云南腾冲火山地区的地震类型

详细记述了与腾冲火山活动有关的历史地震资料,重点分析了１９６１年６月１２日腾冲玉壁山Ｍ５．８级地震和１９７６年７月２１日腾冲Ｍ５．１级地震的类型,半讨论了腾冲火山地下介绍与周边地区的差异性,结果表明,发生于腾冲火山地区的地震,有部份属于火山地城类型,腾冲火山不是死火山,火山下部的岩浆仍在活动。     

Seismic and tilt phenomena preceding a Pelean type eruption from a basaltic volcano

Bulletin of Volcanology - Manam is an island volcano situated close to the north coast of New Guinea. The composite basaltic cone has a width of eleven kilometres and a height of approximately 1200...     

Seismic events under vulcano,Aeolian Islands,Italy

This paper describes the seismic activity of Vulcano - an active volcano of the Aeolian Islands group - from 1977 to 1980. Two main swarms of low energy seismic events are recognizable on the basis of the entire set of data. The events, localized very near the crater of Vulcano where a fumarole field is present, have been classified into two classes:i) very shallow events (as far as 1 km in depth); andii) deeper events (as far as 3 km in depth). Double events and small earthquakes localized on the rim of the old caldera have also been recorded in a little percentage. The seismic events of Vulcano can be attributed to an intensive fumarolic activity.     

2002年夏季长白山天池火山区的地震活动研究

2002年6月以来,长白山天池火山区的地震活动明显增加. 本文利用2002年夏季布设在长白山天池火山区15套宽频带流动地震台站的记录资料,对天池火山区的地震活动进行了研究. 地震观测结果表明,2002年夏季长白山天池火山日平均地震发生频次超过30次. 地震主要位于长白山天池西南部和东北部两个区域,震源深度较浅,离地表的深度一般小于5km. 天池西南部和东北部的地震,b值存在较大的差异. 火山区地震记录的频谱分析和时频分析结果表明,这些地震主要为火山构造型地震. HSZ和DZD等台站地震记录中丰富的低频成分,可能与台站附近的局部介质或断层带有关. 我们认为2002年夏季频繁发生的地震和小震震群活动是由火山深部活动诱发的局部断裂活动引起.     

新疆泥火山发育区场地震陷灾害机理探讨

粒度组分是影响黄土震陷的重要因素之一。通过采集新疆艾其沟泥火山泥质碎屑喷出样品和泥火山发育区域出露的沉积剖面泥质碎屑样品,利用激光粒度分析测试的实验方法对样品进行粒度测试,分别对样品中值(Md)、均值(Mz)、标准偏差(σφ)、偏度(SK1)、峰度(KG)等粒度参数进行分析。研究结果显示:艾其沟泥火山泥质沉积物粒度组分中以粉粒为主,占56%左右,黏粒含量约为44%,粒度分布以偏众数,正偏态;周缘沉积剖面样品粒度组分以粉粒为主,占60%~70%左右,黏粒含量差异较大,部分地层沉积物中黏粒含量在15%~20%之间,极细粒含量占10%,粒度特征与天山黄土类型相似。黄土内黏粒含量影响其抗震陷性,含黏粒黄土抗震陷性能随黏粒含量的增加而增加。经泥火山沉积改造后的沉积粒度表现为黏粒组分显著增多,因此泥火山活动对沉积物的改造将粉质黄土逐渐向黏质黄土过渡,而黏质黄土的稳定性较高,从而提高了沉积物的抗震陷性能,但是黄土抗震陷性受多因素影响,定量分析泥火山活动对场地地震陷灾害的影响还需要进一步研究。     

Stress Field Estimations for Colima Volcano, Mexico, Based on Seismic Data

 For first time, during 1991, seismic activity was recorded during an eruption at Colima volcano. We analyze these data to obtain a stress pattern using a composite focal mechanism technique. From the analysis of regional seismicity, the Tamazula Fault and the Armeria River appear as active features and the dip of the slab east of the Jalisco Block is approximately 12°. Southwest of Colima volcano a vertical alignment of seismic events was observed. We estimate five different composite focal mechanism solutions from our data set, which indicate a change of the stress field at the volcano after the 1991 eruption. These solutions suggest that the stress field in the volcanic edifice was controlled by stresses related to the emplacement of magma superimposed on the regional stress field. No evidence of active local faults in the volcanic edifice was found. We propose a model for the eruptive process that involves tilting of the volcanic edifice. Received: 15 October 1995 / Accepted: 26 October 1998     

Seismic Activity Around and Under Krakatau Volcano,Sunda Arc: Constraints to the Source Region of Island Arc Volcanics

