Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features,attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields,this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces:spatial indicator,reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator.It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields:the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies,palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones,deep faults,etc,and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities,series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds,etc.It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China.Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins;there are three types of gas sources,of which,coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins;reservoir rocks of the large gas fields(provinces)are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs;structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields;most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation,and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces(fields)have good sealing and preservation conditions,and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields.This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields(provinces)through analyzing their geological characteristics.     

紧急救援有关问题的探讨与思考

首先简要回顾了紧急救援的发展过程；简述了与紧急救援有关的一些概念；讨论了城市搜索与救援、地震灾害紧急救援两个概念的由来和区别；回顾了国家地震灾害紧急救援队的设计并提出了地方救援力量建立的原则。最后是关于紧急救援未来发展的思考，并对保障措施提出了建议。     

超声与CT对甲状腺结节良恶性诊断价值的对比分析

目的:对比研究超声与CT对甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断价值,提高诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的准确率。方法:以我院于2011年1月-2014年12月收治的120例甲状腺结节患者的完整病历资料为分析对象。所有患者在两周内先后进行超声和CT检查,保留有完整的图像检查结果,且术后均经病理学证实。应用超声和CT对甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断价值进行评价。结果:超声联合CT诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为83.17%、93.06%和92.77%,明显高于超声和CT;误诊率和漏诊率分别为9.03%和15.62%,明显低于超声和CT(P<0.05)。结论:超声应该作为诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的首选方法,但超声和CT诊断各有优缺点,应该联合应用超声和CT对甲状腺结节进行定性,从而提高诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的准确率。      

Development and validation of a method for the simultaneous extraction and separate measurement of oxytetracycline,florfenicol, oxolinic acid and flumequine from marine sediments

A simple and rapid method for the detection and extraction of oxolinic acid, flumequine, florfenicol and oxytetracycline from marine sediments was developed and validated. The analytes were extracted from the marine sediment using a solution of oxalic acid diluted in methanol with sonication before detection by HPLC using a diode-array detector (florfenicol and oxytetracycline) and fluorescence (oxolinic acid and flumequine). The quantification limits (QL) were 100 ng/g for oxytetracycline and florfenicol and 5 ng/g for oxolinic acid and flumequine. The coefficients of variation of the repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 10% in all of the analytes. The calibration curves were linear between 50 and 500 ng/ml for oxytetracycline and florfenicol and 1 and 20 ng/ml for oxolinic acid and flumequine. The recuperation rate for the analytes was above 86%.     

Textural heterogeneities in pumices from the climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo, 15 June 1991, and implications for magma ascent dynamics

The climactic event of Mount Pinatubo represents one of the most thoroughly studied eruptions of the century and has provided important insights into the dynamics of explosive volcanism. We have performed detailed textural analyses of the white and gray pumices of the plinian and pyroclastic flow deposits, and found that differences in color and clast density reflect different crystal and vesicle amounts and size distributions. White pumice has higher vesicularity, deformed and highly coalesced vesicles with thin walls, euhedral phenocrysts and microlite-free groundmass. Gray pumice shows lower vesicularity, wider ranges in vesicle number density, limited coalescence, vesicles with thick walls that are less deformed, phenocrysts and microphenocrysts with abundant solution pitting, and groundmass containing ubiquitous microlites and crystal fragments. The presence of white and gray pumice varieties and the broad range in vesicularity and vesicle number density that characterizes both of them appear to record the complexities of conduit processes such as magma vesiculation and fragmentation and the development of conduit regions marked by different rheological behaviors. In particular, the results of this study suggest the likely importance of intense shear and viscous dissipation at the conduit walls, a mechanism that may be responsible for the creation and discharge of the gray pumice of this eruption along with the dominant white variety.     

