冲绳板块应力场数值模拟及其动力学特征div>

冲绳板块位于菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲形成的西太平洋边缘活动带上,构造应力场图像及其动力学机制表现得相当复杂．采用伪三维有限元方法,以WSM2008 观测应力场数据的应力取向和应力型两方面指标作为主要约束,对冲绳板块构造应力场进行了数值模拟．通过对计算结果的分析,对模型涉及的各种作用力作出了估计．在此基础上,对冲绳板块岩石层的状态,以及该地区的板块动力学特征进行了探讨,并得到了以下一些初步认识:① 软流层静压推力控制着该地区构造应力场的基本形态;② 冲绳海槽的演化过程,例如该地区的岩石层减薄与其下地幔流的上升等,也在很大程度上影响了该地区的板内应力场空间分布特征;③ 琉球俯冲带边界力的作用是分段的,不同区段作用力对板内应力场的影响有所不同．      

华北北部地区现今应力场时空变化特征研究.

依据2002——2006年的中小地震资料,利用格点尝试法分析计算了华北北部4个应力小区的平均主应力轴,讨论了华北北部地区的现今应力场特征.在此基础上,对1977——1998年研究区内的单个地震震源机制解进行了进一步的分析计算,并结合以往的研究结果,研究了华北北部地区现今应力场随时间的变化特征,结果印证了唐山地震前后,唐山震源区及其邻近地区应力场主应力方向出现的转动和变化的现象:1976年唐山发生7.8级地震后,唐山震源区及其邻近的北京地区和邢台地区震源机制解的平均P轴可能顺时针转动了约15deg;——30deg;。北京地区和邢台地区近期（2002——2006年）的平均主应力轴与唐山地震前的综合断层面解较为一致,这两个地区应力场似乎转回到唐山地震前的状态. 而唐山区震源机制解的平均P轴在地震后则一直稳定在EW向上。位于张家口——渤海断裂带西段的京西北地区,其现今应力场则相对比较稳定,唐山地震前后主应力方向没有太大变动。鉴于数据资料等方面的原因,本文的研究结果仅仅是初步给出了华北北部地区应力场近几十年来一种可能的调整变化图象。      

冲绳板块应力场数值模拟及其动力学特征

冲绳板块位于菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲形成的西太平洋边缘活动带上,构造应力场图像及其动力学机制表现得相当复杂.采用伪三维有限元方法,以WSM2008观测应力场数据的应力取向和应力型两方面指标作为主要约束,对冲绳板块构造应力场进行了数值模拟.通过对计算结果的分析,对模型涉及的各种作用力作出了估计.在此基础上,对冲绳板块岩石层的状态,以及该地区的板块动力学特征进行了探讨,并得到了以下一些初步认识:①软流层静压推力控制着该地区构造应力场的基本形态;②冲绳海槽的演化过程,例如该地区的岩石层减薄与其下地幔流的上升等,也在很大程度上影响了该地区的板内应力场空间分布特征;③琉球俯冲带边界力的作用是分段的,不同区段作用力对板内应力场的影响有所不同.     

兰州至玛曲地区地应力测量与现今构造应力场特征研究

兰州—玛曲地区是印度板块北东向推挤引起青藏块体强烈变形的前缘区,该区的现今构造应力场研究对研究大陆动力学问题具有重要意义.本文给出了兰州—玛曲地区不同地点的现今地应力实测值的大小和方向.测量方法采用压磁应力解除法,测点分别布置在阿姨山、大水、尕海、玛艾以及清水.为系统研究本区及邻近地区现今构造应力场特征,对已有应力实测数据进行了整理分析.研究结果表明,本区及邻区几十米浅表部应力与其他地区相比,属于中等大小量值;应力随深度增加而加大,但在不同构造单元,应力增加梯度有所不同;最大水平主应力方向总体上为北东向,不同构造单元上方向有所不同,鄂尔多斯地块最大水平主应力方向为近东西向,河西走廊带最大水平主应力方向在北北西—北东方向内变化,祁连山东南端最大水平主应力方向变化较大,西秦岭地块是现今地应力的一个过渡带,最大水平主应力方向由北侧的NE向逐渐转变为中部的EW向和南侧的SEE向.本文给出的结果与由GPS观测给出的该区域应变场分布具有一致性.     