There is general agreement that calc-alkaline volcanic rocks at convergent plate margins are genetically related to the process of subduction (Ringwood, 1974; Maaloe and Petersen, 1981; Hawkesworth et al., 1997). However, opinions on the mode and site of generation of primary magma for island arc volcanism differ substantially. The site of generation of calc-alkaline magma is thought to be either in the mantle wedge (Plank and Langmuir, 1988; McCulloch and Gamble, 1991) or in the subducting slab (White and Dupré, 1986; Defant and Drummond, 1990; Edwards et al., 1993; Ryan and Langmuir, 1993). We present seismological evidence in favour of the latter concept. A distinctive seismicity pattern around and under the Krakatau volcano was identified during systematic studies of the SE Asian convergent plate margins by means of global seismological data. A column-like cluster of events, probably associated with the dynamics of the volcano, is clearly separated from the events in the Wadati-Benioff zone. The accuracy of hypocentral determinations of the events of the cluster does not differ from the accuracy of the events belonging to the subducting slab. The depths of the cluster events vary from very shallow to about 100 km without any apparent discontinuity. On the other hand, there is a pronounced aseismic gap in the Wadati-Benioff zone directly beneath the volcano at depths between 100-150 km. The Krakatau cluster connects this aseismic gap to the volcano at the surface. The pervasive occurrence of earthquakes in the continental wedge between the subducting slab and the Earth surface bears witness to the brittle character of the continental lithosphere and casts doubt on the existence of large-scale melting of mantle material. The aseismic gap (Hanu and Vank, 1985), interpreted by us as a partially melted domain occurring in subducted slabs in practically all active subduction zones that reach depths greater than 100 km, is here used as evidence for the location of the primary source region of island arc volcanics in the subducting plate.     

Seismic data on magma chambers of the large tolbachik eruption

This paper discusses the methods and techniques of observation that can at present be applied to a seismic refraction study of active volcanoes with a view of determining the magma chamber location. A system of magma chambers has been outlined in the earth’s crust and transition layer between the crust and the mantle under the Tolbachik Volcano group. Magma chambers are dynamically related to each other. The feeding magma chambers of the newly-formed Tolbachik volcanoes and Plosky Tolbachik volcano are assumed to be interrelated through the transition zone between the crust and the mantle.     

Seismic signature of a phreatic explosion: hydrofracturing damage at Karthala volcano, Grande Comore Island, Indian Ocean

Karthala volcano is a basaltic shield volcano with an active hydrothermal system that forms the southern two-thirds of the Grande Comore Island, off the east coat of Africa, northwest of Madagascar. Since the start of volcano monitoring by the local volcano observatory in 1988, the July 11th, 1991 phreatic eruption was the first volcanic event seismically recorded on this volcano, and a rare example of a monitored basaltic shield. From 1991 to 1995 the VT locations, 0.5<M_l<4.3, show a crack shaped pattern (3 km long, 1 km wide) within the summit caldera extending at depth from –2 km to +2 km relative to sea level. This N-S elongated pattern coincides with the direction of the regional maximum horizontal stress as deduced from regional focal mechanism solutions. This brittle signature of the damage associated with the 1991 phreatic eruption is a typical pattern of the seismicity induced by controlled fluid injections such as those applied at geothermal fields, in oil and gas recovery, or for stress measurements. It suggests the 1991 phreatic eruption was driven by hydraulic fracturing induced by forced fluid flow. We propose that the extremely high LP and VT seismicity rates, relative to other effusive volcanoes, during the climax of the 1991 phreatic explosion, are due to the activation of the whole hydrothermal system, as roughly sized by the distribution of VT hypocenters. The seismicity rate in 1995 was still higher than the pre-eruption seismicity rate, and disagrees with the time pattern of thermo-elastic stress readjustment induced by single magma intrusions at basaltic volcanoes. We propose that it corresponds to the still ongoing relaxation of pressure heterogeneity within the hydrothermal system as suggested by the few LP events that still occurred in 1995.Editorial responsibility: H Shinohara     

地震电磁辐射观测是短临预测重要手段之一

地震和火山活动是具有相同属性的自然现象,观测表明,在大地震及火山喷发之前的几天或几小时,均呈现有非常宽频谱的电磁辐射和电离层异常现象。本文重点描述了地震前后存在从零开始相当宽频谱的地震电磁辐射以及电离层异常等现象,并提出可利用电离层异常的观测和采用不同频段上地震电磁辐射的立体监测网,作为地震的短临预测、预报手段是现实、可行的。同时还提出了加强我国地震电磁辐射观测研究的建议。     

