地质找矿过程中如何提高物探工作质量

本文从六个方面讨论了在地质找矿工作中如何提高物探工作质量，更好地发挥物探作用.这些问题均为作者在多年野外工作中遇到后加以总结.这六方面内容为：测网敷设，物探数据的观测及室内整理，资料成图，岩矿石标本的物性测定，物探工作方法选择，成果解释.     

多龙矿集区物探异常特征及找矿方向

多龙矿集区位于青藏高原藏北腹地,地处班公湖—怒江缝合带北缘、南羌塘盆地;由于大地构造位置的特殊性和良好的地质背景,历来备受中外地质学家的关注,取得了一系列找矿成果,但其找矿方法技术及有效的物探方法组合亟待研究总结.本文首先,对物性特征进行了系统的整理与总结,得出"两中高夹一低"的物性特征,构建了物探找矿模型;其次,提出多龙矿集区的物探找矿方法技术组合:磁法→激电剖面→大地电磁测深.最后,运用延拓、垂向导数、线性增强和总梯度模等新方法、新技术对磁测数据进行再处理,并结合最新地质资料进行深入分析解释,提取有用的找矿信息,提出新的推断成果.通过地质、物化探综合研究,圈出有利找矿远景区,为多龙矿集区寻找铜、金矿床提供物化探方面方法技术的指导.     

重磁电综合物探技术在南方页岩气地质调查中的应用研究——以桂中坳陷鹿寨地区为例

广西一直以来面临着"缺煤、少油、无气"的窘境.本次研究工作是在"南方地区页岩气基础地质调查"的工作基础之上,通过对广西桂中坳陷鹿寨地区开展高精度重力、磁法以及大地电磁法综合物探剖面测量,结合地质、物性和钻探等成果资料,对获取的重、磁、电资料进行联合正反演综合研究,定性-定量解释推断了该地区富有机质泥页岩主要有利目标层系——下石炭统鹿寨组泥页岩层的分布、埋深和厚度等特征;并进一步了解了该地区的断裂构造展布特征,最终对该地区页岩气勘探的有利目标区带进行了圈定预测,为该地区下一步的页岩气基础地质调查工作提供了重要的物探依据.同时,也证实了该套物探技术方法组合能够在南方地区页岩气地质勘探工作中取得较为理想的勘探效果,值得推广应用.     

CSAMT法在半坡锑矿外围深部找矿中的应用效果

独山半坡锑矿石与围岩物性差异并不特别显著、矿体埋深较深,常规的物探方法无法满足目前的勘探要求.可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有勘探深度范围大、分辨率高、地形影响和高阻层的屏蔽作用小,立体观测等特征,在深部找矿中发挥着重大的作用.本文首先概述了CSAMT基本原理和工作方法,在全面掌握了地质资料、物性参数的基础上,对独山半坡锑矿外围开展了CSAMT法勘探,通过应用Occam算法对CSAMT实测数据进行反演,成功地圈定了电阻率异常区域,有效地指导钻孔设计.物探异常钻探见矿,验证了CSAMT方法在深部找矿工作中的有效性,可为寻找同类深部锑矿提供指导和借鉴意义.     

中国某些地区岩石密度及磁化率资料的初步分析

一、前言岩石物性资料是地球物理勘探资料解释的依据.解放后十年来随着我国地球物理勘探事业的飞速发展,近年来,不论是地质部或是石油部所属的物探部阳都进行了相当数量的岩石物性（主要是密度和磁化率）测定工作.积累了一定数量的资料,对各地区正确地应用地球物理资料来进行地质解释起了很大的作用.为了使这些资料更好地为生产服务,我们对这些分散的资料作了初步汇总、分析和研究.兹将其部分成果简单介绍如下.     

