茶园沟泥石流易发性综合评价

本文基于模糊数学中多级综合评判的理论与方法,运用专家调查打分法确定各评价因子的权重,并结合茶园沟泥石流灾害的具体特点、成因和机理,选取典型的评判因子,建立二级评判模型,对茶园沟泥石流易发性进行二级模糊综合评判。     

泥石流单双边防护堤防治效果对比——以曾达沟为例

防护堤选型对于泥石流的工程防治具有重要意义.以四川阿坝州曾达沟"6.27"泥石流灾害为例,通过对曾达沟地形地貌的遥感解译和对泥石流灾害的现场调查分析了单、双边防护堤选型的灾害特征,利用筛分实验、马尔文实验和室内直接剪切等实验、泥石流动力学和阻力计算等方法对曾达沟防治工程中的排导槽防护堤进行了研究与评价.研究结果表明,单...     

大渡河长河坝水电站区域泥石流特征及危险性评价

2009年7月23日,四川省甘孜州康定县舍联乡长河坝水电站施工区响水沟发生特大泥石流灾害,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。响水沟是大渡河上游段右岸一级支沟,近百年来泥石流活动不明显。由于之前近一个月的连续降雨,沟谷内的不稳定堆积物已基本处于饱水状态,当日的强降雨直接诱发了此次泥石流灾害。本文根据现场调查资料,就该沟泥石流的形成条件、灾害成因及特征进行分析,并应用灰色系统理论关联分析方法和沟谷泥石流危险度计算分析综合评价其危险性。结果表明,在极端气象条件下,响水沟仍有可能发生中等至大规模暴雨型粘性泥石流。     

稀性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

泥石流的运动速度是泥石流动力学研究中最重要的参数。稀性泥石流是常见也是危害较大的泥石流类型,准确而简洁地计算稀性泥石流的运动速度非常重要。现有的稀性泥石流平均速度经验公式,在使用上和适用地区上还存在一些问题。本文通过分析一系列稀性泥石流观测资料中的体积浓度与稀性泥石流的运动速度和阻力特征的关系,得出了一个新的计算稀性泥石流平均运动速度的经验公式,该公式能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,适用于一般急流的稀性泥石流;对于缓流稀性泥石流,计算值与观测值相比偏大,但很接近;不适用于缓慢稀性泥石流。本文提出的经验公式,使用简洁,计算稳定,与其他方法计算的稀性泥石流平均运动速度很接近。该速度计算经验公式也适用于稀性泥石流堆积扇上游沟道,但对于堆积扇上的速度,计算值偏大,且越往堆积扇的下游,偏差越大。     

青海省循化县泥石流特征分析与防治对策

循化县南山一带共发育了17条泥石流沟,严重影响了县城内人民生命财产的安全。南山泥石流群物源丰富,沟道纵坡降大,因此只要有足够的降雨就可以形成泥石流。在对循化泥石流群灾害特征分析的基础上,针对各泥石流沟不同的地质环境条件提出了相应的防治对策。     

基于地貌信息熵与滑坡物源的芦山地震区泥石流危险性评价

地貌信息熵是判断地貌发育演化阶段的量化指标,常用以表示流域地貌面的受侵蚀程度,是地形地貌因子的反映。以GIS技术为操作平台,利用芦山地震滑坡体积作为泥石流物质来源数据,采用地貌信息熵方法,对55条泥石流沟进行了基于滑坡物源的泥石流危险性区划研究,期望能为即将来临的雨季做好泥石流危险区规划和防灾工程部署提供参考。研究结果表明:研究区泥石流沟谷流域地貌信息熵值变化范围为0.003 2~0.938 1,沟谷地貌演化从幼年期至老年期均有分布;泥石流危险区面积自极高危险区至极低危险区基本呈现递减趋势,80.77%研究区面积的泥石流沟谷比较活跃,处于幼年期—壮年期的泥石流沟谷增加了泥石流发生的危险性;泥石流沟谷流域斜坡物质响应率变化范围为0~133.24mm,低度和极低度物源敏感区面积共占研究区沟谷流域面积的72.93%,表明近的泥石流沟谷流域对滑坡物源不敏感;基于滑坡物源的泥石流危险性评价结果表明,以上的泥石流沟谷流域处于中度及以上危险区,泥石流活动较为活跃。     

