天山内部博罗可努断裂精河--阿拉山口段晚更新世以来的活动特征

通过对博罗可努断裂河－阿拉山口段微地貌的实地调查,发现该断裂错情河东南到阿拉山口之间的晚更新世冲洪积扇,地表留下了冲沟和山脊同步右旋位错、断层陡坎、断层鼓包、拉分盆地等与断层活动有关的微地貌。精河东南冲洪积扇上大冲沟的最大右旋位移为５００ｍ,平均４００ｍ,断层陡坎上的纹沟右旋位移为２．６～４．０ｍ,较大级别的纺沟位移可分为５．７ｍ,８．３ｍ和１５．３ｍ３组,它们大致为３的整数倍。实测断层陡坎的高度     

博—阿断裂带中东段晚第四纪以来滑动速率

通过对新疆博—阿断裂带中东段的实地调查,发现断裂在吐鲁番盆地西南山前冲洪积扇上形成了冲沟右旋错动、断层陡坎、挤压隆起等与断裂活动相关的典型断错地貌。对比区域地貌面的分布和年龄,并结合测年结果,认为研究区内主要分布了3期冲洪积扇,并对应3级河流阶地。实测Fan3冲洪积扇上冲沟的最大右旋位错达40.8 m,其余分布在22～27 m区间内,Fan2冲洪积扇上冲沟的右旋位错达26.5 m,结合光释光年代样品的测试结果,得到1.8万年以来断裂平均右旋走滑速率为(1.42±0.18)mm/a。     

华山山前断裂中段晚第四纪活动的地貌表现及响应

调查了华山山前断裂中段（石堤峪-杜峪）晚更新世以来,尤其是全新世以来的断层构造地貌,讨论了它们的成因、特点及对断裂活动的响应关系。断层构造地貌主要包括：断层三角面、断层陡坎、洪积阶地、埋藏型洪积扇以及冲沟裂点。对各大沟峪峪口的洪积阶地进行了大比例尺微地貌测量,并在部分沟峪两侧沿断层崖陡坎及冲沟沟床布置了测线。结合T1、T2级洪积阶地位错测量结果及其14C年龄计算得到,华山山前断裂中段6000a-2000aB.P.的垂直滑动速率为1.485mm/a;2000aB.P.以来的垂直滑动速率为3.73mm/a。最后结合野外调查与理论认识,建立了正断层作用下洪积阶地与埋藏型洪积扇的演化模式。本研究结果支持华山山前断裂是1556年华县814级地震发震构造的观点。     

天山内部博罗可努断裂精河—阿拉山口段晚更新世以来的活动特征

通过对博罗可努断裂精河—阿拉山口段微地貌的实地调查 ,发现该断裂错断精河东南到阿拉山口之间的晚更新世冲洪积扇 ,地表留下了冲沟和山脊同步右旋位错、断层陡坎、断层鼓包、拉分盆地等与断层活动有关的微地貌。精河东南冲洪积扇上大冲沟的最大右旋位移为 50 0m ,平均4 0 0m。断层陡坎上的纹沟右旋位移为 2 6～ 4 0m ,较大级别的纹沟位移可分为 5 7m ,8 3m和 15 3m3组。它们大致为 3的整数倍。实测断层陡坎的高度分别为 1 2m ,2 51m和 3 6 3m ,大致是 1 2的整数倍 ,阿拉山口西南断层的水平位移为 1～ 1 7m ;垂直位移可分为两组 ,一组为 0 55m ,另一组为 1 2～ 1 5m。这些数据可能揭示了该断裂段的特征地震水平位移为 3m ,垂直位移为 1 2m。区域地貌对比和年代学分析得出 ,精河东南冲洪积扇的最后形成时代为距今 7万a左右 ,右旋滑动速率为4 7mm/a。     

初论贺兰山前洪积扇断层陡坎

银川盆地是个四周被断裂围限的新生代地堑,活动断层屡见不鲜。地堑西侧的洪积扇上,多处见有陡坎,著名的红果子沟长城错动正位于两条洪积扇陡坎上。但是,盆地中最长、最壮观的还是贺兰山中段苏峪口外的洪积扇陡坎(图1)。此陡坎曾被一些研究者推测为断层。但另一些地质学家由于没有直接见到断层面和其     

