VTI介质中非线性对地震波频率和频宽变化的约束

采用改进型FCT有限差分法分别模拟各向同性、具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)以及非线性VTI介质中地震波场，随后采用小波分析探讨VTI介质中非线性对地震波频率和频宽变化的约束.数值模拟及分析结果表明：介质各向异性会引发地震记录中各波型的能量随炮检距的变化，而介质各向异性与非线性的耦合作用则会进一步加剧这种变化.在遵守能量守恒原理的前提下，介质的非线性会引发地震波场中各波型间能量的再分配.同时还会引发地震波速度的波动，且随着入射角的增大，波动幅度变小.这些现象在频率域内的响应表现为主频和频宽的降低或增大、地震记录中与各波型相对应的瞬时主频和频宽峰值出现时刻的偏移以及它们随炮检距变化而表现出的幅值波动.在本文给定的弱非线性介质中（非线性炽较薄且远离震源），在震源能量较低的情况下，介质的非线性效应会造成地震波瞬时主频和频宽相对于线性介质情况分别为1/10～1/4和1/10～1/3左右的变化量.此外，随着入射波能量的下降，介质非线性所造成的地震波瞬时特征（振幅、主频、频宽）的变化量减小，但随着地震波在穿越非线性介质时路径的加长，非线性作用的累积效应使得波形畸变和频率分布特征的变化（尤其是频宽）等现象得以维持.     

结构振动控制的半主动磁流变质量驱动器(MR-AMD)

本文首先提出了一种新型的半主动磁流变质量驱动器（MR－AMD），该装置用磁流变驱动器替代AMD的液压驱动系统；其次采用所提出的半主动控制算法仿真分析了MR－AMD用于结构振动控制的有效性；第三，比较了半主动质量驱动器（MR－AMD）、调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）及主动质量驱动器（AMD）对同一模型结构的控制效果。分析结果表明，MR－AMD作为一种半主动质量驱动器有效地降低了结构的反应，其控制效果虽然不如具有相同质量块参数的AMD但却优于TMD，且同AMD一样具有较宽的有效频带范围。     

调谐质量阻尼控制装置在深圳地王商业大厦风振控制中的应用

本文从控制装置实现角度，研究了调谐质量阻尼控制装置的关键技术，其中包括装置的支撑系统、气压弹簧和液压阻尼器。应用这些技术研究了在地王大厦安装HMD装置控制结构风振响应，解决了地王大厦在风荷载作用下总侧移和层间位移角超出我国规范限值的问题。在准确把握结构动力特性和设计准则的前提下，对控制装置的参数进行了设计。系统仿真分析表明，HMD控制装置在地王大厦上应用可以有效降低结构侧向位移。     

季节冻土区土钉支护边坡地震反应动力特性分析

为了更科学地评价地震荷载作用下土钉支护季节冻土边坡的抗震性能，基于热-动力理论控制方程，应用大型非线性有限元软件ABAQUS，建立带有黏弹性人工边界的地震荷载作用下土钉支护季节冻土边坡的数值模型，对比分析夏季和冬季这两个典型季节时的加速度响应、位移响应以及土钉轴力响应。结果表明：无论是夏季还是冬季，加速度峰值随着季节冻土边坡高程以及激振加速度峰值增加而增加，在夏季时刻的季节冻土边坡坡顶位置处达到最大。此外，在不同地震波峰值加速度作用下，相同位置处的位移响应峰值却有明显的不同，同一地震烈度地震波激震时，夏季的季节冻土边坡坡顶位移最大，表明地震荷载对夏季的季节冻土边坡坡顶破坏效应最为明显，土钉轴力具有高程放大效应和坡面放大效应，季节冻土边坡坡底至坡顶的土钉端部轴力峰值逐渐增大。文中数值模拟模型及结论可为制定地震荷载作用下土钉支护季节冻土边坡抗震设计提供一定的参考。     

基于WFI动三轴试验仪的小型土箱震动台试验系统研制

为开展模型地基土动力特性的试验研究,开展了小型土箱振动台试验系统的研制.该系统由WFI动三轴试验仪的控制平台、气压供应系统、气压动力设备和伺服控制数据采集系统与自行设计制作的承台及支撑导向系统、小型土箱、信号调理变换器组装而成.经过性能检测,该系统台面具有较好的单向平稳振动性能,并能通过位移控制实现地震动输人,小型土箱...     