“6·28”矮子沟特大泥石流灾害成因研究

通过对四川凉山矮子沟流域的勘查,结合遥感解译及矮子沟流域的地质活动历史,分析“6·28”矮子沟泥石流的影响因素,在此基础上分析了矮子沟泥石流的成因。“6·28”矮子沟泥石流是在地震、人类活动及干旱影响下,受强降雨激发,坡面及支沟先发生泥石流,支沟泥石流堵塞主沟泄洪通道,强降雨使堵塞体瞬间溃决形成较大山洪,山洪的强大揭底作用使沟床松散固体物质启动,沿途不断有岸坡坍塌补给,中下游段有大块石加入,规模不断增大而形成。采用形态调查法计算的泥石流流量为925．91m3／s,泥石流总量为57．4×104m3,一次固体物质总量为27×104m3。通过对矮子沟流域的物源、地形及流域的气候特征研究,得出初步结论：近期泥石流的规模和频率都会降低,但在极端干旱、地震和强降雨的偶然联合作用下,依然可能发生大规模的泥石流灾害。     

地震重灾区诱发次生地质灾害风险评价研究

为了揭示地震重灾区与次生地质灾害的关联性,以某地震灾区为例,在分析次生地质灾害类型与危害的基础上,通过计算一次泥石流总量及流量确定其危险度,并引入易损性指数,确定各评价单元次生山地灾害的易损性大小,设置评价指标;结合研究区实际,采用层次分析法构建次生地质灾害风险评价模型,对地震重灾区诱发次生地质灾害风险进行评价。实验以次生地质灾害中的泥石流产生的灾害风险为例进行研究,结果表明,采用本文研究方法可在有效确定地震重灾区诱发次生地质灾害的位置方面具有一定优势,但在纵向地震造成次生地质灾害风险评价方面需进一步进行研究。     

青海加吾矿区玛日当沟泥石流流域分区与动力特征分析

加吾矿区地处青藏高原区内柴达木盆地东缘区的青海南山微造山带内,为保障该区矿产资源勘查及开采工作的顺利进行,有效预防矿区内泥石流等突发性地质灾害的发生。通过开展矿区泥石流灾害详查工作,尤其是针对矿区重点工作区玛日当沟流域进行了系统的调查,建立了对该流域泥石流灾害发育背景的充分认识,并对该流域泥石流分区特征作了系统描述。在此基础上,依据青海省同德县气象观测资料,对玛日当沟泥石流动力特征作了详细分析。结果显示,矿区玛日当沟为标准型泥石流沟,流域分区特征显著,具备了泥石流形成的有利条件。计算表明,该流域十年一遇、二十年一遇、五十年一遇、一百年一遇以及两百年一遇的泥石流峰值流量分别为54.19 m~3/s、76.23 m~3/s、129.51 m~3/s、196.03 m~3/s、278.86 m~3/s。     

云南小江流域典型泥石流沟中底栖动物群落特征及其对河流地貌的响应

云南小江流域为典型干热河谷区,该区域干热少雨,流域内泥石流沟众多,生态环境十分脆弱.2017年4月和9月对小江流域的吊嘎河、蒋家沟、蓝泥坪沟、清水沟、陶家小河5条泥石流沟及小江干流开展了系统调查,旨在摸清5条泥石流沟及小江干流河流地貌、水环境及底栖动物群落现状,分析不同河床结构发育程度的泥石流沟间的底栖动物群落差异,揭示底栖动物对反映河床结构发育程度的河流地貌特征参数凹凸度的响应关系.调查期间于5条泥石流沟及小江干流中共采集到底栖动物70种,隶属于4门6纲38科69属,其中环节动物6种,软体动物2种,节肢动物61种,扁形动物1种.从种类类群来看,5条泥石流沟及小江干流的底栖动物物种数、密度、生物量上均以节肢动物占绝对优势,分别占总量的78.0%~92.5%、98.7%~100%、65.0%~100%.从功能摄食类群上来看,5条泥石流沟及小江干流底栖动物密度上均以直接收集者为主,占总量的74.3%~96.3%.回归分析表明,5条泥石流沟中底栖动物物种数、密度及生物量均与河流地貌特征参数凹凸度呈正相关关系,由此可见,发育良好的河床结构在维持河流地貌稳定和改善河流生态方面起着举足轻重的作用.本研究结果可为小江流域山区河流泥石流沟河床结构重建及生态修复提供科学依据.     

