高分辨折射和浅层反射地震方法在活断层探测中的联合应用

浅层反射地震方法是城市活断层探测常用的技术,但在基岩埋深比较浅的地区,往往只能识别出基岩顶面的反射波,而仅根据反射地震剖面上单个同相轴的变化很难准确判定断层是否存在.浅层地层的错断往往会引起速度的横向变化,利用高分辨折射地震方法采集的数据,应用层析成像方法获得的速度剖面,能够反映地下速度结构的变化,可以从另一方面揭示浅层断层存在的可能性.在四川某地,将这两种方法同时应用于活断层浅层地震勘探中.结果表明,两种方法联合应用可在一定程度上弥补浅层反射地震勘探方法在基岩埋深较浅地区的不足.     

薄覆盖层地区隐伏断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以废黄河断层为例

通过在同一条测线上应用三种不同地震勘探手段(共偏移距地震反射法、横波反射法与高分辨率折射法)联合反演的方法,获得了测线控制地段内废黄河断层的确切位置、上断点埋深以及速度分布图像.探测结果表明:在薄覆盖层地区的断裂调查中,上述三种技术手段的联合反演要比单独使用其中任何一种手段更加可靠,并能从不同角度查明断层的位置、性质及其特征,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设和钻孔深度的设计提供地震学依据.经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,三种地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和构造特征都与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好.试验表明了上述三种地震勘探方法在基岩面埋深较浅地区联合反演的可行性以及地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面相结合的工作方法的有效性.     

浅层地震勘探资料揭示汤东断裂特征

汤东断裂是汤阴地堑的东界断裂,也是太行山山前一条重要的隐伏活动断裂。为了查明汤东断裂的产状、性质及其浅部构造特征,跨断裂开展了高分辨率浅层地震剖面探测,获得了高信噪比的浅层地震反射波叠加剖面。本文根据浅层地震剖面结果并结合研究区地质资料和已有深地震探测成果,对汤东断裂的浅部构造特征进行了分析和讨论。结果表明:汤东断裂为1条走向NNE、倾向NWW的铲型正断层,其浅部表现为由2—3条断层组成的Y字形构造,并错断了埋深约30—50m第四纪地层,断裂向下延伸至上地壳底部,属晚第四纪以来的隐伏活动断裂。汤东断裂两侧新生代沉积差异明显,断裂上升盘内黄隆起一侧,新生代沉积层较薄,其底界埋深约480m,下降盘汤阴地堑一侧,沉积了巨厚的新生代地层。研究结果为确定汤东断裂位置、评价断裂的活动性提供了基础资料。     

可控震源激发的高精度小排列地震探测城市地层结构及沉积意义

借助高精度地震勘探技术,查明地层结构、地层埋深,对区域构造、沉积环境研究有重要意义,指导城市开发及工程建设.本文利用小吨位可控震源激发,对原始炮集记录与扫描信号互相关处理,得到高品质的地震采集数据,并对激发因素中震动次数、震动台数、扫频范围、驱动电平,采集因素中偏移距进行了详细的试验分析,获得一组适合研究区探测地层结构的组合参数.文章基于试验组合参数,采用小排列观测系统采集了5条测线地震数据,分析了下伏地层结构特征.总结有:(1)对研究区地层反射特征,采用15～150 Hz扫频范围、65％驱动电平、1～2次震动次数可满足勘探需求;(2)选择48道接收、3 m道间距、36 m偏移距的小排列观测系统,能较好的突出反射波波组形态;(3)实测数据识别出3套地层,分别为湛江组Qz、南康组Nn、邕宁组Ey,地层反射波组特征明显,连续性好;(4)邕宁组老地层等T0图显示顶界面埋深240～320 ms之间,呈现近海埋深深,近陆埋深浅的空间特征;(5)提取邕宁组均方根振幅属性,反应出该套地层的空间沉积特征.本次工作取得了较好的勘探效果,为城市地层结构探测提供了参考.     

黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法

为获得详细的地震滑坡数据和分布特征,揭示黄土地震滑坡的成灾模式和防治措施,需要对黄土地区地震滑坡进行详细的编录,利用卫星影像的识别方法是重要的手段之一。通过总结黄土地震滑坡特有的空间分布特征、平面形态特征、地震滑坡发育特征和伴生水文特征,归纳利用卫星影像识别黄土地震滑坡的7种识别标志。利用该方法,研究通渭地区黄土地震滑坡的空间分布与规律,结果表明：黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法获得的滑坡与野外现场调查结果相近;通渭地区滑坡拥有缓坡发育、低角度、中远滑距、大体积、方向性明显等特点。     

高密度电阻率法在西藏日喀则地区隐伏断裂探测中的应用

以跨谢通门—青都断裂的两条高密度电阻率法探测资料为基础, 对高密度电阻率法在青藏高原日喀则地区隐伏断裂探测中的首次应用进行了详细介绍． 所获取的高密度电法剖面显示, 该断层的电阻率异常特征清晰, 其上断点埋深可达20—30 m, 较浅层人工地震探测所揭示的断层上断点埋深(50 m)更浅, 结合地层年代资料推测该断裂的最新活动时期为早—中更新世． 探测结果表明: 高密度电法剖面清晰地显示了断层在浅部松散层的延伸, 适用于日喀则地区的隐伏断层探测; 相较于浅层人工地震探测, 该方法对浅部松散层的探测具有明显优势, 一定条件下能够更好地揭示断层上断点埋深, 可与浅层人工地震探测形成互补． 需要指出的是, 在应用中需重视测区水文地质及地层发育情况对探测的影响．      

沁水盆地南部煤层气藏三维音频大地电磁探测

音频大地电磁法以其快速、经济、地形适应性强等优势,在复杂环境下煤层气藏勘探方面具有巨大应用潜力.本文分析了沁水盆地南部煤层气成藏模式,设计了适合音频大地电磁法勘探尺度的三维薄低阻、高阻目标层模型.模型典型测线的二维反演以及三维阻抗张量反演结果表明:在浅表不均匀体存在时,二维TE、TM、TETM模式反演解释会受到三维畸变不同程度的影响,很难判断哪种模式解释最佳.相比而言,三维反演不仅可以提取浅表异常,而且能以更高的分辨率圈出深部薄低阻层分布.但是上述反演手段对薄高阻目标层提取效果不佳,只有对初始模型(甚至目标层)施加电性约束时,薄高阻层反演结果才会改善.综合考虑,音频大地电磁法对薄低阻目标层进行三维探测是最具可行性的.选取沁水盆地南部胡底区块作为研究区,通过音频大地电磁三维反演提取富水低阻目标层分布.推断煤层气成藏模式,识别煤储层并推测储层排采状态,与已有的地质、勘探和生产资料基本吻合.以上分析为音频大地电磁三维探测法在油气藏勘探与动态监测方面的应用提供了有力支撑.     

超浅层地震勘探在青岛王哥庄断裂探测中的应用

目前国内外对目标层埋深仅有几十米（甚至十几米）的超浅层地震勘探经验不多,理论研究也不够深入。本文从城市活断层探测的角度出发,利用地质学、地球物理学及数学等学科中的相关理论和方法,探讨超浅层地震勘探在青岛复杂地质构造背景下取得有效探测结果的前提条件,并对青岛市主要活断层的典型剖面进行重点研究,力求在城市活断层超浅层地震勘探数据采集技术、数据处理等方面有所进展,为青岛及类似地质构造背景的地区开展活动断层超浅层地震探测提供参考。研究表明超浅层地震反射波法可以获取深度仅有十几米的地层反射信号,且大部分反射剖面都可较清楚地揭示出超浅部断层位置和断层特征。     

综合物探方法在淮河滨河浅滩岩溶塌陷调查中的应用研究

淮南市八公山区原肥皂厂近些年出现大规模的岩溶塌陷地质灾害,为了查明该调查区地下溶洞、裂隙管道等不良地质体的发育位置,笔者采用高密度电测深法、音频大地电磁法和地震折射法对塌陷区进行野外实验研究,研究结果显示:受滨河浅滩第四系淤泥低阻覆盖层的影响,高密度电测深法和音频大地电磁法测量的视电阻率值偏小,普遍小于200Ω·m,对低阻异常体识别度很低,很难通过视电阻值大小来准确判定基岩与低阻异常体之间的相对空间位置,相比之下,地震折射法受低阻覆盖层的影响较小,覆盖层与基岩之间纵波速度相差很大,实验得出,河床淤泥层纵波速度小于1000 m/s,第四系含砂黏土层纵波速度在1000～2200 m/s之间,基岩纵波速度大于3000 m/s,基岩与覆盖层之间的溶蚀层位纵波速度介于2200～3000 m/s之间.研究结果表明,在滨河浅滩第四系淤泥层等低阻覆盖层的影响下,高密度电测深法和音频大地电磁法测量的视电阻率值偏小,仅仅依靠视电阻率值来判定基岩与低阻异常体之间的相对空间位置不够严谨,在此基础上采用地震折射法,利用基岩、低阻覆盖层与溶蚀层之间的纵波速度差异,能够更加准确的划分并圈定覆盖层、溶蚀层和基岩面的空间位置.     