腾冲火山及其周围地区的地壳Q值特征

本利用腾冲火山活动区及周围地区的地方震尾波资料。根据尾波散射理论,研究了火山地区及周围地区的地壳Ｑ值。结果表明,火山地区的地壳Ｑ值最低。为９５,近邻区的龙陵－－保山地区的１７０－１５０之间。,周围地区最高达２９５左右。是火山地区的１．８－３．０倍左右。地壳Ｑ值的空间２明显表现出腾冲火山活动区为低Ｑ值区,而周围地区为高Ｑ值地区,这种地壳Ｑ值的空间２差异也许反映了火山地区内部介质状态与周围地区构造地     

Seismic studies of piip crater break-through

To establish the structure of volcanic vents in adventive craters, seismic studies have been carried out on Piip crater break-through formed in October–December 1966 on the northern flank of Kliuchevskoi volcano. The studies were carried out by refraction method on longitudinal and nonlongitudinal profiles. An approximate seismic section has been obtained together with several refracting horizons. An injection area of magmatic melt is established and its size in plan is 100×40 m, which is identified with the upper part of the channel feeding Piip break-through with magma. By parametric measurements on an incandescent lava flow the longitudinal wave velocitiesV=750?850 m/sec have been computed. Special investigations established an area of microearthquakes located on the northern extension of explosion funnel line.     

全球12000aBP以来火山爆发记录及对气候变化影响的评估

全新世气候变化的动力成因,至今未有定论．大量地质证据揭示了全新世气候多次降温,并反映出与火山爆发有时问对应关系．现代气候观测证明了火山灰进入平流层滞留后随环流扩散成为太阳辐射的屏障层,从而导致地表降温．停留在地质火山爆发和伞新世气候在逐个点遥相关研究上,难以从宏观机制上加以认识．本文试图对地质火山影响古气候变化的定性推论与现代火山气候效应这两个环节,给予动力机制上的联系和分析．通过火山地质记录的现代气候效应类比,对地质火山数据进行集成,所反映的五次全新世强火山爆发集中期与地质记录的寒冷期／降温期／新冰期能够对应．对火山爆发集中期和平静期两种气候状况,通过三维大气环流模式进行气候数值模拟,评估火山灰产生的不同区域的降温效应．模拟结果表明,火山灰阳伞效应造成北半球年平均温度普遍降低,且具有明显的区域差异．高纬度降温幅度大于低纬度,夏季降温幅度大于冬季．全新世火山影响气候时空记录和火山灰敏感性气候试验为进一步探讨全新世气候变化成因提供重要的科学依据,也为最终认识现代气候系统变化以及对未来十年一百年尺度的气候预测提供重要的参照系．     

Seismic activity related to the 1991 eruption of Colima Volcano,Mexico

Ten years after the last effusive eruption and at least 15 years of seismic quiescence, volcanic seismic activity started at Colima volcano on 14 February 1991, with a seismic crisis which reached counts of more than 100 per day and showed a diversity of earthquake types. Four other distinct seismic crises followed, before a mild effusive eruption in April 1991. The second crisis preceded the extrusion of an andesitic scoriaceous lava lobe, first reported on 1 March; during this crisis an interesting temporary concentration of seismic foci below the crater was observed shortly before the extrusion was detected. The third crisis was constituted by shallow seismicity, featuring possible mild degassing explosion-induced activity in the form of hiccups (episodes of simple wavelets that repeat with diminishing amplitude), and accompanied by increased fumarolic activity. The growth of the new lava dome was accompanied by changing seismicity. On 16 April during the fifth crisis which consisted of some relatively large, shallow, volcanic earthquakes and numerous avalanches of older dome material, part of the newly extruded dome, which had grown towards the edge of the old dome, collapsed, producing the largest avalanches and ash flows. Afterwards, block lava began to flow slowly along the SW flank of the volcano, generating frequent small incandescent avalanches. The seismicity associated with the stages of this eruptive activity shows some interesting features: most earthquake foci were located north of the summit, some of them relatively deep (7–11 km below the summit level), underneath the saddle between the Colima and the older Nevado volcanoes. An apparently seismic quiet region appears between 4 and 7 km below the summit level. In June, harmonic tremors were detected for the first time, but no changes in the eruptive activity could be correlated with them. After June, the seismicity decreasing trend was established, and the effusive activity stopped on September 1991.     

