由余震分布确定大地震子断层及其参数的模糊聚类方法

大地震的破裂过程一般涉及多个断层的活动, 发震断层并非是单一断层平面, 而是由多个断层平面组合而成． 利用成丛小震发生在断层面附近的原则, 假定震源点围绕子断层面中心服从三维正态分布, 使用GK模糊聚类方法结合主成分分析给出了一种可以重构活动断层网络三维空间结构的新方法.该方法首先对全部震源点目录使用GK模糊聚类方法得到它的划分矩阵, 再利用划分矩阵及合适的阈值, 剔除离群震源点, 提取出平面型分布的子类, 最后对每个子类在三维正态分布的假设下确定断层面分布的95%置信矩形断层区域位置、 走向角和倾向角参数.当给定地震目录事件后, 可以给出符合假设的一系列最优断层面区域, 每个子断层由它的中心位置、 长度、 宽度、 走向角和倾角所刻画.为检验新方法的性能, 先进行计算机仿真, 结果显示算法可成功地重建模拟地震目录的断层部分.最后将新方法用于南加州兰德斯(Landers)地震部分余震精确定位数据中, 得到的重建结果与已知的研究结果比较吻合, 说明了新方法的有效性.      

不同震型地震的面波震级与体波震级标度关系研究

本文以中国地震局分析预报中心在APnet网上发布的地震目录为基础,对照<中国地震年鉴>、<中国震例>和哈佛大学的CMT目录,逐一筛选编制了一个包括震型(包括孤立型、主余型、多震型)、震级(包括面波震级和体波震级)、主压(张)应力P(T)轴方向、主破裂面等参数在内的震源参数目录.震级(面波震级)和地震类型采用<中国震例>或<中国地震年鉴>中的结果,体波震级、主压(张)应力P(T)轴方向采用CMT目录结果,大多数主破裂面参数是根据<中国震例>或<中国地震年鉴>中发表的主破裂面方向,选用CMT目录中相应的节面参数,少数地震的主破裂面参数是根据<中国地震年鉴>中发表的烈度分布的长轴方向,在CMT目录中选用相应的一个节面参数.在筛选过程中,对震群型地震只选用其中一个地震列入本研究的震源参数目录中,这样一共筛选出了101次地震.根据地震主破裂面的滑动角λ把发震断层分为走滑断层、逆断层和正断层三种情况,相应地把这三种性质断层上发生的地震分别称为走滑断层地震、正断层地震和逆断层地震.     

2021年5月22日青海玛多Ms7.4地震发震构造分析

精确的余震序列定位及震源机制反演能够提供强震破裂尺度、发震断层面和区域应力场等信息,为震后应急决策和分析发震构造提供科学依据.本研究采用双差定位方法对2021年5月22日 青海玛多Ms7.4地震序列进行精定位,得到震后9天内共1055个事件的精定位结果;同时,利用青海、西藏、四川和甘肃台网记录的波形数据,采用近震全波形矩张量反演方法得到了玛多Ms7.4地震15次中等余震(Ms≥4.0)震源机制解,并进一步反演得到震源区构造应力场.地震定位结果显示,玛多主震位于玛多—甘德断裂与甘德南缘断裂之间,发震断层面较为陡立,余震序列在时间上呈现出不对称的双侧破裂模式,且沿主破裂面的两端均表现出分支破裂特征,说明本次地震触发了分支断层;震源机制结果显示15次中等余震包含12次走滑型和3次逆冲型地震,暗示主断层破裂受到局部异常结构的影响;另外,应力场反演表明震源区为近EW向挤压特征,与该区域最大水平主压应力优势取向一致.结合上述结果以及周边地质构造背景,我们认为玛多地震发震构造为位于巴颜喀拉地块内部一条NWW向的高倾角左旋走滑断裂,主破裂触发了东西两端分支断层活动,断层面的非均匀性控制了余震序列时空分布的差异性.     