Provision,transport and deposition of debris in urban waterways

The transport of woody debris from urban surfaces,through local urban waterways,to constriction and blockage risk locations is not well understood.Flume trials have identified debris and watercourse dimensions as influential factors on debris movement,and large woody debris movement has been traced in the natural rural environment using time series photography,active transponders,and field surveys.Using novel passive transponder technology,small woody debris has been traced through an urban case study watercourse to establish key influential factors on urban debris transport.Through incorporating urban debris transport detail into the source and deposition process,a complete picture of urban debris transport can be created,supporting effective culvert and trash screen design,watercourse maintenance and blockage risk assessment.This case study highlights that factors beyond watercourse depth and velocity are influential in debris movement within an urban watercourse.Debris dimension and source location upstream are shown to significantly affect the potential for debris to reach a downstream constriction,illustrating a possible distance limitation in nuisance flow debris blockage risk.     

Method to improve the mitigative effectiveness of a series of check dams against debris flows

The advance of technology has led to more competent countermeasures, but lives and properties still continue to suffer from water‐induced disasters, such as floods, landslides, and debris flows. To increase the effectiveness of counter systems, improved methods of planning and designing such systems are prerequisite. This paper describes briefly a methodological approach for predicting debris flow characteristics, and proposes techniques for evaluating and improving the mitigative effectiveness of check dams against debris flows in steep mountain torrents. Additionally, a non‐dimensional parameter, namely potential storage volume, is introduced to generalize the evaluation processes. As an example, the 1999 debris‐flow event in the San Julian River, Venezuela, is chosen for discussion. The paper also proposes a method of evaluating the control function of a series of check dams as well as the criteria for the selection of their sizes, numbers and locations. It is hoped that this work will help to determine which combinations of check dams will fit best together for the optimal control of debris flows and available resources in any river basin. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京地区泥石流灾害的发育特征及预报方法探讨

通过认真研究北京地区泥石流的发育特征,深入分析了泥石流的形成条件和影响因素,并在此基础上对北京地区泥石流预报方法进行了初步探讨．建立了综合考虑地形地貌、地质条件、土壤类型以及降雨情况等因素的判断公式,并就北京地区泥石流预报方法提出了建议。     

DEBRIS FLOW CONTROL BY USING SLIT DAMS

1 INTRODUTIONTaiwan is a hilly-mountainous island lying across the center of the tropic. The slopeland accounts fortwo thirds of the total area of Taiwan. Most mountains are consisted of geologically young rocks incategories of fissile slates and shales which are easily eroded by weather. TOrrents combined with fissileslates and shales form debris flows with a very strong destrUctive power. This kind of debris flow canpotentially occur for almost all torrents whose gradient is steeper th…     

Experimental investigation of the effects of shrub filter strips on debris flow trapping and interception

Ecological engineering plays an increasingly significant role in mountain hazard control, but the effect of species selection and arrangement (e.g., row spacing and stem spacing) on debris flow suppression is still unclear. To further understand the interception efficiency of shrub arrangement parameters on debris flow and explore the difference with slow hydraulic erosion, sixteen sets of small-scale flume experiments with different stem and row spacings were done to study the effects of shrubs on debris flow severity, flow rate, velocity, and particle size. The results suggest that, for a dilute debris flow, sediment interception effectiveness (27.4%–60.9%) decreases gradually as stem spacing increases. Moreover, as row spacing increases, flow velocity reduction (34.4%–44.9%) and flow reduction (18.5%–47.4%) gradually decrease; and the bulk density reduction (0.5%–5.3%) and sediment interception increase initially and then decrease. In contrast, for a viscous debris flow, the flow reduction, flow velocity reduction, and sedimentation interception decrease gradually as the stem spacing increases. As row spacing increases, the flow velocity reduction, flow reduction, and sediment interception all increase initially and then decrease. A formula for the flow velocity of dilute debris flow after the filter strip was derived based on the energy conservation law and Bernoulli's equation, confirming that debris flow movement is closely related to the degree of vegetation cover. This research strengthens the current understanding of the effectiveness of vegetation in debris flow disaster prevention and control and can guide practical applications.     

