低纬地区电离层电流的人工调制数值模拟

利用高频泵波能对低电离层进行有效的人工扰动.采用ELF/VLF调幅高频电波对电离层进行加热,电子温度会随着调制频率振荡,并引起电导率周期性变化,从而使加热区内电离层电流周期性变化,形成等效的ELF/VLF电离层虚拟天线,辐射调制频率范围内的无线电波.早期的电离层人工调制研究主要集中在高纬和极区,本文讨论低纬地区电离层人工调制的可能性.本文的理论研究和数值模拟结果表明,低纬地区低电离层电导率在周期性加热的条件下能有效地被调制,使加热区域形成ELF/VLF波的电流辐射源,并分析了不同加热参数和入射条件对调制效果的影响.     

极区电极流调制实验研究

本文基于2017-2019年我国在EISCAT开展的极区电极流调制实验数据,分析加热波功率和极化,以及激发频率和接收位置对调制加热激发的ELF/VLF电磁波强度的影响,分析结果表明:(1)随着加热波功率等级的增加,激发的ELF/VLF电磁波强度增加,其功率因子取值范围为0.5～2.3;(2)相对O波,加热波极化采用X波...     

电离层ELF/VLF电磁波激发研究

调制电离层激发ELF/VLF电磁波为深海潜艇通信提供了一种可能的天线产生方式.本文介绍了国外电离层ELF/VLF电磁波激发理论的研究情况和实验结果,引进了HF电磁波加热电离层理论和物理模型并介绍了相应的实验结果,讨论了加热系统的激发效率提高问题.展望了该领域的未来研究方向,并提出了在我国的地理条件下激发电离层ELF/VLF电磁波需要解决的问题.     

电离层人工调制激发的下行ELF/VLF波辐射

通过大功率ELF/VLF调幅高频波对电离层进行加热,形成电离层虚拟天线,可以作为发射ELF/VLF波的一种有效手段.本文使用汪枫(2009)的调制加热模型,计算高频加热电离层产生的低频辐射源强度,采用全波解算法分析辐射的低频波向下传播过程中的衰减和反射问题,并采用HAARP实验参数,模拟出在海面上接收到的低频信号强度为...     

电离层人工调制在水平分层电离层中所激发的ELF波辐射

通过大功率ELF/VLF调幅高频波能有效地扰动低电离层,形成等效的ELF/VLF电离层虚拟天线,用来辐射ELF/VLF波,所辐射出的低频信号可以进入中性大气层形成地球-电离层波导.本文基于调制加热模型,采用全波有限元算法计算由人工调制电离层所形成的电偶极矩所辐射出的ELF波在水平分层电离层中的波场,计算结果将与地面观测结果进行比较.模拟结果表明,所辐射出的ELF波在电离层中形成一个窄的准直波束,海面所能接收到的ELF信号强度为pT量级,并且频率越低,海面所接收到的场强就越小,与HAARP实验数据一致.结果还表明,低纬电离层对低频信号的传播衰减较大,并且所能透射出电离层的角度小,因此高纬地区更适合地球-电离层波导的激发.     

电离层人工调制激发的VLF波在磁层的传播特性及应用研究

电离层人工调制可以激发甚低频（VLF）波,其中向上传播进入磁层的VLF波,不但能够用来研究磁层中的各种物理现象,且具有人工沉降高能粒子,消除辐射带等实际用途.本文使用射线追踪方法,模拟电离层调制激发的VLF波在磁层的传播路径,分析激发纬度和调制频率对传播路径和传播特性的影响;并基于低频波的色散方程和波粒共振条件,分析VLF波传播路径上与磁层高能粒子的最低共振能及其分布.研究表明,VLF波通过在磁层来回反射向更高的L-shell传播,最终稳定在某一L-shell附近.以较低的调制频率或者从较高的纬度激发的VLF波能够传播到更高的L-shell,但是,当激发纬度过高时,低频波也可能不发生磁层反射而直接进入电离层和大气层.低频波在磁层的传播过程中,在较高的纬度或者较低的L-shell能够与较高能量的电子发生共振相互作用,在较高的L-shell并且低纬地区,能够与较低能量的电子发生共振相互作用.共振谐数越高,能发生波粒共振的电子能量越高.     

考虑电子吸附效应的低电离层加热研究

基于低电离层自洽加热模型,综合考虑了低电离层中电子的复合效应及典型吸附效应,本文数值仿真了大功率高频无线电波持续加热低电离层所产生的电子温度、电子密度的扰动,并且首次模拟分析了由于电子温度扰动造成的加热电波自吸收效应.结果表明：电子吸收大功率加热电波能量导致了电子温度的增加,同时改变了电离层的吸收指数,引起了加热电波的自吸收效应.加热电波的自吸收效应对低电离层较高区域的电子温度扰动有重要的抑制作用.因此,随着加热频率的减小或有效辐射功率的增大,低电离层较低区域的电子温度增量明显增大而在高度100 km以上区域的电子温度增量始终较小.另一方面,随着电子温度的增加,电子的复合系数减小而电子的吸附系数增加,导致了电子密度在低电离层中较高区域出现正扰动而在较低区域出现负扰动.当饱和电子温度较大时,继续减小加热频率或增大有效辐射功率对电子密度扰动所造成的改变较小,尤其当电子温度超出复合系数和吸附系数的温度敏感区间.此外,电子温度与电子密度的饱和时间相差较大,电子温度的饱和时间为微秒量级而电子密度的饱和时间为秒量级.     