2008年汶川Ms8.0地震在2013年芦山Ms7.0地震和2014年康定Ms6.3地震破裂区引起的库仑破裂应力

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生M_S8.0地震发生之后, 先后于2013年4月20日和2014年11月22日分别在汶川M_S8.0地震震中西南约80 km的芦山县和约178 km的康定县发生了M_S7.0和M_S6.3地震。 芦山地震位于龙门山前主边界处, 康定地震位于鲜水河断裂带上。 芦山地震发生前有几位作者先后计算了汶川M_S8.0地震引起的库仑破裂应力, 分析了其对周围断层的影响。 本文对这些研究结果进行了简要回顾, 并根据芦山地震和康定地震的实际发震断层面参数, 计算了汶川M_S8.0地震在芦山地震和康定地震震源深度处的水平面上以及其发震断层面上产生的库仑破裂应力, 还给出了其震中处库仑破裂应力随深度的变化。 结果表明, 汶川M_S8.0地震发生使芦山地震震源断层面上有利于其错动发震的应力大面积增加而使康定地震震源断层面上有利于其错动发震的应力大面积减小。 在芦山地震初始破裂点处引起的库仑破裂应力达0.245 MPa, 在康定地震初始破裂点处引起的库仑破裂应力为-0.00063 MPa。 因此, 汶川M_S8.0地震的发生对芦山地震具有明显的促进作用, 而对康定地震的作用不明显。 在目标断层面参数已知的情况下, 根据库仑破裂应力在目标断层面上的分布, 可能为未来地震发生的地点提供线索, 进而对地震发生的危险性进行预测。 若一次地震的发生使目标断层面上有利于其错动发震的应力大面积显著增加, 这种情况下库仑破裂应力对未来地震具有预测意义。     

芦山7.0级地震序列的震源位置与震源机制解特征

基于中国国家和四川区域数字地震台网记录,采用HypoDD方法精确定位了四川芦山M_L2.0级以上地震序列的震源位置,采用CAP方法反演了36次M_L4.0级以上地震的最佳双力偶震源机制解,并利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合了可能存在的发震断层面参数,从而综合分析了芦山地震序列的震源深度、震源机制和震源破裂面特征,探讨可能的发震构造.结果显示,7.0级主震的震源位置为30.30°N、102.97°E,初始破裂深度为15 km左右,震源矩心深度为14 km左右,最佳双力偶震源机制解的两组节面分别为走向209°/倾角46°/滑动角94°和走向23°/倾角44°/滑动角86°,可视为纯逆冲型地震破裂,绝大多数M_L4.0级以上余震的震源机制也表现出与主震类似的逆冲破裂特征.M_L2.0级以上余震序列发生在主震两侧,集中分布的长轴为30 km左右,震源深度主要集中在5～27 km,M_L3.5级以上较大余震则集中分布在9～25 km的深度上,并揭示出发震断层倾向北西的特征.利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合得到发震断层参数为走向207°/倾角50°/滑动角92°,绝大多数余震发生在断层面附近10 km左右的区域.综合地震序列分布特征、主震震源深度和已有破裂过程研究结果,可以推测主震破裂过程自初始点沿断层的两侧扩展破裂,南侧破裂比北侧稍长,滑动量主要集中在初始破裂点附近,可能没有破裂到地表.综合本文研究成果、地震烈度分布和现有的科学考察结果,初步推测发震构造为龙门山山前断裂,也不排除主震震中东侧还存在一条未知的基底断裂发震的可能性.     