塔里木北部地区岩石物性参数测试和区域层滑系统的确定

为了定量地研究塔里木北部地区区域的层次结构．拆离构造，特别是同油气地质、圈闭构造密切相关的沉积盖层中的层滑倾滑和推覆滑覆等各种构造的形成机制，对该区沉积盖层进行了较系统的岩石物性和岩石力学标本采集和测试（包括三轴参照实验）．依其参数结构特点和地质、物探资料，划分出４套７层区域性层滑系统，并与研究程度较高的中、下扬子区的物性参数、岩性组合和构造特征进行综合对比．最后还进一步阐明了塔里木北部地区特征的前列式冲断构造和含油气局部构造等，均受到这７层区域层滑系统的制约．     

地面高精度磁测在蒙古13451矿区地质填图中的应用

研究区内岩石物性差异明显,为进行高精度磁测提供了可靠的地球物理依据.本次工作利用Hc-95型手持式氦(4 He)光泵磁力仪在13451矿区进行了高精度磁法扫面,在划定岩性界线的同时,还识别出了隐伏的中基性火山岩.通过磁法资料的延拓处理,指出了重要的构造边界.磁法数据与地质填图的完美耦合,不仅使物探方法更好地为覆盖区地质...     

综合地球物理方法在邯邢式铁矿深部找矿中的应用

系统回顾了邯邢地区以往寻找铁矿所采用的物探方法历史,归纳总结、分析了邯邢式铁矿岩(矿)石物性资料特征,结合前人在该区所做的工作和当前深部矿勘探技术发展趋势,探讨了邯邢式铁矿找矿工作中开展重、磁、电综合物探方法的必要性与可行性.通过对中关铁矿、上郑铁矿和白涧铁矿等三个典型的"邯邢式"铁矿床上开展的综合地球物理找矿实例分析,证明综合物探在对邯邢式铁矿找矿中效果突出,在此基础上,提出了以磁法为主,辅以重力和电磁测深的方法是邯邢式铁矿深部找矿的有效方法技术组合.     

岩溶区地下溶洞综合物探探测试验研究——以福建省永安大湖盆地为例

基于隐伏岩溶区地下溶洞的发育特征对城市开发建设的影响,利用综合物探方法开展灰岩区地下溶洞探测试验研究,获得地下溶洞探测物探方法的有效性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.通过对包括福建永安大湖盆地内两处岩溶国家地下水监测井钻孔旁在内的三条综合物探剖面选用电测深法、高密度电法和微动探测法进行试验,并与钻孔资料进行对比分析、总结各种方法的岩溶物性特征,为探测地下溶洞提供物理依据.试验结果表明:区内地下溶洞在电测深和高密度电法勘探结果上主要表现为低阻异常,在微动探测成果上表现为S波速度低速异常;视S波速度为300～850 m/s及视电阻率小于100Ω·m的半圈闭低阻异常,可作为研究区判断地下溶洞的地球物理依据.上述三种地面物探方法探测地下溶洞的有效性依次是:电测深法高密度电法微动探测法.对隐伏岩溶大范围进行地面探测时应结合测区的实际条件(如地质构造、地下水、溶洞充填物等情况)选用综合物探方法,并进行对比映证,从而揭示研究区的隐伏溶洞的分布发育规律,以此来指导岩溶区工程勘察,为钻探孔布置提供地球物理依据,减少钻探工程量和缩短探测周期.     

地面核磁共振方法在马海钾矿区卤水勘查中的应用效果分析

马海钾矿区位于柴达木盆地台坳陷中,钾矿区内卤水绝大部分为晶间卤水和孔隙卤水。地面核磁共振物探方法在该区具有物性前提,为合理布置勘探工程寻找卤水提供依据。地面核磁共振方法在该区的应用,取得较好的效果。本文在简要介绍地面核磁共振方法原理的基础上,以马海钾矿区卤水勘察为例,着重对该方法的资料解释和应用效果进行了分析讨论。      

Summary of technology for a comprehensive geophysical exploration of gold mine in North China Craton