基于PSInSAR技术的长白山天池火山形变监测

将PSInSAR技术引入长白山天池火山的形变监测,获取了1992—1998年和2007—2010年2个时段的火山形变信息。结果显示:天池火山在这2个时段内整体抬升,1992—1998年火山较为活跃,雷达视线向平均形变速率为6mm/a,2007—2010年火山活动趋于平缓,雷达视线向平均形变速率为3mm/a;结合水准和GPS数据分析,发现火山口区域地表抬升明显,远离火山口处较为稳定。文中PSInSAR结果与水准数据能较好地吻合,且在空间上有较大覆盖范围,能更直观地反映火山地表的形变特征。     

The velocity structure of crust and uppermantle in the Wudalianchi volcano area in—ferred from the receiver function

The Wudalianchi volcano is a modern volcano erupted since the Holocene.Its frequent occurrence of the small earthquake is considered to be indicator of active dormancy volcano.The S wave velocity structure is inferred from the receiver function for the crust and upper mantle of the Wudalianchi volcano area.The results show that the low velocity structure of Swave is widely distributed undemeath the volcano area and part of the low-velocity-zone located at shallow depth in the Wudalianchi volcano area.The low velocity structure is related to the seismicity.The Moho interface is not clear undemeath the volcano area,which may be regard to be an nec-essary condition for the lava upwelling.Therefore,we infer that the Wudalianchi volcano has the deep structural condition for the volcano activity and may be alive again.     

Seismic characterization of the fall 2007 eruptive sequence at Bezymianny Volcano,Russia

We examine an eruptive sequence in late 2007 at Bezymianny Volcano to characterize the magmatic plumbing system and eruption-related seismicity. Earthquake locations reveal seismicity below and offset to the north of the volcano along a tectonic fault. Based on historical seismicity, the magma chamber is postulated to have a top at about 6 km depth. Minor dome explosions, large sub-plinian eruptions and dome collapses are analyzed using an automated event classification scheme. Low-frequency tremor, interpreted as gas escape, and low-frequency earthquakes are a dominant proportion of the energy released. We also examine multiplet earthquakes whose behavior during the study period changed significantly and systematically before the largest eruption, demonstrating the potential of tracking multiplets to assess changing conditions with the conduit.     

Seismic activity accompanying the 1974 eruption of Mt. Etna

On January 30, 1974, an explosive eruption began on the western side of Etna. The activity evolved into two eruptive periods (January 30–February 17 and March 11–29). Two spatter cones (Mount De Fiore I and Mount De Fiore II) were formed at a height of about 1650 m a.s.l. and a distance of 6 km from the summit area. The effusive activity was very irregular with viscous lava flows of modest length.A seismic network of four stations was established around the upper part of the volcano on February 3. Moreover additional mobile stations were set up at several different sites in order to obtain more detailed informations on epicenter locations and spectral content of volcanic tremor.The volcanic activity is discussed in relation to the distribution of epicenters and the time-space distribution of the spectral characteristics of volcanic earthquakes and tremor. The characteristics of the seismic activity suggest that the flank eruption of Mount Etna was probably feed by a lateral branch of the main conduit yielding the activity at the Central Crater.     

应用地震CT技术研究长白山火山的岩浆囊

中国火山学专家报导了长白山火山存在一定的潜在的喷发危险性及其地质背景等研究成果;美国、日本、德国的火山学家到该火山区进行过考察,也认为该火山存在一定的潜在危险性;国家科委根据有关方面的建议,已将“长白山火山危险性的研究”列入专项计划之中;其中有一个子课题是“应用地震ＣＴ技术研究长白山火山的岩浆囊”．本文报导的主要内容有：１）１９９４年张禹慎发展的“上地幔Ｓ波三维速度结构的方法”建立上地幔Ｓ波ＲＧ５．５速度模型,该模型能显示全球任一地区、任一剖面、深至５００公里的三维速度结构;他作出世界上２０个火山区,其中有１７个火山区下面均有明显的Ｓ波低速层,在不同程度上反映了＂低速层岩浆囊＂的存在;已作出通过长白山天地火山的３条速度剖面;该模型显示出：在长白山天池火山下面存在速度的负异常达２．５％的“低速囊”,其深度从３８—６５公里;其展布范围约１００—２００公里的范围;２）改进面波品质因数Ｑ值的成像方法,进一步收集２００次地震面波记录资料,应用“卷积反投影方法反演地壳面波品质因数Ｑ值的成像系统”长白山火山及其邻近地区面波Ｑ值分布,看出天池地区Ｑ＝１６１比中国地区Ｑ值的平均值偏低很多;这很可能与该地区下面地温偏高和岩层的     

Seismic activity preceding the 1983 eruption of Mt. Etna

The March–August, 1983 eruption of Mt. Etna can be considered as one of the most important in the last years.The analysis of seismic activity during the three months immediately before the eruption showed interesting variations of theb coefficient, in the frequency-magnitude relationship, that have been linked to possible changes of the stress field in the Etnean region.The eruption start was also preceded by a strong seismic crisis with epicenters mostly on the southern, eastern and southwestern flanks of the volcano, and characterized by the shallowness of most of the events (h3 km).The data analysis has led to a hypothesis on the eruption occurrence based on a model of dynamic evolution of the stress field acting on Mt. Etna.