中国大陆及邻区板内应力场的数值模拟及动力机制探讨

中国大陆位于欧亚板块的东南部, 受到印度板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块的碰撞挤压与俯冲作用, 其构造应力场形态和动力学机制相当复杂. 本文采用伪三维有限元方法, 以世界应力图2008年版本数据(WSM2008)的应力方向和应力型两类指标作为主要约束, 对中国大陆及邻区的动力驱动机制进行数值模拟, 给出了中国大陆周边地区板块边界力的大小和方向估计. 同时对3个典型情况的数值模型进行了分析. 结果显示, 软流层静压推力对该区域构造应力场影响相对较小, 板块边界力作用则起主导作用; 印度板块在喜马拉雅造山带对欧亚板块的碰撞控制了中国大陆地区应力场的基本形态, 是形成川滇地区走滑型地震为主的重要原因; 琉球海沟——南海海槽俯冲带边界力显示了挤压-张性的分段特性, 贝加尔裂谷表现为拉张作用. 进一步的分析表明, 中国大陆大部分区域内最大水平剪应力分布图像与该地区地震辐射能量密度的分布存在较好的空间正相关性．      

东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制

利用2993个浅源地震的地震矩张量解、404个Ｐ波初动方向震源机制解和47个深井孔的孔壁崩落资料，编制了东亚地区现今地壳构造应力场主应力方向和应力类型分布图．按200km的等距格点，算出有资料地区各格点半径为200km范围内的平均应力方向，绘制了平均主应力方向分布图，并绘制了东亚地区的震源机制解分布图．主应力方向分布特征表明，东亚地区的现今构造应力场除受印度 欧亚板块碰撞的强烈影响外，俯冲带的弧后扩张亦有重要影响．喜马拉雅山弧处的大陆碰撞和缅甸山弧处的弧后扩张之联合作用可能形成了青藏高原东南部主应力方向的显著转动．菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块在台湾的碰撞与琉球岛弧弧后扩张的联合作用影响了中国东部的应力场．爪哇海沟俯冲带的弧后大片地区现今没有强震活动，这里的弧后扩张可能是造成东南亚地区物质容易向南运动的因素．青藏高原内部大致以昆仑山为界，北部和东北部是大陆内部的宽阔挤压带，南部和西南部地壳上部主要处于正断层型应力状态中．      

由精确震源机制推断的日本海岸地震带的局部应力集中:板内地震断层应力积累过程的意义

在日本西南的板内地区发现了最大主应力轴（σ1）方位角的空间变化。根据大量精确震源机制进行应力反演推测,沿日本海岸地震带的口。轴方位角取向为N110°E～N130°E,而在周边地区几乎为东西方向,即N90°E～N100°E。沿南海海沟内陆板块的地壳浅部广泛观测到东西方向的最大水平压应力。然而,在该地震带上仅观测到WNW-ESE方向的最大水平应力。用该地震带之下下地壳中的无震断层或延性断层带的形变解释了该地震带内及其周围应力场的这种空间变化。     

西藏羊八井-康马地区现今地应力测量结果与应力状态分析

本文给出了西藏羊八井-康马地区不同地点的现今地应力实测值的大小和方向. 为了解青藏高原现今地应力状态，结合青藏铁路工程的需要，我们在羊八井-康马地区进行了现场地应力测量. 测量方法采用压磁应力解除法，测点分别布置在羊八井、拉萨、曲水和康马等四个不同的构造部位，测量深度为11～18m. 测量结果表明，本区最大水平主应力方向以NW-NNW为主，最大水平主应力值一般为33～104MPa，但在板块缝合带上的曲水测点最大水平主应力值为23MPa. 与其他地区相比较，本区属中高应力区. 而在曲水应力值属中等偏小，可能反映了板块缝合带现今处于应力释放状态，板块缝合带附近应力具有复杂性.     

基于观测应力场的大华北地区动力学机制探讨

采用伪三维有限元方法, 利用观测应力场应力取向和应力状态作为主要约束, 对华北地区的构造应力场进行了数值模拟. 结果显示, 华北地区应力场主要受到来自太平洋板块和青藏高原挤压作用的控制. 太平洋板块的北西西向的挤压作用对这一地区, 尤其是华北平原地区构造应力场的影响更大. 同时, 上涌地幔沿盆地边缘法线方向的引张, 对这一地区的应力场的形成也起到一定的作用.      