The North China Craton is the oldest continental block, and has suffered from large-scale lithospheric thinning and destruction, which in turn led to gold deposits in northern China. The decratonic gold deposits in the North China Craton became the most important gold deposits in China, and geophysical methods are key means to detect and discover gold deposits there. In this paper, based on the geological and petrophysical characteristics of the North China Craton, the geological model of the decratonic gold deposits is transformed into a geophysical model. At present, two methods of geophysical exploration of decratonic gold deposits are in use: rapid and efficient exploration on the scale of the ore concentration area, and large depth exploration on the scale of the deposit area. In detail, the airborne electromagnetic,magnetic and gravity methods are used to detect the shallow(1,500 m) anomaly area on the scale of the ore concentration area.Through the ground-controlled source electromagnetic and ground magnetotelluric methods, explorations for targets at significant depth(5,000 m) are carried out in the mining area. Then, taking the Liaodong ore concentration area as an example,geophysical methods are used to discover two prospecting areas around the Jianshanzi Fault in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area, Baiyun-Xiaotongjiapuzi deep prospecting area, and Qingchengzi deep prospecting area. Next, three prospecting areas are delineated around the Jixingou Fault in the Wulong mining area, Wulong deep prospecting area, Weishagou deep prospecting area, and Chang'an deep prospecting area. The anomalies in the ore concentration area and mining area are revealed by means of three-dimensional exploration methods, thereby providing technical support for the exploration of metal minerals such as decratonic gold deposits.     

地热地球物理勘探新进展

地热作为一种清洁能源具有巨大的开发潜力,将在我国的经济发展中起到巨大的作用.在传统的热水型地热开发的基础上,国际上非常重视热干岩(Enhanced Geothermal)型地热的勘探开发.在这两类地热勘查和开发中,地球物理方法具有非常重要的作用.本文从地热系统的目标体岩石的地球物理性质出发,分析岩石的地球物理性质与温度、压力和含水量等影响因素的关系.例如随着温度的升高,岩石会出现去磁、电阻率降低、密度降低、弹性波速度也现明显降低等现象.进而分析地球物理方法应用到具体的地热勘查地质-地球物理异常模型.结合国际上21世纪以后的新方法技术,分析了重磁、电、地震方法在利用由于岩石温度的升高而出现的特殊地球物理现象,并应用于地热勘探.通过国内外实例介绍了各种地球物理勘探方法在地热勘查中成功应用,为进一步提高我国地热勘查水平,提供一些参考.     

生物地球物理:地球物理方法在研究生物地球化学过程中的应用和发展

微生物广泛参与了其所处地质环境的物理和化学性质改造过程.监控微生物与地质介质之间相互作用的过程并了解其机制对近地面环境工程中土壤及地下水污染整治等实际应用有着至关重要的作用.地球物理勘测成像技术不仅能够在传统应用中测量和表征地表以下的物理特性变化,大量直接有效的证据表明这些方法还可以捕获孔隙介质中的生物地球化学变化的动态过程,包括监测微生物、微生物活动以及它们与矿物之间的相互作用.生物地球物理(Biogeophysics)作为勘探地球物理的一个新兴分支学科,包含了微生物学、生物地球科学以及地球物理勘测等多个学科,侧重于研究微生物与地质介质相互作用对地球物理场的影响.过去十几年在生物地球物理领域的研究充分表明和验证了地球物理勘测方法的独特优点(最小化侵入、时空连续及跨尺度运用),并为将传统勘测方法用于探索跨时间空间各尺度的地下生物地球化学动态过程提供了理论及实验依据.本篇综述将系统介绍生物地球物理学科的理论背景、发展和研究前沿.首先讨论微生物及其活动引起的孔隙介质中物理化学性质的变化.其次,将侧重于探讨微生物活动对包括地电法、电磁法、探地雷达以及地震法等不同地球物理场的响应.最后将讨论生物地球物理领域的机遇、挑战和潜在应用.     