利用精定位小震资料反演1933年叠溪M7?地震震源断层面参数

1933年叠溪发生7?级强震,关于此次地震的发震构造存在较大争议,有些学者认为NW向松坪沟断裂是此次地震的发震构造,另有学者认为近NS向岷江断裂南段才是这次地震的发震构造。本文根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面附近的原则,利用1990-2014年精定位小震目录,根据万永革等（2008）提出的震源断层面拟合方法,反演了叠溪地震震源断层走向、倾角和位置。断层走向和倾角分别是172.8°和82.9°,倾向偏向西。本文结果更支持岷江断裂南段为叠溪地震发震构造这一结论。     

2020年新疆于田MS6.4地震断层面快速测定及发震构造研究

本文基于新疆、 西藏区域数字地震台网波形数据, 利用gCAP反演方法和空间格点搜索算法获得2020年6月26日于田M_S6.4地震矩心的空间位置为35.649°N, 82.339°E, 深度为5 km。 最佳震源机制解节面Ⅰ走向166°, 倾角59°, 滑动角-144°; 节面Ⅱ走向26°, 倾角38°, 滑动角-55°, 矩震级为M_W6.21。 根据不同震源机制解结果, 获得中心震源机制解和标准差, 表明震源机制解较为稳定和可靠。 使用H-C方法进行地震发震断层的快速判断, 显示节面Ⅱ为发震断层面。 综合震源区地质构造特征、 余震序列的空间分布和区域构造应力场特征, 最终推断此次地震断层面为节面Ⅱ, 阿尔金断裂西段是发震断层, 震源机制解显示以正滑为主, 是一次张性破裂地震事件, 属于阿尔金断裂西段强烈活动的响应。     

2019年6月17日四川长宁地震重定位及震源机制研究

采用双差重定位和W震相波形反演方法分析 “地震编目系统” 和中国地震台网中心提供的地震观测报告及区域地震波形数据,对2019年四川长宁地震序列进行了重定位,反演获取了M＞4.5地震的震源机制解。地震序列重定位结果显示,长宁地震序列沿NW优势方向呈条带状分布,集中分布于5—10 km深度范围,且发震断层面呈高倾角。震源机制反演结果表明,2019年6月17日四川长宁M_S6.0主震的两个可能发震断层面参数分别为:节面Ⅰ走向12°,倾角50°,滑动角139°;节面Ⅱ走向131°,倾角59°,滑动角48°,最优矩心深度为7.5 km,矩震级M_W5.74。此外几个M＞4.5余震的震源机制也基本与主震类似,均为以逆断为主外加少量走滑的地震破裂事件。综合分析长宁地震序列的重定位、震源机制反演结果以及震中和附近区域的地质构造背景信息推断,本次长宁主震的发震破裂面呈NW?SE走向,发震断层为长宁—双河背斜东北翼发育的逆冲断层。      

根据余震资料求解2003年伽师MS6.8地震断层面的研究

大地震发生后,大量余震在断层面及其附近发生.余震震源位置的空间分布可以较为精确地勾画出断层面的形状和位置.假定地震发震断层可以用一个平面来模拟,且设大多数余震发生在这个断层面的附近,则可以通过余震震源位置参数来求解发震断层的走向、倾角及位置.本文首次采用2003年2月24日新疆伽师MS6.8地震后精确定位的小震资料反演了伽师地震断层面的走向和倾角,并以此为基础求得了该断层面上的滑动角.并根据小震丛集性原则,尝试用数学方法先对反演所采用的数据进行筛选再进行反演,所得的结果精确程度更高,验证了这种做法的有效性.     

珊溪水库M_L4.6震群精确定位与发震构造研究

利用浙江、福建区域地震台网和珊溪水库台网给出的P波走时资料,通过震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法,重新确定了珊溪水库地震的震源参数。并通过假设发震断层可以用一个平面进行拟合的思路,利用重新确定的震源参数拟合得到了发震断层面参数。收集了2267条P波到时数据,求解了ML4.0以上地震震源机制解,结合水库区的断层活动性特征和宏观调查资料,讨论了珊溪水库地震序列的发震构造。     

Application of fuzzy clustering method to determining sub-fault planes of earthquake from aftershocks sequence