中国及邻区现代构造应力场的数值模拟

我国及邻区的现代构造应力场作为一平面应力问题用有限单元法进行了计算。将本区地壳看成是一不均匀的弹性板,根据各地区杨氏模量E、泊松比v和地壳厚度T的不同,组成12种材料区。全区被分成288个三角形单元。考虑了五种应力和位移边界条件,这些边界条件分别反映了印度洋板块、太平洋板块及菲律宾海板块对我国及邻区施加应力的相对大小。将计算得到的最大剪应力值与强震分布进行对比,将最大主压应力方向与震源机制解的最大主压应力方向进行对比,选择一种和实际符合得最好的边界条件作为可取的模式。结果表明:来自印度洋板块的作用力最大,大约是来自太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块作用力的两倍。     

An analysis on short—wave components of the global stress field

Introduction The intraplate stresses are affected by two types of forces: one is called the first-order stresses (Zoback, 1992) or the long-wave components of stresses, which are closely related to the driving mechanism of the plate motions such as ridge push, continental collision resistance, slab pull (suc-tion) and mantle drag force (Richardson, 1992; WEI, 2000). This type of stress field is character-ized by a uniform feature in very large horizontal scale with 50 times or more of the th…     

世界应力图2000版( WSM2000)介绍及使用说明

全球地壳应力状态对于地学及相关领域科学研究意义重大,因此测量全球地壳应力并绘制全球地壳应力图一直受到国际地学界广泛关注．1986年开始实施的世界应力图计划(WSMP：World Stress Map Project,以下简称WSM)经各国专家多年合作和努力工作,现已出版了最新WSM2000版本应力数据库．该数据库在WSMl997版基础上新增收录了4216个观测数据,使其总共包含了全球10920个可靠应力测量数据,并绘制了全球应力图和部分地区的局部应力图,为地质地球物理研究提供了准确详细的应力数据．本文结合WSM官方网站的资料从数据库结构、数据来源、数据质量、数据摘要描述等方面介绍WSM2000数据库,以使国内研究迅速利用此宝贵的数据资源.     

Stress field and seismicity in the Indian shield: Effects of the collision between India and Eurasia

Intraplate stresses and intraplate seismicity in the Indian subcontinent are strongly affected by the continued convergence between India and Eurasia. The mean orientation of the maximum horizontal compression in the Indian subcontinent is subparallel to the direction of the ridge push at the plate boundary as well as to the direction of compression expected to arise from the net resistive forces at the Himalayan collision zone, indicating that the intraplate stresses in the subcontinent, including the shield area, are caused by plate tectonic processes. Spatial distribution of historic and instrumentally recorded earthquakes indicate that the seismic activity is mostly confined to linear belts while the remaining large area of the shield is stable. The available conventional heat flow data and other indicators of heat flow suggest hotter geotherms in the linear belts, leading to amplification of stresses in the upper brittle crust. Many of the faults in these linear belts, which happen to be 200–80 m.y. old, are being reactivated either in a strike-slip or thrust-faulting mode. The reactivation mechanisms have been analyzed by taking into consideration the amplification of stresses, pore pressures, geological history of the faults and their orientation with respect to the contemporaneous stress field. The seismicity of the Indian shield is explained in terms of these reactivation mechanisms.     

Deformation and paleomagnetism

We may use tectonic structures to confirm the primary age of a paleomagnetic remanence component but only if we know how to undo the natural strain history. It is normally insufficient to untilt fold limbs, as in the original version of Graham's Fold Test. One may need to remove also the bulk or local strain and account for strain heterogeneities, achieved by grain-strain and the more elusive intergranular flow. Most important, one must know the sequence of strains and tilts that occurred through geological history because the order of these noncommutative events critically affects the final orientation of the remanence component.In many non-metamorphic rocks, strain-rotation of a remanence component approximates a simple formula, although the actual rotation mechanism is complex. This simple, passive line approximation is confirmed experimentally for strains up to 45% oblate shortening. The passive line hypothesis has permitted successful paleomagnetic restorations in several natural case studies.Experimental deformation of samples with multicomponent remanences shows that differential stresses above a threshold value near 25 MPa selectively remove components with coercivities <25mT, due to domain wall rearrangements in large multidomain magnetite grains. Higher coercivity components are less reduced so that the net remanence vector spins always toward the high-coercivity component, at rates and along paths not predicted by any structural geological formula. Experimentally deformed samples with very fine hematite in the matrix showed their net remanence spinning away from the high coercivity component. This is due to easier mechanical disorientation of the very fine hematite grains, scattering their magnetic moments more and reducing their contribution to the overall remanence. Thus, muticomponent remanences have their components selected for survival based on rock-magnetic and microstructural criteria. Such stress-rotation by coercivity selection does not depend on the orientations of the principal stresses or strains, a concept that is counterintuitive to conventional structural geology.Syn-tectonic remagnetization is common in deformed sedimentary sequences and laboratory experiments reveal that a only moderate differential stress remagnetization is required to add components parallel to the ambient field, without significant strain. Alternating field demagnetization isolates components smeared along the great circle between the initial remanence direction and the remagnetizing field direction. In this case, the principal directions of the stress and finite strain tensors are irrelevant; remagnetization is triggered by a threshold differential stress. The final remanence direction is controlled by the ambient field direction and the remagnetization path lies along a great circle between the ambient field and the initial remanence direction.     