北天山博乐盆地南缘勒塔干褶皱晚第四纪构造变形

研究天山地区活动逆冲断裂、褶皱对于认识整个天山再生造山带的隆升和地震危险性评估具有重要意义。以天山北麓博乐盆地南缘库松木楔克断裂东段勒塔干褶皱为研究对象,通过无人机航拍提取高精度DEM和野外实地调查结果,将勒塔干背斜东部迪里克河附近的洪积扇分为5期,从新到老分别为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5。其中,T4洪积扇完整记录了褶皱的变形历史,其后翼褶皱陡坎高度为（8.1±0.6）m。自T4洪积扇废弃以来,勒塔干断层的滑移量为（33.0±2.6）m。T3洪积扇仅发育在迪里克河出水口处,即勒塔干背斜北侧,（16.9±0.2）m的断层陡坎高度揭示了自T3洪积扇废弃以来,控制背斜形成的逆断层发生了21.4～21.7 m的滑动。通过与相邻地区洪积扇期次进行对比,认为T4洪积扇的废弃年龄为（74.01±6.14）ka,勒塔干背斜下断坡晚第四纪滑动速率为（0.45±0.05）mm/a,勒塔干褶皱晚第四纪地壳缩短速率为（0.37±0.04）mm/a。     

新疆北天山江南庙断层陡坎及其形成机制

在北天山中段第一排构造外围的宁家河－三个泉河之间,有一由北倾断裂形成的反向陡坎。该陡坎应为断裂多次错动的结果,陡坎形成初期,坎南为断塞塘,沉积物年龄为５０００ａ。在宁家河剖面可见河谷阶地砾石向上游倾斜;Ⅱ级阶地错动３￣４ｍ。依断裂模式归类,江南庙断裂为后逆冲断裂。这类断裂中否能发生７级以上地震,断裂坎是否是古地震造成,目前尚不能确定。     

榆木山北缘断裂现今构造活动特征及其对青藏高原北东扩展的构造地貌响应

榆木山北缘断裂位于祁连山逆冲断裂带中部,是榆木山隆起与河西走廊之间的分界断裂。探究榆木山北缘断裂的构造活动,有助于进一步了解祁连山向N的扩展过程以及青藏高原向NE方向推挤的机制。文中主要从断层滑动速率、古地震活动习性和构造变形3个方面总结了榆木山地区近20多年以来的研究成果。通过遥感影像解译、野外地质调查、断错位移测量及地貌面年龄测定等方法和手段,估算了榆木山北缘断裂典型位错点的逆冲滑动速率为(0.55±0.15)mm/a;左旋滑动速率为(0.95±0.11)mm/a。认为前人提出的"骆驼城陡坎"并非断层活动的产物,而是古代引水工程或水利灌溉工程的遗迹,也就是说它不是公元180年表氏地震的地表破裂。通过DEM剖面所反映的山体形态,结合断裂各项特征,认为榆木山隆起是祁连山向N推挤的结果,断裂活动目前仍集中在榆木山北侧,山体的形态受断层扩展控制,山脉的扩展是1个垂向和侧向的过程,晚新生代以来榆木山持续隆升。     

西南天山柯坪塔格前缘断裂带东段晚第四纪活动特征

柯坪塔格前缘断裂东段是柯坪推覆构造系前缘的一条活动断裂,野外调查获得了其晚第四纪错断洪积扇、冲沟阶地面的证据,实测了变形地貌面上的断层陡坎,分析了断层的形变量,通过采样测年估算了断层的缩短速率。由7个观测点的断层陡坎剖面测量,计算了观测点处断层的水平缩短速率,结果表明,断裂弧顶部位的五道班、三间房以西及其大山口道班附近,断层错断了Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级洪积扇(阶地)。断层在这些地点最新活动强烈,水平缩短平均速率全新世以来为0·35~0·44mm/a,更新世晚期末以来为0·16~0·30mm/a,而在非弧顶部位的巴楚磷矿、三岔口以北及大山口北断层只错断了更新世晚期Ⅲ级洪积扇,且水平缩短速率较小,断层水平缩短平均速率更新世晚期以来为0·05~0·07mm/a     