Earthquake rupture process generally involves several faults activities instead of a single fault. A new method using both fuzzy clustering and principal component analysis makes it possible to reconstruct three dimensional structure of involved faults in earthquake if the aftershocks around the active fault planes distribute uniformly. When seismic events are given, the optimal faults structures can be determined by our new method. Each of sub-fault planes is fully characterized by its central location, length, width, strike and dip. The resolution determines the number of fault segments needed to describe the earthquake catalog. The higher the resolution, the finer the structure of the reconstructed fault segments. The new method successfully reconstructs the fault segments using synthetic earthquake catalogs. By taking the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake occured in southern California as an example, the reconstructed fault segments are consistent with the faults already known on geological maps or blind faults that appeared quite frequently in longer-term catalogs.     

利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用

根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面及其附近的原则,将模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法结合,给出了利用小震密集程度求解主震断层面走向、倾角、位置及其误差的稳健估计方法,在此基础上考虑区域构造应力参数,给出了估计在已求得的断层面上的滑动角的方法.该方法还可用于小震活跃地区活断层走向、倾角和滑动角的确定.将这种方法用于唐山地震序列,采用2002年4月1日至2006年5月31日发生在地震破裂区的精定位地震目录,求得了唐山地震、滦县地震、宁河及卢龙断裂带的断层面走向、倾角、位置及滑动角参数.与前人给出的断层面解进行比较,发现利用小震精定位资料和区域构造应力场得到的结果与前人采用其他资料和方法得到的结果近似,验证了这种方法的有效性.另外,本研究首次发现滦县地震区东部的小震呈北东-南西向条带状成丛发生,可精确刻画为一条断裂带,较为精确地确定了此断层的走向、倾角和滑动角.该断裂及宁河断裂在唐山地震序列发生时是否破裂需要运用其他资料进行验证.     

Post 2000-swarm microearthquake activity in the principal focal zone of West Bohemia/Vogtland: Space-time distribution and waveform similarity analysis

We present the pattern of seismic activity in the period between 2001 and 2007 for the Novy Kostel focal zone, which is recently the most active zone of the West-Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake swarm region. While the year 2001 was characterized by dying out of the 2000-swarm activity in the form of a few microswarms, almost no seismicity occurred in the period between 2002 and 2003. Since 2004 an elevated seismic activity occurs in the form of repeating microearthquake swarms. We used a relative location method to relate the hypocenter positions of the post-swarm activity to the geometry of the 2000-swarm cluster. We found that the activity has concentrated in several clusters, which have been repeatedly activated. Some clusters coincide with the position of the previous activity; the others have activated so far inactive deep segments at the southern edge of the Novy Kostel fault. Besides the shift of the hypocenters to the edges of the previously active area we observe a southward migration of the activity and an increase of maximum depths of earthquakes from 10 to 13 km. The waveform similarity analysis disclosed that some fault patches consist of only a single, repeatedly activated fault plane, while the others consist of multiple, differently oriented fault planes activated almost simultaneously. Most of the focal mechanisms are consistent with the geometry of hypocenters showing NNW-SSE trending steep fault planes with left-lateral strike-slip mechanisms and varying dip-slip component.     

东祁连山北缘断裂带基于深度学习的密集台阵地震事件快速检测与定位研究

为监测东祁连山北缘断裂带附近的地震活动性,布设包含240台短周期地震仪的面状密集台阵,进行约30 d的连续观测。首先使用基于深度学习的多台站地震事件检测算法（CNNDetector）进行地震事件检测,然后使用震相拾取网络（PhaseNet）对地震事件进行P波和S波到时拾取,其次使用震相关联算法（REAL）进行震相关联及初定位,最后使用双差定位（hypoDD）进行地震重定位,最终的精定位地震目录中共有517个地震。在密集台阵观测期间,中国地震台网正式地震目录中共有39个位于台阵内的地震事件,相比而言,密集台阵检测到大量小于0级的地震。因此通过布设密集台阵,可提高活动断裂微地震活动性的监测能力。与历史地震空间分布相比,密集台阵地震精定位分布具有较好的一致性,表现出更明显的线性分布特征。基于地震分布,发现研究区域存在与地表断层迹线走向不同的隐伏活跃断裂。     