非一致地震波动输入下大型钢筋混凝土框架结构-地基体系地震响应规律

为探索非一致地震波动输入对大型钢筋混凝土框架结构地震响应的影响,基于OpenSees软件平台建立二维钢筋混凝土框架结构\|地基动力相互作用有限元模型。将El-Centro地震波按P波波形分别以0°、15°、30°和35°角入射该有限元模型进行计算,对比分析框架柱内力和楼层层间位移的地震响应。研究发现非一致地震波输入方法对于大型钢筋混凝土框架结构建筑动力响应影响明显,随着地震波入射角的增大,钢筋混凝土框架结构底层柱的轴力幅值减小,剪力幅值增大,而弯矩幅值变化较小,楼层层间位移幅值也随之增大。研究结果对于大型钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震设计具有参考意义。     

凯威特单层球面网壳结构隔震分析

将凯威特网壳结构的固定支座设置成隔震支座，分别采用弹簧支座和粘弹阻尼支座对结构进行了隔震控制。在有控和无控状态下，计算了凯威特网壳结构的自振频率，初步分析了凯威特网壳结构的隔震控制机理。分别在常遇和罕遇各三种地震作用下，对网壳结构进行了时程分析，对网壳结构的最大水平位移、隔震支座的最大水平位移、最大支座反力和网壳结构的杆件轴力进行了数值计算。研究结果表明：两种隔震装置均有效地控制了凯威特网壳结构的支座反力和杆件轴力，粘弹阻尼支座还明显地减少了隔震支座的水平位移和隔震结构的水平位移。隔震方法对于大跨网壳结构的减振是有效的。     

基于Hv方法的三轴液压振动系统频响函数估计的研究

三轴液压振动系统是实验室内模拟振动环境的主要设备,其主要功能是精确地复现给定的功率谱和时间历程。振动控制技术是实现这一目标的关键技术,它以频响函数估计为基础。频响函数估计的精度影响控制过程的快速性和稳定性。本文对几种典型的频响函数估计方法进行了分析,针对传统方法精度低且受到矩阵病态条件约束等缺点,应用特征分析与摄动理论构造了一种多入多出的Hv方法,并且应用三轴液压振动系统的实测数据对其进行了检验。结果表明该方法是适用的。     

DSZ-1型动三轴试验机研制与性能试验

动三轴试验机是研究土的动力性质的最基本试验设备。作者研制成功的DSZ－1型电磁式动三轴试验机，气压轴承采用滚动隔膜，三轴室的下加压座采用直线运动轴承，激振器磁体采用八片拼装式，磁场励磁电源做成为调式，动三轴和自振柱共用一套控制、采集及气压系统。性能试验表明，该试验机动态响应好，运动可靠，操作方便，具有较高的试验精度，并于2002年8月20日通过了江苏省建设厅组织的技术鉴定。     

Analysis on Dynamic Interaction of Subway Station-soil-aboveground Frame Structure Under Inclined Incidence of SV Wave