Progress in Earthquake Science and Technology in China: Review and Prospects (I)

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ ｐｒｏｎｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｎｄｉｓａｌｓｏａｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｍｏｓｔｓｅｖｅｒｅｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｓａｂｏｕｔ 1 1 4ｏｆｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｃｏｎｔｉ ｎｅｎｔａｌａｒｅａ ,ｗｈｉｌｅａｂｏｕｔ 1 3ｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌＭ≥ 7.0ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＣｈ…     

结构健康监测系统设计标准化评述与展望

阐述了结构健康监测的概念和内涵。详细介绍了结构健康监测系统的功能、组成和应用现状。结构健康监测系统设计标准化能够促进健康监测的应用和发展,具有重要的工程意义。对世界范围内相关研究进展进行了综述和评价。强调在我国建立监测系统设计标准的重要性,并提出了相应的说明和建议。设计标准可以分为总则、外观检查与无损检测、传感器的选择与布置、信息采集与处理系统、通信与传输系统、损伤识别和评估系统、应用实例等7部分。结构健康监测系统设计标准的实现将有力地推动健康监测的研究。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agricultural systems in China: A meta-analysis

Studies worldwide have indicated that agricultural pollution is the main source of nitrogen and phosphorus (N and P) in surface waters. A systematic understanding of N and P sources and sinks in agricultural systems is important for selecting the appropriate remedial strategies to control nutrient losses and water pollution. Based on nationwide data and a long-term monitoring program in Southeast China, the nationwide spatial and temporal patterns of N and P losses and the relationships between such losses and N and P inputs and rainfall were analyzed. The results showed that the annual nutrient losses from agricultural systems in China strongly varied, and the N/P values ranged from 0.01 to 51.0, with a majority at approximately 0–20, and an arithmetic mean of 9.73; these values mostly overlap the suitable range of N/P (6–15) for red bloom algae.     

面向市县层级的地震灾害风险评估系统设计与实现

地震灾害风险评估工作的开展是践行新时期防震减灾工作的必然要求,是了解抗震薄弱环节和高风险地区的有效手段。本文针对现有地震灾害风险评估系统在市县层级应用薄弱、针对性不强、基本未考虑地质灾害的影响等问题,在分析总结最新研究成果的基础上,以宝兴县为例,设计并构建操作方便简单、针对性强的地震灾害风险评估系统。为地方政府地震灾害风险管理、防御和风险处置等提供方法和方案,切实提高地震灾害风险防御能力,有效降低地震灾害损失。     

云南省防震减灾科普知识小小讲解员比赛的启示

防震减灾科普作品的创作与传播是防震减灾宣传工作的基础与核心。随着防震减灾科普作品的增多,一些共性问题凸显出来,地震科普工作者一直在思考和探索解决的措施。以云南省地震局举办的防震减灾科普知识小小讲解员线上比赛为实践案例,分析人民群众在防震减灾科普作品创作中的作用,获得启示：防震减灾科普作品创作要“从群众中来,到群众中去”,动员和依靠人民群众的力量去创作,在人民群众的实践中创作,为了满足人民群众的地震安全需求、筑牢防震减灾的人民防线而创作。     

Preface: New advances in the integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

A series of major geological and biological events which altered the evolutionary processes of whole biosphere occurred during the earth history. Establishing a high-resolution stratigraphic framework and timescale is essential to understand their tempo and causes. High-resolution biostratigraphy remains the most useful approach and forms the basis of dividing the chronostratigraphic system and making the inter-continental and regional correlation. China possesses nearly complete strata from Ediacaran to Quaternary covering wide palaeogeographic regions and containing abundant well-preserved fossils. Traditional biostratigraphy based on sytematic palaeontology of various fossil groups have played an important role in establishing the GSSPs and improving the International and Chinese Stratigraphic Charts. 11 out of 72 establised GSSPs are located in China.Recently, more high-precision geochronology, chemostratigraphy, cyclostrtatigraphy have been applied for stratigraphy and correlation and important advances have been made in some periods. This volume invited Chinese palaeontologists and stratigraphers to summarize the progresses of stratigraphy and timescale from Ediacaran to Quaternary and intercontinental and regional correlation during the last two decades.     

Total load transport in gravel bed and sand bed rivers case study:Chelichay watershed

Field experiments were conducted on total load transport in the Chelichay River Basin,a mountainous catchment (1,400 km~2) located in north eastern of Iran,to evaluate total load formulas including four gravel bed rivers and a sand bed river(Qaresoo River).Gravel bed rivers in Chelichay River Basin can be grouped into two types;steep slope rivers with high shear values(Chehelchay River and Khormaloo River) and mild slope rivers with low shear values(Narmab River and Soosara River).Two depth integrating suspended load samplers(DH-48 and D-49),and two bed load samplers(Helley-Smith and BLSH) were used to measure total load.The performance is tested of 8 total load transport formulae including 4 macroscopic and 4 microscopic methods.A systematic and thorough analysis of 59 sets of data collected from sand bed river indicate that Yang and Engelund and Hansen reach to the better results, and from four gravel bed rivers confirmed that the methods of Karim and Kennedy and Engelund and Hansen yields the best results for steep slope rivers,and the methods of Einstein and Bijker are ranked highest in gradual slope rivers.     