DISCUSSION ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE 2016 MENYUAN M6.4 EARTHQUAKE IN MENYUAN,QINGHAI

On January 21, 2016, a M6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai Province. Its epicenter is located in the Qilian-Hexi Zoulang tectonic zone, which records several moderate-large historical earthquakes. Previous studies on this event are based on geology, remote sensing data and focal mechanism solutions, lacking analysis on its seismogenic structure. In order to study seismogenic fault plane and seismoteconic style of the earthquake, this work uses data of seismic intensity, aftershocks, and geology to address this issue. Furthermore, we calculate Coulomb stress changes imposed by the 1927 Gulang M8 and 1986 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake on the fault plane of the 2016 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake. The results indicate the early two events have posed distinct impacts on two nodal planes:loading or triggering on nodal plane Ⅰ, and unloading or delay on Ⅱ. In some cases such triggering stress is approaching or up to the threshold value of 0.01 MPa. Combining isoseismals, aftershock distribution, geological structure and different Coulomb stress changes aforementioned, the nodal plane Ⅱ of the source model is considered the seismogenic feature. In conjunction with geophysical data, we establish the seismogenic model of the Menyuan earthquake, which is a positive flower structure in a profile, gentle in the upper and steep in the lower, characterized by thrusting in a strike slipping fault system. This is a possible model for thrusting earthquakes generated by strike-slip faults in a compressional tectonic regime.     

THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND SEISMOTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE SEPTEMBER 4, 2017 ML4.4 LINCHENG EARTHQUAKE

At 3:05, September 4, 2017, an M_L4.4 earthquake occurred in Lincheng County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province, which was felt obviously by surrounding areas. Approximately 60km away from the hypocenter of Xingtai M_S7.2 earthquake in 1966, this event is the most noticeable earthquake in this area in recent years. On the one hand, people are still shocked by the 1966 Xingtai earthquake that caused huge disaster, on the other hand, Lincheng County is lack of strong earthquakes. Therefore, this quake has aroused widespread concerns by the government, society and seismologists. It is necessary to clarify whether the seismogenic structure of this event is consistent with the previous seismicity and whether it has any new implications for the seismic activity and seismic hazard in this region. Therefore, it is of great significance to study its seismogenic mechanism for understanding the earthquake activity in Xingtai region where a M_S7.2 earthquake had occurred in 1966. In this study, the Lincheng earthquake and its aftershocks are relocated using the multi-step locating method, and the focal mechanism and focal depth are determined by the "generalized Cut and Paste"(gCAP)method. The reliability of the results is analyzed based on the data of Hebei regional seismic network. In order to better constrain the focal depth, the depth phase sPL fitting method is applied to the relocation of focal depth. The inversion and constraint results show that aftershocks are mainly distributed along NE direction and dip to SE direction as revealed by depth profiles. Focal depths of aftershocks are concentrated in the depths of 6.5~8.2km with an average of about 7km. The best double-couple solution of the mainshock is 276°, 69° and -40° for strike, dip and slip angle for nodal plane I and 23°, 53° and -153° for nodal plane Ⅱ, respectively, revealing that it is a strike-slip event with a small amount of normal-fault component. The initial rupture depth of mainshock is about 7.5km obtained by the relocation while the centroid depth is 6km derived from gCAP method which was also verified by the seismic depth phase sPL observed by several stations, indicating the earthquake is ruptured from deep to shallow. Combined with the research results on regional geological structure and the seismic sequence relocation results, it is concluded that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault plane of this earthquake. There are several active faults around the hypocenter of Lincheng earthquake sequence, however, none of the known faults on the current understanding is completely consistent with the seismogenic fault. To determine the seismogenic mechanism, the lucubrated research of the M_S7.2 Xingtai earthquake in 1966 could provide a powerful reference. The seismic tectonic characteristics of the 1966 Xingtai earthquake sequence could be summarized as follows:There are tensional fault in the shallow crust and steep dip hidden fault in the middle and lower crust, however, the two faults are not connected but separated by the shear slip surfaces which are widely distributed in the middle crust; the seismic source is located between the hidden fault in the lower crust and the extensional fault in the upper crust; the earthquake began to rupture in the deep dip fault in the mid-lower crust and then ruptured upward to the extensional fault in the shallow crust, and the two fault systems were broken successively. From the earthquake rupture revealed by the seismic sequence location, the Lincheng earthquake also has the semblable feature of rupturing from deep to shallow. However, due to the much smaller magnitude of this event than that of the 1966 earthquake, the accumulated stress was not high enough to tear the fracture of the detachment surface whose existence in Lincheng region was confirmed clearly by the results of Lincheng-Julu deep reflection seismology and reach to the shallower fault. Therefore, by the revelation of the seismogenic mechanism of the 1966 Xingtai earthquake, the seismogenic fault of Lincheng earthquake is presumed to be a concealed fault possessing a potential of both strike-slip and small normal faulting component and located below the detachment surface in Lincheng area. The tectonic significance indicated by this earthquake is that the event was a stress adjustment of the deep fault and did not lead to the rupture of the shallow fault. Therefore, this area still has potential seismic hazard to a certain extent.     