地震作用下地铁车站和邻近建筑间的动力相互作用问题已引起许多学者的关注和重视,然而斜入射地震波作用下的相互作用分析研究较少,有关规律仍不明确。为此建立基于黏弹性人工边界的地铁车站-土-地表框架结构整体动力分析有限元模型,围绕入射角、地上与地下结构间距、场地类别等因素,采用频域刚度矩阵自由场地震响应分析方法获得任意角度斜入射SV波作用下地铁车站-土-地表框架结构动力响应规律。研究结果表明,地表框架结构的存在会显著增大车站中柱轴力幅值,当地表框架结构与车站紧邻时,中柱轴力放大幅度最大为730%,放大效应会改变轴力随入射角的变化规律,总体上使车站中柱轴力在SV波垂直入射和超临界角10°左右入射时均具有相当的幅值;地表框架结构对地铁车站层间位移角的影响与场地条件密切相关,在较硬的场地（Ⅱ类场地）中,车站层间位移角放大幅度最大为74%,在较软的场地（Ⅳ类场地）中,车站层间位移角缩小幅度最大为30%;地铁车站的存在对地表框架结构层间位移角具有放大作用,总体上地铁车站与地表框架结构的距离越近,放大作用越明显,地表框架结构层间位移角放大幅度最大为52%。建议将0°入射和超临界角10°左右入射工况作为地上或地下结构地震响应分析的不利工况。     

Development of a tunable friction pendulum system for semi‐active control of building structures under earthquake ground motions

The Friction Pendulum System (FPS) isolator is commonly used as a base isolation system in buildings. In this paper, a new tunable FPS (TFPS) isolator is proposed and developed to act as a semi‐active control system by combining the traditional FPS and semi‐active control concept. Theoretical analysis and physical tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of the proposed TFPS isolator. The experimental and theoretical results were in good agreement, both suggesting that the friction force of the TFPS isolator can be tuned to achieve seismic isolation of the structure. A series of numerical simulations of a base‐isolated structure equipped with the proposed TFPS isolator and subjected to earthquake ground motions were also conducted. In the analyses, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method was adopted to control the friction force of the proposed TFPS, and the applicability and effectiveness of the TFPS in controlling the structure's seismic responses were investigated. The simulation results showed that the TFPS can reduce the displacement of the isolation layer without significantly increasing the floor acceleration and inter‐story displacement of the superstructure, confirming that the TFPS can effectively control a base‐isolated structure under earthquake ground motions.     

A study on using pre‐bent steel strips as seismic energy‐dissipative devices

Buckling is usually conceived as an unstable structural behavior leading to lateral instability of axially loaded members, if not properly supported. However, a pre‐bent strip would become an excellent seismic energy‐dissipative device if it is deformed in a guided direction and range. Geometrically large lateral deformation of the steel strips in buckling leads to inelastic behavior of the material and dissipates energy as a consequence. The purpose of this study is to propose a new type of seismic damper in the form of braces based on pre‐bent steel strips. The nonlinear elastic stiffness of monotonously loaded pre‐bent strips in both compression and tension is derived. The energy‐dissipative characteristics of the proposed damping device are investigated via component tests under cyclic loads. Experimental results indicate that the force–displacement relationship of pre‐bent strips in cyclic loads exhibits mechanical characteristics of displacement‐dependent dampers. A series of seismic performance tests has been conducted further to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of using the proposed device as seismic dampers. Encouraging test results have been obtained, suggesting feasibility of the proposed device for earthquake‐resistant design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulations of a highway bridge structure employing passive negative stiffness device for seismic protection

A new passive seismic response control device has been developed, fabricated, and tested by the authors and shown to be capable of producing negative stiffness via a purely mechanical mechanism, thus representing a new generation of seismic protection devices. Although the concept of negative stiffness may appear to be a reversal on the desired relationship between the force and displacement in structures (the desired relationship being that the product of restoring force and displacement is nonnegative), when implemented in parallel with a structure having positive stiffness, the combined system appears to have substantially reduced stiffness while remaining stable. Thus, there is an ‘apparent weakening and softening’ of the structure that results in reduced forces and increased displacements (where the weakening and softening is of a non‐damaging nature in that it occurs in a seismic protection device rather than within the structural framing system). Any excessive displacement response can then be limited by incorporating a damping device in parallel with the negative stiffness device. The combination of negative stiffness and passive damping provides a large degree of control over the expected performance of the structure. In this paper, a numerical study is presented on the performance of a seismically isolated highway bridge model that is subjected to various strong earthquake ground motions. The Negative Stiffness Devices (NSDs) are described along with their hysteretic behavior as obtained from a series of cyclic tests wherein the tests were conducted using a modified design of the NSDs (modified for testing within the bridge model). Using the results from the cyclic tests, numerical simulations of the seismic response of the isolated bridge model were conducted for various configurations (with/without negative stiffness devices and/or viscous dampers). The results demonstrate that the addition of negative stiffness devices reduces the base shear substantially, while the deck displacement is limited to acceptable values. This assessment was conducted as part of a NEES (Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) project which included shaking table tests of a quarter‐scale highway bridge model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The pseudo‐viscous frictional energy dissipator: a new device for mitigating seismic effects