基于人工电离层扰动对地-电离层波导传播的VLF波的影响

基于低电离层加热理论和甚低频电波在地-电离层波导中传播理论,建立低电离层扰动对甚低频电波传播影响的分析模型,并利用实验数据验证了该模型的正确性.据此模型,研究了加热功率、加热波极化以及背景参数所导致的低电离层扰动对不同频率甚低频电波传播的影响.结果表明,低电离层扰动越强,则通过该区域内甚低频波幅度和相位的相对变化越强,通过研究地-电离层波导甚低频信号通过人工扰动区域后幅度和相位的变化,可望用于诊断人工电离层扰动强度.     

地面VLF波穿透电离层的能量衰减变化

地面VLF人工源可以导致辐射带高能粒子沉降.为研究辐射带粒子加速和沉降机制,乃至实现对辐射带电子"人工控制"的设想,需要在精确计算得到VLF人工源在电离层激发电磁场能量分布的基础上,计算哨声波对辐射带电子的调制作用.以往计算VLF人工源在电离层中激发的电磁场能量分布多基于Cary给出的波导中VLF波衰减率和Helliwell提出的经典电离层吸收曲线,但近期研究表明,这些模型结果存在较为明显的误差.本研究建立了地面VLF信号穿透电离层传播的全波计算模型,将计算结果与DEMETER卫星记录的NWC通讯台激发的电磁响应进行对比.虽然模型没有考虑电离层参数水平不均匀性,但模型计算结果与卫星观测值也有较好的一致性.利用经过验证的全波模型计算了不同地磁参数、电离层参数情况下,不同辐射特性的地面VLF辐射在波导中的衰减和穿透电离层时D/E区的吸收值,探讨了上述参数对电磁波能量在波导和D/E区中衰减的影响规律.     

极区电离层加热的数值模拟与实验对比

大功率无线电波能加热电离层等离子体,可以引起电离层电子温度和密度的扰动,实现电离层的人工变态.从电子的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程出发,我们给出了地面人工大功率无线电波加热电离层的数值模型.通过对方程的数值求解,计算了极地电离层条件下,电子温度、电子密度的加热效应,讨论了泵波参数对加热效应的影响.研究结果表明,电子温度几乎在整个高度上表现为一致性的幅度增强,且在反射高度附近形成温度增强峰很平缓.电子密度在峰上高度附近形成密度谷,谷两侧存在密度增强.加热效应基本随加热功率的增大而增大,随加热频率的增大而减小.使用我国2008年1月在挪威进行的电离层加热实验的电离层参量作为仿真初值,对6个O波加热时刻进行了数值仿真,仿真结果与实验观测基本保持一致.     

ELF and VLF wave generation by HF heating: A comparison of AM and CW techniques

Antenna field 2 of the Tromsø Heating facility consists of six rows of six horizontal crossed full wave dipoles aligned with the rows running geographic east-west. In previous experiments on ELF/VLF wave generation it has been the practice to feed the rows in parallel, with HF radiation amplitude modulated at the ELF/VLF frequency it was desired to radiate (AM configuration). Here we describe how the antenna array was also configured so that it could be fed with a continuous wave (CW) input power but still carry information at an ELF/VLF frequency. To effect this the three southern most rows of the antenna array were driven with a CW signal at 4.04 MHz and the three northernmost rows with a CW signal at frequency greater than 4.04 MHz by the ELF/VLF frequency it was desired to radiate (CW configuration). Experiments were performed with modulation/difference frequencies of 565 and 2005 Hz and the signals were received at the Lycksele Geophysical Observatory, 500 km south of the heating facility. The signals were typically 11 dB greater in the AM than the CW configuration, despite the fact that the average power delivered to the ionosphere in the CW configuration was four times that in the AM configuration. Significant harmonic radiation (both odd and even) was produced in the AM configuration but no harmonic radiation was detected in the CW configuration. A simple theory has been developed to model the fields produced by HF heating using the two techniques (AM,CW). A good agreement has been obtained between the experimental observations and model computations. The model has been extended to show how the relative efficiency of generation, AM/CW, varies with the frequency of the ELF/VLF radiation and HF antenna element spacing. Radiation patterns for the ‘ionospheric ELF/VLF antenna’ have also been derived for the two generation techniques.     