洪积扇顶部活动走滑断裂的断错地貌分析——以新疆塔城盆地东缘阿合别斗河冲洪积扇为例

依据山前洪积扇顶部的扇形地形和向下游方向逐渐降低的地形特征,文中首先分析了断层面直立、向河流上游倾斜、向河流下游倾斜3种条件下左旋走滑断层错动在洪积扇顶部形成的断层陡坎的坡向和高度变化。其次,分析了左旋逆走滑断层、左旋正走滑断层在不同断层倾向条件下,断层错动在洪积扇顶部形成的断层陡坎的坡向和高度变化。利用无人机实测地形数据、谷歌卫星影像,结合野外地质地貌调查,发现新疆塔城盆地东缘NE-SW走向的冬别列克断裂近垂直穿过了自SE-NW发育的阿合别斗河。阿合别斗河处洪积扇的中轴线为NW向,坡向朝N,断层活动使其顶部发育了高约5.2m、坡向SE的反向断层陡坎。而在河床左、右两岸各1km之外的山前洪积扇上,断层陡坎为坡向NW的正向断层陡坎,坎高1～5m不等。阿合别斗河左岸T2、右岸T4与左、右两岸T5阶地的左旋水平位错量分别为(10.1±0.2) m、(10.6±0.7) m、(29.1±0.2) m、(20.0±0.7) m,垂直位错量分别为(1.5±0.1) m、(3.6±0.3) m、(4.7±0.2) m、(5.2±0.1) m。野外调查发现2处断层露头,断层面均倾向SE。根据阿合别斗河附近的断错地貌和走滑断层断错地貌模型,认为冬别列克断层在地貌面S1形成后为左旋逆走滑性质,T5阶地面形成后断层的性质转变为左旋正走滑并多次活动,形成了自SW-NE连续分布的正向断层陡坎—无陡坎—反向断层陡坎—无陡坎—正向断层陡坎的地貌现象。     

祁连山北缘玉门-北大河断裂晚第四纪活动特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查并结合前人研究成果,对位于祁连山北缘的玉门—北大河断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行研究。结果表明,玉门—北大河断裂为一条全新世活动的逆冲断裂,该断裂西起玉门青草湾,向东经老玉门市、大红泉止于骨头泉,全长约80km,整体走向NWW。根据断裂的几何结构及活动习性可将其分为三段:东段构造形态简单连续,为逆冲断层陡坎为主的古地震地表破裂带;中段结构复杂,由多条次级断层组成,以逆冲扩展为主;西段未出露地表而成为盲断裂-褶皱带。通过对断层陡坎差分GPS测量及相应地貌面年代测试,得到断裂晚更新世以来逆冲速率约为(0.73±0.09)mm/a。     

PRESENT KINEMATICS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN YUMUSHAN ACTIVE FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO THE NORTHEASTWARD GROWTH OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor, located in the north of Tibetan plateau, are the margin of Tibetan plateau's tectonic deformation and pushing. Its internal deformations and activities can greatly conserve the extension process and characteristics of the Plateau. The research of Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor consequentially plays a significant role in understanding tectonic deformation mechanism of Tibetan plateau. The northern Yumushan Fault, located in the middle of the northern Qilian Shan thrust belt, is a significant component of Qilian Shan thrust belt which divides Yumushan and intramontane basins in Hexi Corridor. Carrying out the research of Yumushan Fault will help explain the kinematics characteristics of the northern Yumushan active fault and its response to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau.Because of limited technology conditions of the time, different research emphases and some other reasons, previous research results differ dramatically. This paper summarizes the last 20 years researches from the perspectives of fault slip rates, paleao-earthquake characteristics and tectonic deformation. Using aerial-photo morphological analysis, field investigation, optical simulated luminescence(OSL)dating of alluvial surfaces and topographic profiles, we calculate the vertical slip rate and strike-slip rate at the typical site in the northern Yumushan Fault, which is(0.55±0.15)mm/a and(0.95±0.11), respectively. On the controversial problems, namely "the Luotuo(Camel)city scarp" and the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake, we use aerial-photo analysis, particular field investigation and typical profile dating. We concluded that "Luotuo city scarp" is the ruin of ancient diversion works rather than the fault scarp of the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake. Combining the topographic profiles of the mountain range with fault characteristics, we believe Yumu Shan is a part of Qilian Shan. The uplift of Yumu Shan is the result of Qilian Shan and Yumu Shan itself pushing northwards. Topographic profile along the crest of the Yumu Shan illustrates the decrease from its center to the tips, which is similar to the vertical slip rates and the height of fault scarp. These show that Yumu Shan is controlled by fault extension and grows laterally and vertically. At present, fault activities are still concentrated near the north foot of Yumu Shan, and the mountain ranges continue to rise since late Cenozoic.     