Viscous energy dissipators (EDORs) have good suppressing effects on acceleration or base shear and they do not add axial pressure to the column when peak moment in the column occurs at peak displacement. Pall frictional EDORs can dissipate energy even when the compression brace buckles due to a special frictional damping mechanism. Retaining the advantages of viscous and Pall EDORs and overcoming their disadvantages, a pseudo‐viscous frictional energy dissipator (PVEDOR) is developed. PVEDORs use the frictional damping mechanism of Pall EDORs, but the slip force of PVEDORs is made variable so that the slip force reduces with increasing displacement. Behaviour testing of PVEDORs shows that they possess the important hysteretic feature of viscous EDORs, i.e. the restoring force of PVEDORs are out‐of‐phase with displacement. Earthquake simulation tests of a 16‐storey frame structure incorporating PVEDORs and ordinary steel braces and bare frame are carried out. The test results show that PVEDORs have good vibration‐suppressing effects. An analytical hysteretic model of PVEDORs basically agrees with the behaviour testing results. Finally, the parameter influence of PVEDORs on suppressive effectiveness of structural vibration under earthquake conditions is studied. Numerical analyses show that PVEDORs have good control effects on both seismic displacement and acceleration, and that control effects of PVEDORs on base shear are much better than Coulomb‐type frictional EDORs or metallic EDORs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cyclic testing of moment-shear force interaction in reinforced concrete shear wall substructures

Previous quasi-static cyclic tests of shear walls, which routinely used an incremental lateral displacement test protocol with a constant axial load, failed to reflect the character of moment-shear force interaction of prototype buildings. To study the effect of the moment-shear force interaction on the seismic performance of shear walls, three identical 2-story shear wall specimens with different loading patterns were constructed at 1/2 scale, to represent the lower portion of an 11-story high-rise building, and were tested under reversed cyclic loads. The axial force, shear force and bending moment were simultaneously applied to simulate the effects of gravity loads and earthquake excitations on the prototype. The axial force and bending moment delivered from the upper structure were applied to the top of the specimens by two vertical actuators, and the shear force was applied to the specimens by two horizontal actuators. A mixed force-displacement control test program was adopted to ensure that the bending moment and the lateral shear were increased proportionally. The experimental results show that the moment-shear force interaction had a significant effect on the failure pattern, hysteretic characteristics, ductility and energy dissipation of the specimens. It is recommended that moment-shear force interaction should be considered in the loading condition of RC shear wall substructures cyclic tests.     

地震荷载下边坡抗滑桩桩土机理的三维模拟分析

地震是诱发边坡破坏的重要因素之一,而抗滑桩是一种重要的边坡防治工程措施,因此开展地震作用下抗滑桩机理对于边坡防护具有重要的工程意义。本文以广东省梅州市茶阳车站为工程实例,运用ABAQUS软件建立三维模型,对地震作用下的桩土作用机理进行数值模拟分析。研究表明:(1)在地震作用下,边坡中上部水平位移较大,最大值为87.05mm,凹陷处水平位移远小于凸起处;(2)地震作用下抗滑桩会由于地震荷载产生远大于地震前的应力:静力作用下桩身最大值是147.24kPa,地震波输入14s时桩身最大值达到了326.36kPa;(3)地震作用下抗滑桩的应变亦远大于静力作用下的应变:静力作用下抗滑桩应变最大值是4.63×10~(-5),在地震波输入的第14s时桩身应变最大值是34.10×10~(-5)。因此在工程实践中对于地震作用下的抗滑桩边坡加固需要考虑桩的强度与刚度。研究结论对于边坡防治以及工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