"多维"多尺度重磁位场数据融合方法

随着多种地球物理观测手段的应用和发展,不同观测手段采集的位场数据融合方法的研究越来越重要.根据观测维度、观测比例尺的不同,本文将重、磁力异常数据融合分维度(单维和多维)和尺度(单尺度和多尺度)进行讨论分析.针对多维多尺度重、磁位场数据观测位置、观测精度、数据基准的差异,采用空间域迭代法延拓、加权平均、回归分析等方法将不同观测手段获得的位场数据在同一标准下归算至同一平面或曲面,基于此提出了一套适用于多维多尺度重、磁位场数据融合方法;模型测试和实际资料处理结果显示,本文提出的融合方法在多维多尺度重、磁数据的融合中效果良好,计算误差小且符合位场数据的特点.本文所提出的多维多尺度重、磁位场数据融合方法适用于航空、地面和海洋观测的重、磁位场数据融合,具有良好的实用意义和推广价值.     

长江流域历史水旱灾害分析

长江流域有丰富和长期的水旱灾害史料,最早的水灾和旱灾记载有2000余年的历史,经过系统整理和分析的历史水旱灾害资料有1000余年的旱涝型年表和500余年的旱涝分布图集.在以上资料基础上,对长江流域历史水旱灾害的地域分布特性和时间变化规律进行了初步分析:500余年历史水旱灾害的地域分布显示,流域水旱灾害总体特征是水灾重于旱灾,各级水旱灾害频率的地域分布极不均匀,存在着显著的灾害多发和少发地带,它们与自然地理环境、水系特征、气候条件和社会经济条件等因素有关;1000余年旱涝型年表分析表明,长江流域洪涝和干旱频次在时间上的非均匀分布并非完全随机,表现出多种时间尺度的年际变化特征,其中主要表现为约100a上下的大干湿气候期变化及40a左右的小旱涝期振动.     

逆冲-褶皱造山过程中生长地层的识别及应用

生长地层记录了大量的构造变形和沉积历史信息,主要形成于逆冲-褶皱造山带前陆盆地边缘,在前陆盆地生长构造(如生长逆断裂-褶皱带)翼部或顶部与褶皱构造变形同期沉积的地层,是构造运动与沉积作用同时进行的产物,在构造横剖面上,整个生长地层序列在褶皱翼部具有楔形几何状态。根据其形成方式的不同,可以分为断层转折褶皱作用和断层传播褶皱及滑脱褶皱作用等。生长地层的最终形态受各种地质作用影响,其中主要因素是构造变形、沉积速率和侵蚀作用,三者之间在生长地层形成过程中通常具有“复合”作用。通过生长地层的详细研究,可以建立同构造生长地层模式,而广泛应用于确定前陆逆冲-褶皱带与相应地层的时代、变形速率,分析与逆冲推覆断层相关的褶皱几何形态,以及建立动力学模式等。生长地层的野外识别一般可从褶皱翼部和枢纽变化、翼部同沉积楔体、地层产状和厚度变化以及区域资料收集对比等几方面来综合分析,同时采用多模式、多手段的室内分析将是研究生长地层最为有效的方法,也是今后的重点发展方向。通过对生长地层的识别标志和模式的进一步认识,初步分析了六盘山山前宁夏固原寺口子剖面,认为寺口子盆地为逆冲-褶皱造山带前陆磨拉石盆地,其内可能存在有生长地层和生长不整合,但需     

海南平息“9?13”地震海啸谣言始末及科学反思

早在2007年,一名巴西教师的一条所谓地震“预言”（“9?13”地震海啸谣言）,曾一时引起了海南社会的议论与不安。从2008年初开始,海南省委省政府、省地震局及新闻媒体积极应对“9?13”地震海啸谣言,通过加强地震监测、应急值班、加密震情会商、加大新闻宣传教育、科学解释,最终平息了该地震海啸谣言,稳定了社会秩序。本文回顾了2008年平息该谣言的过程及成功经验,并进行了科学反思与总结,旨在提高民众的科学素质,为今后政府和社会应对此类事件提供借鉴经验。      