Clarification of regional and local in situ stresses using the compact conical-ended borehole overcoring technique and numerical analysis

Abstract Stress measurement is performed to estimate the states of in situ rock stress at the Torigata open‐pit limestone mine in Japan using the compact conical‐ended borehole overcoring (CCBO) technique. A set of back and forward analyses are then carried out to evaluate the states of regional and local in situ rock stresses and the mine‐induced rock slope stability using a 3‐D finite element model. The maximum horizontal local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique acts in the northeast–southwest direction. The horizontal regional tectonic stresses obtained by the back analysis are in good agreement with those of the horizontal local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique. However, the horizontal regional tectonic stress is more compressive than the horizontal local in situ rock stress. This is because the horizontal regional stress due to gravity is not considered in the back‐analyzed horizontal regional tectonic stress, but it is included in the local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique. The local stress obtained by the forward analysis, especially its horizontal components, is in good agreement with the horizontal local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique, and the magnitude of the vertical normal stress increases more rapidly than those of the horizontal normal stresses with depth. As a result, the ratio of the horizontal normal stress to the vertical normal stress is largest at the nearest excavation level and decreases with depth. This means that the stress field within the mine‐induced rock slope is affected by the horizontal components of the local in situ rock stress.     

2009年中国大陆地区部分地震的震源机制解

选用国家地震台网和区域台网的初至波P波初动符号资料,采用下半球等面积投影,用格点尝试法计算了2009年中国大陆27次MS4.5级以上地震的震源机制解。根据Zoback[1]研究全球应力场时的分类标准,对断层面解类型进行了分类。结果表明:走滑型(SS)地震13次,逆断层为主兼走滑(TS)8次,逆断层(TF)2次,正断层为主兼走滑(NS)3次,正断层(NF)1次。主压应力轴P轴方位的优势分布具有明显的区域特征,除东北地区有稍微的偏移,其余地区都与当地的背景构造应力场基本一致。     

Spatial and temporal analysis of hillslope–channel coupling and implications for the longitudinal profile in a dryland basin

The long‐term evolution of channel longitudinal profiles within drainage basins is partly determined by the relative balance of hillslope sediment supply to channels and the evacuation of channel sediment. However, the lack of theoretical understanding of the physical processes of hillslope–channel coupling makes it challenging to determine whether hillslope sediment supply or channel sediment evacuation dominates over different timescales and how this balance affects bed elevation locally along the longitudinal profile. In this paper, we develop a framework for inferring the relative dominance of hillslope sediment supply to the channel versus channel sediment evacuation, over a range of temporal and spatial scales. The framework combines distinct local flow distributions on hillslopes and in the channel with surface grain‐size distributions. We use these to compute local hydraulic stresses at various hillslope‐channel coupling locations within the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in southeast Arizona, USA. These stresses are then assessed as a local net balance of geomorphic work between hillslopes and channel for a range of flow conditions generalizing decadal historical records. Our analysis reveals that, although the magnitude of hydraulic stress in the channel is consistently higher than that on hillslopes, the product of stress magnitude and frequency results in a close balance between hillslope supply and channel evacuation for the most frequent flows. Only at less frequent, high‐magnitude flows do channel hydraulic stresses exceed those on hillslopes, and channel evacuation dominates the net balance. This result suggests that WGEW exists mostly (~50% of the time) in an equilibrium condition of sediment balance between hillslopes and channels, which helps to explain the observed straight longitudinal profile. We illustrate how this balance can be upset by climate changes that differentially affect relative flow regimes on slopes and in channels. Such changes can push the long profile into a convex or concave condition. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Intraplate stresses along a section of the Kavali-Udipi DSS profile in the south Indian shield induced by density heterogeneities and topography

Occurrence of intraplate seismicity has been attributed to several causes. The perturbation in the local stress regime, either due to local strength weakening of rock mass or surface and subsurface loading, is considered as a plausible mechanism of intraplate earthquake occurrences. The present work is aimed at analysing the state of stress in a part of south Indian shield induced by existing topography and undulations in the subsurface interfaces. The stresses are computed along a section of well studied Kavali-Udipi profile. The general nature of the stresses is compressive in the upper lithosphere except for a small region of extensional regime at both the ends of the profile. The magnitude of these stresses in comparison to the plate tectonic stresses shows that it also forms a significant component of the prevailing stresses in the region. The computed results also show a lateral variation in the stresses along the profile section. Thus, the role of stresses due to density heterogeneities and topography should be taken into consideration in explaining the microseismicity of the region.