Morphology and evolution of supraglacial hummocks on debris-covered Himalayan glaciers

Thick supraglacial debris layers often have an undulating, hummocky topography that influences the lateral transport of debris and meltwater and provides basins for supraglacial ponds. The role of ablation and other processes associated with supraglacial debris in giving rise to this hummocky topography is poorly understood. Characterizing hummocky topography is a first step towards understanding the feedbacks driving the evolution of debris-covered glacier surfaces and their potential impacts on mass balance, hydrology and glacier dynamics. Here we undertake a geomorphological assessment of the hummocky topography on five debris-covered glaciers in the Everest region of the central Himalaya. We characterize supraglacial hummocks through statistical analyses of their vertical relief and horizontal geometry. Our results establish supraglacial hummocks as a distinct landform. We find that a typical hummock has an elongation ratio of 1.1:1 in the direction of ice flow, length of 214 ± 109 m and width of 192 ± 88 m. Hummocky topography has a greater amplitude across-glacier (15.4 ± 10.9 m) compared to along the glacier flow line (12.6 ± 8.3 m). Consequently, hummock slopes are steeper in the across-glacier direction (8.7 ± 4.3°) than in the direction of ice flow (5.6 ± 4.0°). Longer, wider and higher-amplitude hummocks are found on larger glaciers. We postulate that directional anisotropy in the hummock topography arises because, while the pattern of differential ablation driving topography evolution is moderated by processes including the gravitational redistribution of debris across the glacier surface, it also inherits an orientation preference from the distribution of englacial debris in the underlying ice. Our morphometric data inform future efforts to model these interactions, which should account for additional factors such as the genesis of supraglacial ponds and ice cliffs and their impact on differential ablation.     

GIS-based risk analysis of debris flow： an application in Sichuan, southwest China

Debris flow is a serious geologic hazard in China. It is estimated that nationally debris flows cause up to 2 billion RMB （250 million US$） in damages and 300-600 deaths and injuries annually. To mitigate debris flow hazards, it is necessary to map, model, and identify zones of debris flow hazards and vulnerability as to inform the local people about the potential risk with a geographic information system. This research presents a regional scale case study modeling debris flow risk （hazard and vulnerability） in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. In this area, 3,290 debris flows have been identified and the spatial-temporal distribution and activity characteristics of them have been documented. Based on the available meteorological data, a Digital Elevation Model with the rate of 1：250,000 and a regional geological map, the 24-hr rainfall threshold （y） for debris flow occurrence is closely related （significant at 99% confidence level） to the index （x） defined using a geology factor （rock hardness： a） and a topographical factor （channel gradient： d） where y = 21 ＋ 10200 / x, in which x = 2.7 × e^a ＋ 1000 × d. The discipline is constructive in developing the rainfall threshold for debris flow activity in remote mountainous areas that lack data. For a given watershed, a four-level debris flow hazard map is developed by comparing the rainfall threshold to the design rainfall intensities with 50-, 20-, and 5-year average recurrence intervals, respectively. The degree of debris flow vulnerability is determined by the watershed socio-economic conditions. A four-class debris flow risk map, at the final phase of the research, is generated by combining debris flow hazards and vulnerability. With the debris flow risk assessment, the Sichuan Province is classified into the slight, moderate, severe and very severe regions, which accounts for 36%, 19%, 20% and 25% of total area respectively.     

Dendrogeomorphic reconstruction of past debris‐flow activity using injured broad‐leaved trees

Tree‐ring records from conifers have been regularly used over the last few decades to date debris‐flow events. The reconstruction of past debris‐flow activity was, in contrast, only very rarely based on growth anomalies in broad‐leaved trees. Consequently, this study aimed at dating the occurrence of former debris flows from growth series of broad‐leaved trees and at determining their suitability for dendrogeomorphic research. Results were obtained from gray alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), silver birch and pubescent birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.), aspen (Populus tremula L.), white poplar, black poplar and gray poplar (Populus alba L., Populus nigra L. and Populus x canescens (Ait.) Sm.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) and black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) injured by debris‐flow activity at Illgraben (Valais, Swiss Alps). Tree‐ring analysis of 104 increment cores, 118 wedges and 93 cross‐sections from 154 injured broad‐leaved trees allowed the reconstruction of 14 debris‐flow events between AD 1965 and 2007. These events were compared with archival records on debris‐flow activity at Illgraben. It appears that debris flows are very common at Illgraben, but only very rarely left the channel over the period AD 1965–2007. Furthermore, analysis of the spatial distribution of disturbed trees contributed to the identification of six patterns of debris‐flow routing and led to the determination of preferential breakout locations of events. The results of this study demonstrate the high potential of broad‐leaved trees for dendrogeomorphic research and for the assessment of the travel distance and lateral spread of debris‐flow surges. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.