Acoustic Full Waveforms as a Bridge between Seismic Data and Laboratory Results in Petrophysical Interpretation

Mutual relationships between geological and geophysical data obtained by using methods of different scale are presented for the Miocene sandy-shaly thin-bedded formation and for the Zechstein carbonate formation. The common basis of laboratory results, well logging and seismic data was a recognition of elastic and reservoir properties of rocks. The common basis of laboratory results, well logging and seismic data were elastic and reservoir properties of rocks. Seismic attributes calculated from acoustic full waveforms were a link between the considered data. Seismic attributes strongly depend on small changes observed in rock formation related to lithology variations, facies changes, structural events and petrophysical properties variability. The observed trends and relationships of high correlation coefficients in the analysed data proved the assumption made at the beginning of research that common physical basis is a platform for data scaling. Proper scaling enables expanding the relationships determined from laboratory and well logging of petrophysical parameters to a seismic scale.     

Petrophysics and mineral exploration: a workflow for data analysis and a new interpretation framework

As mineral exploration seeks deeper targets, there will be a greater reliance on geophysical data and a better understanding of the geological meaning of the responses will be required, and this must be achieved with less geological control from drilling. Also, exploring based on the mineral system concept requires particular understanding of geophysical responses associated with altered rocks. Where petrophysical datasets of adequate sample size and measurement quality are available, physical properties show complex variations, reflecting the combined effects of various geological processes. Large datasets, analysed as populations, are required to understand the variations. We recommend the display of petrophysical data as frequency histograms because the nature of the data distribution is easily seen with this form of display. A petrophysical dataset commonly contains a combination of overlapping sub-populations, influenced by different geological factors. To understand the geological controls on physical properties in hard rock environments, it is necessary to analyse the petrophysical data not only in terms of the properties of different rock types. It is also necessary to consider the effects of processes such as alteration, weathering, metamorphism and strain, and variables such as porosity and stratigraphy. To address this complexity requires that much more supporting geological information be acquired than in current practice. The widespread availability of field portable instruments means quantitative geochemical and mineralogical data can now be readily acquired, making it unnecessary to rely primarily on categorical rock classification schemes. The petrophysical data can be combined with geochemical, petrological and mineralogical data to derive explanations for observed physical property variations based not only on rigorous rock classification methods, but also in combination with quantitative estimates of alteration and weathering. To understand how geological processes will affect different physical properties, it is useful to define three end-member forms of behaviour. Bulk behaviour depends on the physical properties of the dominant mineral components. Density and, to a lesser extent, seismic velocity show such behaviour. Grain and texture behaviour occur when minor components of the rock are the dominate controls on its physical properties. Grain size and shape control grain properties, and for texture properties the relative positions of these grains are also important. Magnetic and electrical properties behave in this fashion. Thinking in terms of how geological processes change the key characteristics of the major and minor mineralogical components allows the resulting changes in physical properties to be understood and anticipated.     

THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICO-GEOLOGICAL MODELS OF MINERAL DEPOSITS*

We describe the concept of physico-geological models (PGMs) in geophysical exploration. They represent a “general model”, a spatial combination of a set of particular models (disturbing bodies). The modeling is called complete, incomplete or approximate, depending on the degree of characterization of the PGM by parameters such as dimension, shape and petrophysical property. Each of the three modeling types can be realized as a conceptual, and analytical, or a material PGM. Both deterministic and stochastic PGMs exist; deterministic models are mainly used to investigate the possibilities of a geophysical method, while stochastic models serve to substantiate complex geophysical interpretations. Depending on the geological problem, PGMs are subdivided into multi-alternative models (geological mapping, prediction, general prospecting) and double alternative models (specialized prospecting). An exploration-oriented classification of the PGMs of mineral deposits is discussed. According to this classification the variety of known genetic deposit types is reduced to a limited number of generalized PGM types. The development of typical PGMs is illustrated with examples of magnetitic deposits of Siberia.     