Latest progress on interactions between VLF/ELF waves and energetic electrons in the inner magnetosphere

Interactions between very/extremely low frequency (VLF/ELF) waves and energetic electrons play a fundamental role in dynamics occurring in the inner magnetosphere. Here, we briefly discuss global properties of VLF/ELF waves, along with the variability of the electron radiation belts associated with wave-particle interactions and radial diffusion. We provide cases of electron loss and acceleration as a result of wave-particle interactions primarily due to such waves, and particularly some preliminary results...     

日侧极隙纬度低频波及其与地磁扰动的关系

利用挪威斯瓦尔巴德地区的ＥＬＦ／ＶＬＦ观测资料和世界数据中心公布的Ｋｐ指数，分析了日侧极隙纬度低频波不同季节里的周日变化和１９８４年５月－１９８６年４月的年度变化及这些波与地磁扰动的某些关系．主要结果有：１．夏季ＥＬＦ波出现率极大值最大，而冬季的最小，前者约为后者的３倍，而且此极大值无论哪个季节都出现在磁正午时段．２．ＶＬＦ波出现率在夏季较小冬季较大；其极大值出现在磁午后至磁子夜前的２－４ｈ时段里．３．夏季ＥＬＦ波指数∑Ａ与地磁指数∑ＫＰ日变化较相吻合，在太阳自转周内两者相关系数约为０．６．４．冬季ＶＬＦ波指数∑Ａ与∑Ｋｐ日变化相吻合，在太阳自转周内两者相关系数可达０．８．这些结果表明日侧极隙纬度ＥＬＦ波和ＶＬＦ波各有不同的产生机制和源区．     

ELF and VLF radio waves

This review covers developments in ELF and VLF radio-wave propagation research over the last 50 years of the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. A review of such a large field, over such a long period, cannot be fully comprehensive and the authors have therefore covered important areas which have they themselves have found interesting. The survey begins with a review of work on natural and man made sources of ELF and VLF radiation. This is followed by sections on experimental and theoretical studies of unperturbed (ambient) ELF and VLF radio propagation. Schumann resonance research, which is currently undergoing a renaissance, is then reviewed. A review of research into transient perturbations of ELF and VLF propagation follows, extending from the early work on nuclear explosions up to the current work on sprites. The review concludes with a brief summary of the VLF navigation systems of the USSR and USA, (Alpha and Omega) whose development and life-span covered most of the last 50 years.     

A generation mechanism for chorus emission

A chorus generation mechanism is discussed, which is based on interrelation of ELF/VLF noise-like and discrete emissions under the cyclotron wave-particle interactions. A natural ELF/VLF noise radiation is excited by the cyclotron instability mechanism in ducts with enhanced cold plasma density or at the plasmapause. This process is accompanied by a step-like deformation of the energetic electron distribution function in the velocity space, which is situated at the boundary between resonant and nonresonant particles. The step leads to the strong phase correlation of interacting particles and waves and to a new backward wave oscillator (BWO) regime of wave generation, when an absolute cyclotron instability arises at the central cross section of the geomagnetic trap, in the form of a succession of discrete signals with growing frequency inside each element. The dynamical spectrum of a separate element is formed similar to triggered ELF/VLF emission, when the strong wavelet starts from the equatorial plane. The comparison is given of the model developed using some satellite and ground-based data. In particular, the appearance of separate groups of chorus signals with a duration 2–10 s can be connected with the preliminary stage of the step formation. BWO regime gives a succession period smaller than the bounce period of energetic electrons between the magnetic mirrors and can explain the observed intervals between chorus elements.     

Estimation of global lightning activity and observations of atmospheric electric field

Variations in the global atmospheric electric circuit are investigated using a wide range of globally spaced instruments observing VLF (∼10 kHz) waves, ELF (∼300 Hz) waves, Schumann resonances (4–60 Hz), and the atmospheric fair weather electric field. For the ELF/VLF observations, propagation effects are accounted for in a novel approach using established monthly averages of lightning location provided by the Lightning Image Sensor (LIS) and applying known frequency specific attenuation parameters for daytime/nighttime ELF/VLF propagation. Schumann resonances are analyzed using decomposition into propagating and standing waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. Derived lightning activity is compared to existing global lightning detection networks and fair weather field observations. The results suggest that characteristics of lightning discharges vary by region and may have diverse effects upon the ionospheric potential.     

An earthquake precursor mobile network

It is widely known that very low frequency/low frequency (VLF/LF) radiation has been recorded prior to large earthquakes in several seismically active countries of the world. The networks employed to detect this radiation consist of stationary transmitters and receivers. However, there are reported cases of existing networks being unable to detect any electromagnetic radiation prior to large earthquakes. In this study, we determined the optimal arrangement of a mobile VLF/LF electromagnetic radiation network to ensure the detection of an upcoming earthquake precursor. We consi-dered the possible arrangements of the VLF/LF mobile network based on certain physical considerations, and deve-loped a relatively simple arrangement that is completely different from the existing stationary networks. The suggested design will significantly increase the number of detected/predicted earthquakes by using the relevant electromagnetic radiation receivers strategically placed in regions of increased tectonic and seismic activity.