Earthquake detection in the Jiangsu region,China using graphics-processing-unit-based Match & Locate and rapid earthquake association and location*

Earthquake detection and location are essential in earthquake studies, which generally consists of two main classes: waveform-based and pick-based methods. To evaluate the ability of two different methods, a graphics-processing-unit-based Match & Locate (GPU-M&L) method and a rapid earthquake association and location (REAL) method are applied to continuous seismic data recorded by 24 digital seismic stations from Jiangsu Seismic Network during 2013 for comparison. GPU-M&L is one of waveform-based methods by waveform cross-correlations while REAL is one of pick-based method to associate arrivals of different seismic phases and locate events through counting the number of P and S picks and travel time residuals. Twenty-six templates are selected from the Jiangsu Seismic Network local catalog by using the GPU-M&L. The number of newly detected and located events is about 2.8 times more than those listed in the local catalog. We both utilize a deep-neural-network-based arrival-time picking method called PhaseNet and a short-term/long-term average (STA/LTA) trigger algorithm for seismic phase detection and picking by applying the REAL. We then refine seismic locations using a least-squares location method (VELEST) and a high-precision relative location method (hypoDD). By applying STA/LTA and PhaseNet, 1006 and 1893 events are associated and located, respectively. The newly detected events are mainly clustered and show steeply dipping fault planes. By analyzing the performance of these methods based on long-term continuous seismic data, the detected catalogs by the GPU-M&L and REAL show that the magnitudes of completeness are 1.4 and 0.8, respectively, which are smaller than 2.6 given by the local catalog. Although REAL provides improvement compared with GPU-M&L, REAL is highly dependent on phase detection and picking which is strongly affected by signal-noise ratio (SNR). Stations at southeast of the study region with low SNR may lead to few detections in the same area.     

MECHANISM OF THE 2016 HUTUBI,XINJIANG, MS6.2 MAINSHOCK AND RELOCATION OF ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES