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PALEOEARTHQUAKES ON THE MIDDLE-EASTERN SEGMENT OF JINTA NANSHAN FAULT

Hexi Corridor is located at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Series of late Quaternary active faults are developed in this area. Numerous strong earthquakes occurred in history and nowadays. Jinta Nanshan fault is one of the boundary faults between the Qinghai-Tibet block and the Alxa block. The fault starts from the northwest of Wutongdun in the west, passes through Changshan, Yuanyangchi reservoir, Dakouzi, and ends in the east of Hongdun. Because the Jinta Nanshan fault is a new active fault in this region, it is important to ascertain its paleoearthquakes since late Pleistocene for the earthquake risk study. Previous studies were carried out on the western part, such as field geomorphic investigation and trench excavation, which shows strong activity in Holocene on the western segment of Jinta Nanshan fault. On the basis of the above research, in this paper, we carried out satellite image interpretation, detailed investigation of faulted landforms and differential GPS survey for the whole fault. Focusing on the middle-eastern part, we studied paleoearthquakes through trench exploration on the Holocene alluvial fan and optical luminescence dating. The main results are as follows:Early Pleistocene to late Pleistocene alluvial strata are widely developed along the fault and Holocene sediment is only about tens of centimeters thick. The Jinta Nanshan fault shows long-lasting activity since late Quaternary and reveals tens of centimeters of the lowest scarp which illustrates new strong activity on the middle-east segment of this fault. Since late Pleistocene, 4 paleoearthquakes happened respectively before(15.16±1.29) ka, before(9.9±0.5) ka, about 6ka and after(3.5±0.4) ka, revealed by 4 trenches, of which 2 are laid on relatively thicker Holocene alluvial fan. Two events occurred since middle Holocene, and both ruptured the whole fault.     

THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN THE TIANSHAN OROGENIC BELT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAIDUHE FAULT

As the most active intracontinental orogenic belt in the world, the Tianshan orogenic belt has complex and diverse internal structural deformation patterns, and among them, the particularly striking is the linear straight U-type valley landscapes which cut inside the mountains by multiple NW-SE and ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. Many of the modern strong earthquakes in Tianshan orogenic belt are closely related to these strike-slip faults. Therefore, it is important to elaborate the activity characteristics of these faults to understand the deformation process inside the Tianshan Mountains belt. This paper focuses on one of the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault (the Kaiduhe Fault), which lies inside the southeastern Tianshan. Typical offset landforms and scarp lineaments on the western segment of the Kaiduhe Fault can be used to study the activity characteristics and strike-slip rate. In particular, the fault cuts through the late Quaternary alluvial fans and a series of river gullies were right-laterally faulted, producing dextral offsets ranging from 3 to 248m. A digital elevation model (DEM)with resolution of 0.25m was established by using multi-angle photogrammetry technique to stripe about 12km linear tectonic landforms along the Kaiduhe Fault. Geological and geomorphic mapping in DEM with 22 high-resolution dextral offset measurements reveals that the dextral offsets can be divide into four groups of 3.5m, 7.0m, 11.8m and 14.5m. It is presumed from the approximately uniformly-spaced offsets that the coseismic offset was 3~4m. In addition, the exposure age of an older alluvial fan surface was about 235.7ka by in situ ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method. Combining the exposure ages and the maximum dextral offset of 248m, we found that the strike-slip rate of the Kaiduhe Fault is about 1mm/a. It is found by this study that the Kaiduhe Fault plays an important role in regulating SN compression deformation within Tianshan Mountains, and it should also be the main stress-strain accumulation area which has the risk of occurrence of strong earthquake.     

酒西盆地白杨河断裂古地震特征研究

白杨河断裂是酒西盆地内部一条重要的活动断裂,断裂长约25 km,整体走向近EW,倾向N,倾角约25°。以往的研究认为白杨河断裂为一条全新世活动的隐伏断裂,其持续的活动造成了上覆阶地变形,形成白杨河背斜。通过卫星影像解译和野外实地考察,在断裂西段和中段发现连续发育的低断层陡坎,表明断裂活动已至地表。古地震探槽揭露白杨河断裂全新世以来至少发生过2次地震事件,年代分别为距今(8.7±0.6)ka和(3.9±0.5)ka,每次地震事件的垂直断距都在约0.6 m,利用经验公式,估算震级约为6.8级。     

