响。     

鲁甸地震的滑坡物质运移规律与地形特征

长期、缓慢的地貌演化具有阶段性的特点,构造抬升与侵蚀相互作用引起山坡物质运移,使地貌单元具有向相对稳定状态转变的趋势。滑坡作为山坡物质运移的一种主要方式,在地貌演化过程中起到了重要作用。2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震诱发了异常多的滑坡,可以看作是该区地貌物质在短时间内发生的集中调整过程。这些滑坡主要沿河流分布,表明河流侵蚀使河岸地形变陡、强度降低,形成发生物质运移的有利条件,从而增强了地震滑坡的易发性。文中以SRTM 30m数字高程模型(DEM)为基础,通过对鲁甸地震滑坡分布区的网格化划分,对研究区滑坡分布及其与地形特征的关系进行了定量分析。除计算网格单元内的高程、高差及算数平均坡度外,还提出期望坡度的计算方法以对网格单元内的地形进行平滑。在此基础上,对该区域地貌特征参数自相关性进行了分析和比较,以判断地表物质分布是否均衡并寻找其中的分异性单元(滑坡易发区)。结果表明,研究区的高程与坡度、地形高差呈负相关,反映出显著的河流侵蚀效应;其中地形特征在分析单元的期望坡度与算数平均坡度这2个不同尺度下表现出很高的一致性,可能代表着研究区地貌在演化中具有的一种动态稳定特征,而与此特征不符的地貌单元则是可能发生滑坡进行物质调整的区域,是地貌自适应调整的一种表现。2014年鲁甸地震触发的大部分规模较大的滑坡发生在期望坡度与平均坡度差异较大的区域,这些区域大多位于河谷,显示河流侵蚀及其所造成的地形特征对滑坡易发性的控制作用。基于这样的认识,认为该区未来的物质运移区域仍然受到河流侵蚀的控制,滑坡易发性高的位置仍将沿河流分布。作为对比的九寨沟地震震区的地貌参数分析结果则表现出不同的特点,这种地形地貌分布上的差异性与滑坡空间分布及滑坡规模等之间的关系值得深入探讨。     

三峡水库的建立对库区地球重力场及地壳形变的影响

作为人造工程的三峡水库的建立，使得库区水体聚集，地球质量重新分布，将使地壳的物理结构以及局部地球重力场发生变化．针对上述问题，对库区的水准面、点绝对重力值、垂线方向和高程、高程基准面等的重力场变化以及地壳形变进行了研究．主要结果是：当蓄水水位达到峰值１７５ｍ（坝高）时，大地水准面有２．２３－１１．２ｍｍ的变化，点重力值有（０．８３－４．６）×１０^－５ｍｓ^－２的变化，垂线偏差的变化分别为－０．６２＂－６．５０＂（南北方向）和－６．４２＂－１．３４＂（东西方向）地壳的形变量为１．３２－６．６５ｍｍ，这些变化将引起测区的高程产生３．５５－１７．８４ｍｍ的变化．因此，原有库区及其附近的测量资料（包括水准、天文、重力等）必须审慎使用，并应建立库区形变监测网，对地壳形变、地震、滑坡、大坝变形等进行监测．     

ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF THE 2017 MS7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE REGION AND THE EASTERN TERMINUS OF THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT

The East Kunlun Fault is a giant fault in northern Tibetan, extending eastward and a boundary between the Songpan-Ganzi block and the West Qinling orogenic zone. The East Kunlun Fault branches out into a horsetail structure which is formed by several branch faults. The 2017 Jiuzhaigou M_S7.0 earthquake occurred in the horsetail structure of the East Kunlun Fault and caused huge casualties. As one of several major faults that regulate the expansion of the Tibetan plateau, the complexity of the deep extension geometry of the East Kunlun Fault has also attracted a large number of geophysical exploration studies in this area, but only a few are across the Jiuzhaigou earthquake region. Changes in pressure or slip caused by the fluid can cause changes in fault activity. The presence of fluid can cause the conductivity of the rock mass inside the fault zone to increase significantly. MT method is the most sensitive geophysical method to reflect the conductivity of the rock mass. Thus MT is often used to study the segmented structure of active fault zones. In recent years MT exploration has been carried out in several earthquake regions and the results suggest that the location of main shock and aftershocks are controlled by the resistivity structure. In order to study the deep extension characteristics of the East Kunlun Fault and the distribution of the medium properties within the fault zone, we carried out a MT exploration study across the Tazang section of the East Kunlun Fault in 2016. The profile in this study crosses the Jiuzhaigou earthquake region. Other two MT profiles that cross the Maqu section of East Kunlun Fault performed by previous researches are also collected. Phase tensor decomposition is used in this paper to analyze the dimensionality and the change in resistivity with depth. The structure of Songpan-Ganzi block is simple from deep to shallow. The structure of West Qinlin orogenic zone is complex in the east and simple in the west. The structure near the East Kunlun Fault is complex. We use 3D inversion to image the three MT profiles and obtained 3D electrical structure along three profiles. The root-mean-square misfit of inversions is 2.60 and 2.70. Our results reveal that in the tightened northwest part of the horsetail structure, the East Kunlun Fault, the Bailongjiang Fault, and the Guanggaishan-Dieshan Fault are electrical boundaries that dip to the southwest. The three faults combine in the mid-lower crust to form a "flower structure" that expands from south to north. In the southeastward spreading part of the horsetail structure, the north section of the Huya Fault is an electrical boundary that extends deep. The Tazang Fault has obvious smaller scale than the Huya Fault. The Minjiang Fault is an electrical boundary in the upper crust. The Huya Fault and the Tazang Fault form a one-side flower structure. The Bailongjiang and the Guanggaishan-Dieshan Fault form a "flower structure" that expands from south to north too. The two "flower structures" combine in the high conductivity layer of mid-lower crust. In Songpan-Ganzi block, there is a three-layer structure where the second layer is a high conductivity layer. In the West Qinling orogenic zone, there is a similar structure with the Songpan-Ganzi block, but the high conductivity layer in the West Qinling orogenic zone is shallower than the high conductivity layer in the Songpan-Ganzi block. The hypocenter of 2017 M_S7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake is between the high and low resistivity bodies at the shallow northeastern boundary of the high conductivity layer. The low resistivity body is prone to move and deform. The high resistivity body blocked the movement of low resistivity body. Such a structure and the movement mode cause the uplift near the East Kunlun Fault. The electrical structure and rheological structure of Jiuzhaigou earthquake region suggest that the focal depth of the earthquake is less than 11km. The Huya Fault extends deeper than the Tazang Fault. The seismogenic fault of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake is the Huya Fault. The high conductivity layer is deep in the southwest and shallow in the northeast, which indicates that the northeast movement of Tibetan plateau is the cause of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake.     

岩浆岩和变质岩边坡岩体结构类型的划分

在研究岩浆岩和变质岩特点的基础上,根据岩浆岩岩体结构体的大小、有无缓倾的结构面及岩浆岩散粒状边坡岩体的特征,将岩浆岩边坡岩体结构划分为4大类7个亚类;根据部分正变质岩边坡岩体结构与岩浆岩边坡岩体结构类似,部分副变质岩中发育的板理、千枚理、片理类似沉积岩中的层理,以及边坡岩体具有似层状岩体结构的特征,把变质岩边坡岩体的结构划分为5大类11个亚类。岩体结构的划分为边坡稳定性研究、边坡病害治理及其工程效果评价提供了依据。