基于多元信息约束的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位——以云南北衙金矿区红泥塘矿段为例

矽卡岩型矿床是云南北衙金多金属矿区的一种主要矿床类型,受岩体、构造及层位等控制,其有利找矿空间为中酸性岩体与碳酸盐岩的接触带.以岩石物性为纽带,实现目标地质体与地球物理场的转换,提取有效信息.接触带中低电阻率、岩体的低密度性、铁矿的高磁性和高极化率等都是矽卡型铁矿床的特有地球物理属性.通过地质地球物理等多元信息的层层约束,解析不同级次的成矿要素问题,实现对隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位,建立地球物理勘探模式,并在矿区外围开展方法有效性的验证,取得了良好的勘探效果,提出一套适应于北衙地区及类似成矿地质背景下的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床定位预测方法.     

DISCOVERY OF DIRECT-SHIPPING IRON ORE BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE LABRADOR TROUGH*

The deposits of the central sector of the Labrador Trough are magnetite-rich iron ores subjected to enrichment by the process of leaching. In spite of the fact that some ore types are porous and low in density, most of the ore zones have undergone a net increase in density brought about by enrichment. In the course of their formation, the magnetic characteristics of the rocks have changed and a great deal of the magnetite was altered to relatively non-magnetic iron oxides and hydrous iron oxides. Consequently, induced as well as remanent magnetization decreased, but the ratio of the latter with respect to the former increased substantially. All drift-covered areas underlain with iron-formation are potential ore producing areas. From measurements of the first two physical properties and determination of the thickness of overburden by means of a combined gravity-magnetic-seismic or resistivity survey, it is possible to detect and distinguish the iron formations and potential ore zones from the country rocks. In spite of the fact that the iron formations are a complex assemblage of rock types, each having different physical and chemical properties, a qualitative and semi-quantitative correlation between the results of the surveys and the geology as well as the structure of the area could be established. Consequently, in order to increase the chances of success, first a mathematical correlation of the amplitude of the gravity anomalies with the specific gravity, the iron content, the silica content, the porosity factors and the dimensions of the underlying orebodies, and secondly, a quantitative correlation of the ground magnetic intensity relative to the reference lithologie unit with the percentage of Fe₃ O₄ recovery and the volume magnetic susceptibility were done for many deposits. A few discoveries were made with this method. Finally, a fully quantitative interpretation of the geophysical data using a multimodeling analysis led to the discovery of additional direct-shipping iron ore deposits in the Schefferville mining district of Canada.     

日龙沟锡—多金属成矿区综合物探找矿方法应用研究

通过对日龙沟锡—多金属矿区物探工作的研究分析,结合地质物探工作,提出了在日龙沟寻找磁黄铁矿化热液改造型锡—多金属矿床的找矿标志和工作方法.利用该方法对矿区外围进行验证,认为矿区外围成矿条件优越,已有多个钻孔见矿.因此,可以总结出该区域寻找此类型矿体的地球物理预测模型,为该区今后的找矿工作提供经验.     

金属矿产勘查技术发展现状与思考

近年来，以寻找金属矿产为目的发愤卢业的勘查新技术可概括为：（1）以寻找隐伏矿为目标的覆盖区地球物理勘查技术，其中包括“三维地震”和“高光谱遥感”技术；（2）地球化学勘查新技术，其中包括“深穿透地球化学技术”、“地球化学信息的综合解释和地球化学填图技术”；（3）“找矿信息提取和综合”技术等。限于篇幅，本文仅对地球化学勘查新技术的研究现状进行了分析，同时对下列问题进行了思考：（1）在一个地区开展地球化学找矿工作首先要确立合适的取样介质，取样介质的立应以查明成矿成晕元素的形成机制和赋存状态为基础；（2）加强不同景观条件下不同矿种和不同矿床类型的异常特征和异常模式研究，建立区分矿异常和非矿异常的模式识别模型；（3）加强不同景观地质条件下，不同勘查尺度的地球化学填图技术研究，以实现迅速掌握全局，逐步缩小靶区的找矿战略；（4）加强地球化学信息与地质、地球物理和遥感信息相结合的信息综合技术的研究，应用综合信息定量圈定和评价找矿靶区，减少矿产勘查的不确定性。