祁漫塔格北缘断裂晚第四纪以来活动特征初步研究

祁漫塔格北缘断裂处于青藏高原内部造山带地区,其构造活动反映了青藏高原的构造演化特征。本文采用活动构造和构造地貌相结合的研究方法,对该断裂的活动性进行初步分析研究。首先采用航卫片解译和野外调查,发现该断裂断错了山前全新世冲洪积扇,形成的断层陡坎高度在1.5~2.5m。通过扩散方程,并参考前人研究结果,认为祁漫塔格北缘断裂晚第四纪的抬升速率初步限定在1~2mm/a。我们基于数字高程模型提取的地形高程纵剖面和面积-高程积分,其结果也支持祁漫塔格北缘存在构造活动。     

郯庐断裂带白山-卅铺段第四纪以来的活动习性

根据构造地貌遥感解析,发现郯庐断裂带沿庐江白山到桐城卅铺一线显示1组平行断层,现场地震地质调查验证其为1组活动断层。通过断层剖面观测、样品采集及样品测试分析和宏微观构造分析,结果表明,郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺一带第四纪以来仍具有黏滑、蠕滑交替的变形活动。其中,在柯坦—卅铺一带,最年轻的水系被NE向断层组右旋扭折,其断层物质的微观观测和测龄结果表明该断裂段第四纪时的活动具有脆、塑性过渡变形特征,强烈活动时间处于早、中更新世;而白山剖面断层泥年龄测试结果则反映相应断层段在中、晚更新世曾有过较强烈的活动。断层泥超微(SEM)和显微观测结果亦表明该断裂段曾发生黏滑、蠕滑交替的构造变形事件,且表现为先黏滑后蠕滑;结合水系呈现缓慢扭折表征,近年来沿断裂有不少微震发生,表明郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺段的最新滑移方式主要表现为蠕滑,也就是说,该段积累的应力以蠕滑或微震等方式缓慢释放,据此推测未来一定时期内不易孕育强烈地震     

郯庐断裂带莒县胡家孟晏地震破裂带的发现

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最主要的一条活动断裂带。在该断裂带中部,沂沭断裂东地堑的潍坊—嘉山段中发育了1条长360km的全新世活动断裂带(F5),在该全新世断裂带的北段和中段分别发生了公元70年的安丘地震和公元1668年的郯城地震。2003年底我们考察沭河断裂带时,在莒县境内发现了1条长约7km的地震破裂带,作为活动断层应该归属于F5断裂带,但其是一条独立的地震破裂段还是归属于1668年郯城8.5级地震破裂带有待于进一步的研究。尽管如此,探槽揭示出的上覆未经破坏的地层的14C年代表明,该破裂带在(2140±190)aBP以来没有过活动,因此我们认为其作为1条独立破裂段的可能性较大     

SLIP RATES OF THE RIYUE MT. FAULT AT DEZHOU SEGMENT SINCE LATE PLEISTOCENE

The Riyue Mt. Fault is a secondary fault controlled by the major regional boundary faults (East Kunlun Fault and Qilian-Haiyuan Fault). It lies in the interior of Qaidam-Qilianshan block and between the major regional boundary faults. The Riyue Mt. fault zone locates in the special tectonic setting which can provide some evidences for recent activity of outward extension of NE Tibetan plateau, so it is of significance to determine the activity of Riyue Mt. Fault since late Pleistocene to Holocene. In this paper, we have obtained some findings along the Dezhou segment of Riyue Mt. Fault by interpreting the piedmont alluvial fans, measuring fault scarps, and excavating trenches across the fault scarp. The findings are as follows:(1) Since the late Pleistocene, there are an alluvial fan f_p and three river terraces T₁-T₃ formed on the Dezhou segment. The abandonment age of f_p is approximately (21.2±0.6) ka, and that of the river terrace T₂ is (12.4±0.11) ka. (2) Since the late Pleistocene, the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault is (2.41±0.25) mm/a. In the Holocene, the dextral strike-slip rate of the fault is (2.18±0.40) mm/a, and its vertical displacement rate is (0.24±0.16) mm/a. This result indicates that the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault has not changed since the late Pleistocene. It is believed that, as one of the dextral strikeslip faults, sandwiched between the the regional big left-lateral strike-slip faults, the Riyue Mt. Fault didn't cut the boundary zone of the large block. What's more, the dextral strike-slip faults play an important role in the coordination of deformation between the sub-blocks during the long term growth and expansion of the northeast Tibetan plateau.