A strong earthquake with magnitude M_S6.2 hit Hutubi, Xinjiang at 13:15:03 on December 8th, 2016(Beijing Time). In order to better understand its mechanism, we performed centroid moment tensor inversion using the broadband waveform data recorded at stations from the Xinjiang regional seismic network by employing gCAP method. The best double couple solution of the M_S6.2 mainshock on December 8th, 2016 estimated from local and near-regional waveforms is strike:271°, dip:64ånd rake:90° for nodal plane I, and strike:91°, dip:26ånd rake:90°for nodal plane Ⅱ; the centroid depth is about 21km and the moment magnitude(M_W)is 5.9. ISO, CLVD and DC, the full moment tensor, of the earthquake accounted for 0.049%, 0.156% and 99.795%, respectively. The share of non-double couple component is merely 0.205%. This indicates that the earthquake is of double-couple fault mode, a typical tectonic earthquake featuring a thrust-type earthquake of squeezing property.The double difference(HypoDD)technique provided good opportunities for a comparative study of spatio-temporal properties and evolution of the aftershock sequences, and the earthquake relocation was done using HypoDD method. 486 aftershocks are relocated accurately and 327 events are obtained, whose residual of the RMS is 0.19, and the standard deviations along the direction of longitude, latitude and depth are 0.57km, 0.6km and 1.07km respectively. The result reveals that the aftershocks sequence is mainly distributed along the southern marginal fault of the Junggar Basin, extending about 35km to the NWW direction as a whole; the focal depths are above 20km for most of earthquakes, while the main shock and the biggest aftershock are deeper than others. The depth profile shows a relatively steep dip angle of the seismogenic fault plane, and the aftershocks dipping northward. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution features of the aftershocks, it is considered that the seismogenic fault plane may be the nodal plane I and the dip angle is about 271°. The structure of the Hutubi earthquake area is extremely complicated. The existing geological structure research results show that the combination zone between the northern Tianshan and the Junggar Basin presents typical intracontinental active tectonic features. There are numerous thrust fold structures, which are characterized by anticlines and reverse faults parallel to the mountains formed during the multi-stage Cenozoic period. The structural deformation shows the deformation characteristics of longitudinal zoning, lateral segmentation and vertical stratification. The ground geological survey and the tectonic interpretation of the seismic data show that the recoil faults are developed near the source area of the Hutubi earthquake, and the recoil faults related to the anticline are all blind thrust faults. The deep reflection seismic profile shows that there are several listric reverse faults dipping southward near the study area, corresponding to the active hidden reverse faults; At the leading edge of the nappe, there are complex fault and fold structures, which, in this area, are the compressional triangular zone, tilted structure and northward bedding backthrust formation. Integrating with geological survey and seismic deep soundings, the seismogenic fault of the M_S6.2 earthquake is classified as a typical blind reverse fault with the opposite direction close to the southern marginal fault of the Junggar Basin, which is caused by the fact that the main fault is reversed by a strong push to the front during the process of thrust slip. Moreover, the Manas earthquake in 1906 also occurred near the southern marginal fault in Junggar, and the seismogenic mechanism was a blind fault. This suggests that there are some hidden thrust fault systems in the piedmont area of the northern Tianshan Mountains. These faults are controlled by active faults in the deep and contain multiple sets of active faults.     

2014年鲁甸6.5级地震成因、破裂特征和余震分布特征的库仑应力作用

根据2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震的区域构造和余震共轭分布特征,本文首先计算了1733年小江断裂带北段M7.75地震,1850年则木河断裂带M7.5地震和1974年马边M_S7.1地震对鲁甸M_S6.5地震震源机制解两个节面的黏弹性库仑应力作用,结果显示NNW向发生主破裂的包谷垴-小河断裂受到这3次地震,尤其是1850年M7.5地震明显的库仑应力作用,我们认为则木河断裂的高速左旋走滑运动以及7级以上强震的重复发生对于包谷垴-小河断裂的强震孕育和断裂演化方面具有促进作用;然后分析了鲁甸6.5级地震的共轭破裂与余震分布特征,并分别计算了两个共轭破裂面单独破裂对另一破裂面的库仑应力作用,结果显示NEE向破裂促进NNW向破裂的发生,而NNW向破裂后则阻碍了NEE向破裂的进一步发展,最终发展成以NNW向破裂为主的共轭破裂事件;最后计算了共轭破裂产生的库仑应力变化对余震的影响,认为位于NEE向破裂面西侧的余震集中分布主要是由于应力触发作用而形成.