广东省"十五"项目测震台站台址勘选结果分析

利用地震台址勘选过程中产出的地脉动背景噪声数字记录,计算勘选出的各台站背景噪声地脉动速度均方根值(RMS)、噪声功率谱密度等数据.成果在于得出各地震台站的背景噪声水平和等级分类,为将来计算各地震台站的场地响应及震级修正值等测震学研究提供基础资料,是对"广东省数字地震观测网络"项目测震台站勘选工作的总结与评价.     

山西数字遥测地震台网十五勘选子台台址地动噪声分析

对山西数字遥测台网“十五”勘选的19个子台台址背景噪声进行分析和计算,得出了各台址背景噪声地动速度均方根值(RMS值)、有效测量动态范围、噪声信号功率谱。结果表明,各台址背景噪声水平符合数字地震观测技术规范要求。     

内蒙古地震烈度速报与预警工程基本站勘选仪器测试分析

利用内蒙古地震烈度速报与预警工程10个基本站仪器勘选的加速度记录数据,选取每个测试点24小时稳定记录的仪器记录噪声数据,计算其各自噪声功率谱和加速度噪声有效值(a RMS),结合加速度地震计本身的频率特性和自噪声功率谱,综合分析了各个测试点的噪声水平和噪声功率谱分布特征,得出10个测试点都满足基本站最大背景振动加速度噪声均方根值的噪声水平要求,实测的各个场地噪声功率谱在0.003~3Hz,基本反映的是加速度仪器的自噪声。总的来看,测试使用的加速度计本身的自噪声水平还是比较高的,如果单纯以基本站的噪声水平作为基本要求,使用该加速度计作为勘选地噪声水平测试仪器是可以的,但要在1~20Hz频带范围上考虑多个频点的噪声水平使用该仪器是不能全面评价的。     

陆良大萨卜龙宽频带地震观测台站仪器勘选

宽频带地震观测台站仪器勘选工作包括野外仪器测试、台基背景噪声水平计算及分析、台站综合评价。通过陆良大萨卜龙宽频带地震观测台站仪器勘选,对测试设备系统组成及辅助工具进行总结,形成用于减小气温、气流对地震计干扰的四级防护架设方法,梳理了测试数据中对于天然地震事件、干扰事件(非天然地震事件)的预处理方法。对测试数据进行干扰评估,干扰频度N=0.03 <0.5,且非天然地震事件持续时间占记录时间的百分比R=0.01%<0.5%,表明勘选台址几乎不受干扰;对预处理数据进行噪声计算与分析,结果发现,在1—20 Hz频带,台基噪声三分量平均功率谱密度与全球低噪声模型NLNM相比,平均偏高17—38 dB,RMS有效值小于3.16×10^-8m/s,表明勘选台站周边无明显干扰源,台基背景噪声水平达Ⅰ类台站建设标准。综合评价认为,该勘选点位观测环境较好,可作为宽频带地震观测台站建设站点。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒区域科学台阵台址勘选背景噪声

为评价内蒙古科学台阵各子台的环境地噪声水平,利用锡林郭勒区域62个子台台址勘选时的环境地噪声数字记录,计算分析各台站环境地噪声水平;根据台阵各子台勘选地脉动噪声的速度均方根值、噪声功率谱密度等数据以及相关国标规定,得出锡林郭勒区域62个子台台址勘选环境地噪声水平较为理想,均在标准范围内,并将其划分为4个等级,认为各子台的选址结果较好。通过对科学台阵台址勘选背景噪声的分析,不仅有利于科学台阵建成以后各子台场地响应及震级校正研究的开展,同时可对内蒙古科学台阵地震监测能力的评估提供基础资料。     

地震台网勘选数据的自动化处理

根据地震台网勘选的实际需要,编写了自动计算功率谱密度及均方根(RMS)值的程序,并实现了计算结果的自动存储.     

汶川地震前后各台站台基地动噪声变化分析

利用"5·12"汶川地震前后三分向连续波形数据,对四川台网51个测震台站台基噪声功率谱进行计算,得到每个台站速度功率谱密度曲线及地面运动的速度记录的功率谱密度在1~20 Hz频带范围的均方根值,对地震前后各台地噪声水平进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)51个台站的速度功率谱密度曲线均在高噪声和低噪声模型曲线间;(2)历经"5·12"汶川地震及"4·20"芦山地震后所有子台均适应宽频带观测要求,台站观测环境噪声水平全部符合规范要求。     

辽宁新建台站勘选过程概述及结果分析

利用地震台址勘选中得到的观测数据,计算勘选台站的地脉动背景噪声RMS值,噪声功率谱密度等数据,通过结果分析得到了各个台站的环境噪声水平和台基等级分类情况,为正式建设台站提供数据支持。     

鹤岗地震台阵勘选数据分析

作为"一带一路"地震台网项目的子项目,鹤岗地震台阵区域位置特殊,在地震监测中担负着重要使命。2019年,黑龙江省地震局采用Reftek-130B地震数据采集器和CMG-3T宽频带地震计,完成台阵前期勘选工作,连续波形记录时间30天以上,波形记录质量良好。利用该台阵已勘选的15个点位连续波形记录,估计各点位功率谱,通过绘制概率密度函数图和单频曲线,初步分析该地区背景噪声变化特征。分析结果表明,各勘选点位的噪声功率谱密度相对稳定,部分点位受人类活动影响,在10 Hz以上存在突变,3-5、3-6、4-4子台高频变化较为明显,勘选点位的背景噪声变化特征可为今后的地震台阵建设提供依据。     

丽江地震台新台址勘选

介绍了丽江地震台新台址勘选过程。使用GL-PS2型一体化地震计进行测点勘选工作,计算分析了2021年12月28日13时至30日12时连续48 h内的地脉动速度均方根值（RMS）和噪声功率谱密度,并对该时段内记录到的天然地震事件进行分析。结果表明,记录到的4次天然地震事件震相清晰易识,拟选台址背景噪声达到Ⅰ类台基噪声水平。综合分析认为,该拟选台址观测环境较好,符合地震台建设要求。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.