四川省地震局地震科技资料的分编

本文着重介绍和总结了四川省地震局科技资料室经过两年多时间进行的馆藏地震科技资料的分编工作。这一新的系统分编是按照《中图法地震文献分类表》及其分类原则进行的。分编一的地震科技资料在学科归类上更加细致合理、管理上更加科学,使用和检索上也更加趋于方便和高效率。为使地震科技资料的管理检索工作进一步计算机打下了重要的基础。     

Asteroids: Distributions,morphologies, origins and evolution

A review is presented of dynamical and physical properties of asteroids. Discovery methods are discussed and some distributions of the orbital elements and the absolute magnitudes are presented as are properties of planet-crossing asteroids, Hildas and Trojans. Various observational methods such as polarimetry, radar and occultations are briefly introduced and lightcurve data are more extensively described. Asteroid taxonomy in the Barucci classifiction is thoroughly discussed as are asteroid spins and shapes and the origin and the evolution of these bodies. Space missions to asteroids and space observations of asteroids are also introduced.     

Theoretical models and experimental determination methods for equations of state of silicate melts: A review

Silicate melts are very active in the interior of the Earth and other terrestrial planets, and are important carriers for the transport of material and energy. The determination of the equation of state(EOS) for silicate melts and the acquisition of a precise quantitative relationship between molar volume(or density) and temperature, pressure, and composition is essential for simulating the generation, migration, and eruption processes of magmas and the evolution of the magma ocean stage during the early formation of the Earth and other terrestrial planets, for calculating and modeling the phase equilibria involving silicate melts, and for revealing the variation of the microstructure of silicate melts with pressure. However, it is experimentally challenging to determine the volumetric properties of silicate melts and the accumulated density data at high pressure are still very limited due to a series of problems such as: the high liquidus temperature of silicate rocks; proneness for silicate melts to react with sample capsules to change the melt composition; and proneness for melts to flow and leak during the high pressure and high temperature experiments. In recent years, there is rapid progress in the high pressure and high temperature experimental techniques, in terms of not only the extension of temperature and pressure ranges but also the improvement on the accuracy of measurements, and the emergence of new methods for in-situ measurements. Here, we review the widely-used theoretical models of ambient-pressure and high-pressure EOS for silicate melts, and illustrate some problems that need to be solved urgently:(1) the room pressure EOS for iron-and titanium-bearing silicate melts needs to be improved;(2) the partial molar properties of the H2 O and CO2 components in silicate melts containing volatile components may vary markedly with the melt composition, which need to be addressed in high-pressure EOS;(3) how the formulation and applicable range of EOS correspond to changes in melt structure and compression mechanism requires further study. We highlight the basic principle and applicable range of various methods for determining the EOS for silicate melts, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of doublebob Archimedes method, fusion curve analysis, shock compression experiments, sink-float method, X-ray absorption, X-ray diffraction and ultrasonic interferometry. Future trends in this field are to develop experimental techniques for in situ measurements on melt density or sound velocity at high temperature and high pressure and to accumulate more experimental data,and on the other hand, to improve the theoretical models of the EOS for silicate melts by a combination of research on the microstructure and compression mechanisms of silicate melts.     

CT在甲状腺乳头状癌诊断及术前评估中的价值分析

目的:探讨CT平扫及增强扫描在甲状腺乳头状癌诊断及术前评估中的应用价值。方法:收集46例甲状腺乳头状癌患者资料,分析其平扫和增强扫描的CT征象进行术前评估,并对淋巴结转移与原发灶位置、大小及与甲状腺包膜关系进行统计。结果:CT平扫能清楚显示原发灶情况,结合增强扫描及冠状位或矢状位重建,可进一步明确肿瘤与周围组织结构的关系和转移情况;本组病例60.3%病灶为不规则形,46.7%患者可见微钙化,87.0%患者呈明显强化,87.0%患者增强后病灶范围较平扫缩小;中央区和颈侧区淋巴结转移与原发灶位置有统计意义(P=0.023),淋巴结转移组和非转移组在原发灶大小及与甲状腺包膜关系具有差异显著性(P<0.05)。结论:通过对CT平扫和增强的特征性征象分析,如病灶形态、微钙化、强化方式以及增强前后病灶范围变化等,可明显提高PTC的诊断率;同时对原发灶、周边侵犯及淋巴结转移情况进行综合评估,可以确定合理的手术切除范围和淋巴结清扫范围。此外统计发现淋巴结转移与原发灶位置、大小及与甲状腺包膜关系有一定的相关性。