Real‐time force control for servo‐hydraulic actuator systems using adaptive time series compensator and compliance springs

Servo‐hydraulic actuators have been widely used for experimental studies in engineering. They can be controlled in either displacement or force control mode depending on the purpose of a test. It is necessary to control the actuators in real time when the rate‐dependency effect of a test specimen needs to be accounted for under dynamic loads. Real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) and effective force testing (EFT) method, which can consider the rate‐dependency effect, have been known as viable alternatives to the shake table testing method. Due to the lack of knowledge in real‐time force control, however, the structures that can be tested with RTHS and EFT are fairly limited. For instance, satisfying the force boundary condition for axially stiff members is a challenging task in RTHS, while EFT has a difficulty to be implemented for nonlinear structures. In order to resolve these issues, this paper introduces new real‐time force control methods utilizing the adaptive time series (ATS) compensator and compliance springs. Unlike existing methods, the proposed force control methods do not require the structural modeling of a test structure, making it easy to be implemented especially for nonlinear structures. The force tracking performance of the proposed methods is evaluated for a small‐scale steel mass block system with a magneto‐rheological damper subjected to various target forces. Accuracy, time delay, and resonance response of these methods are discussed along with their force control performance for an axially stiff member. Overall, a satisfactory force tracking performance was observed by using the proposed force control methods.     

大型智能控制压扭多轴加载试验机的研制

设计和研制一台大型智能控制压扭多轴加载试验机,形成一个集动静加载、扭剪、常规三轴等功能为一体的多功能土动力试验平台。该试验机具有如下特点:(1)试样尺寸大,高度可达600mm,且可根据试验需求更换大小不同的试样及相应传感器;(2)加载自由度多,可独立施加轴力、扭矩、内压、外压、孔压及相应的位移,实现5个不同物理量的独立控制,从而大大拓宽可施加的应力路径范围;(3)控制智能化,可先将拟进行的应力路径或应变路径写入程序中,试验过程中即可由计算机自动控制。测试结果表明,该试验机的控制精度能够满足土工材料试验的要求。     

Performance of laterally loaded H-piles in sand

Results from experimental testing of four approximately one-third scale laterally loaded H-piles, subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading are presented. The test setups were designed to prevent torsion in the pile during testing and to eliminate the self-weight of the hydraulic actuator that could otherwise induce moment on the model piles. The tests were conducted in compacted medium dense sand and all the piles were extensively instrumented. Test results indicate that the lateral force–displacement responses under cyclic loading exhibited slight pinching behavior due to the gap that opened at the top of the soil-pile interface. Numerical simulations show that p–y curves based on the American Petroleum Institute (API) recommendations and that proposed by Reese et al. can reasonably predict the lateral response of the piles though slightly underestimate the ultimate capacities. The general pile behavior such as force–displacement response and moment distributions along the pile depth show slight sensitivity to the subgrade reaction modulus at large displacements.     

波浪作用对单柱式桥墩地震反应特性的影响

以ABAQUS有限元软件为计算平台,建立了考虑波浪作用影响的单柱式桥墩-桩-土体系非线性地震反应分析二维有限元模型,土体以四节点实体单元离散,采用土体粘塑性记忆型嵌套面本构模型描述土的动力特性;桥墩以及桩以两节点梁单元离散,采用动塑性损伤模型描述混凝土的动力特性;根据Stokes五阶波浪理论,将基于Morison公式计算所得的波浪力以分布力的形式施加于桥墩之上,比较了静水条件下和考虑波浪作用时不同地震动激励下单柱式桥墩结构的地震反应特性,结果表明:波浪作用的影响使桥墩墩身相对墩底的位移反应、桥墩墩底的剪力和弯矩反应有较明显的增大,但对桥墩墩身加速度反应的影响可忽略不计,波浪作用影响的大小与输入地震动特性有关.在单柱式桥墩的抗震设计中考虑波浪作用的影响是必要的。