薄覆盖隐伏断层电场响应特征研究——以废黄河断裂为例

薄覆盖隐伏断层调查对城市规划建设和防震减灾工作具有重要意义,文中选择徐州废黄河断裂为例对薄覆盖隐伏断层电场响应特征进行研究.首先,对徐州废黄河断裂构造模式进行总结和概化,建立3种具有代表性的简化地电模型;其次,针对不同地电模型,采用有限差分和阻尼最小二乘法进行正、反演计算探讨其电场响应特征;然后,选择地震勘探和钻孔联合地质剖面已揭露断点上进行现场试验,检验和提升数值模拟成果;最后,将理论研究成果应用于指导野外调查工程实践.理论研究及工程实践结果表明,薄覆盖隐伏断层在电阻率断面上表现出典型且易于识别的电场响应特征,高密度电阻率法各装置均可有效地进行地质分层及断裂构造定性分析,但是相比较而言,偶极-偶极装置对隐伏断层响应特征最为显著,在地层成层性及基岩面起伏调查方面也最有优势,可作为薄覆盖隐伏断层探测的首选方法.     

Structural study of the Ballandaz landslide (French Alps) using geophysical imagery

This study of the Ballandaz landslide (Savoie, French Alps) was carried out as part of the ANR/PGCU-SIGMA research project. Its aim was to characterize the slope by different methods of geophysical imagery, and then use this characterization to provide a combined interpretation of the morpho-structures in order to simulate the geomechanical behavior of the sliding mass. First, electromagnetic mapping was used to identify the variations of the surface lithology and moisture from which one can more precisely locate the active zone of the slope. Then, electrical and seismic 2D imagery methods were used along several transverse and longitudinal profiles in order to produce electrical resistivity and seismic-velocity depth sections showing up the slope's structures. The H/V method was also tested locally to determine the depth to basement so as to complement the profiles: it reveals potential seismic site effects from the deeper structures. Helped by drilling and inclinometer surveys, the geophysical interpretations have revealed the various units structuring the landslide: (i) the active, very heterogeneous shallow level overlying (ii) a more rigid, less porous, and probably stable shallow bedrock, (iii) boulders, and (iv) the sound geological basement of quartzite and gypsiferous facies. The study has shown the usefulness of combining such different sounding techniques for studying complex environments like landslides; it has also revealed the limitations of each method when used for studying very heterogeneous environments.     

非饱和黄土微观结构与黄土滑坡

原状黄土属于非饱和黄土,对非饱和黄土的微观结构研究对于研究黄土地区边坡的稳定性具有重要意义。通过研究区黄土的SEM图像的微观结构分析和利用Janbu法对典型黄土滑坡进行边坡稳定性的计算分析,认为该地区黄土的内部微观结构以架空结构和镶嵌结构为主,在大颗粒上附着的胶结物较少;随着深度的增加,土体上覆压力增大,土体具有明显的挤压变形现象;黄土体在天然状态下处于极限稳定状态,随着含水量增加,边坡稳定性下降,达到饱和状态时,处于不稳定状态;随着黄土地区经济的快速发展,人类水事活动和工程性经济活动广泛开展,人为因素逐渐成为诱发滑坡发生的主导因素。     

The safety distance of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with a landslide-prone zone

At present, substantial scientific research achievements have been made in the research on landslide occurrence, movement mechanism, mitigation measures, and structural stability during tunnel excavation. However, the interaction mechanism of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with potential landslides is still not well understood. Based on the field data provided by previous investigations in the study area, six sets of 1:100 laboratory experiment model tests were conducted to study the stability of the landslide-prone zone of the slope body with an under-traversing tunnel. The selected distances between the tunnel and the sliding surface are 1.5, 3, and 5 times of the tunnel diameter, respectively. The experiment results show the interaction between the landslide-prone zone and the tunnel, elucidating the effect of potential landslides during the tunnel excavation process and the reaction of the landslide slip on the tunnel structure. Several conclusions are obtained: ① During the process of tunnel excavation, the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault decreases with the increase of the buried depth. ② The vertical displacement of the sliding surface increases with the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel. The horizontal displacement of sliding surface decreases with the increase of the buried depth. ③ After the occurrence of a rainfall-induced landslide, the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault in the 1.5-diameter-distance case is 57.29% greater than that in the 3.0-dismeter-distance case.④ For a two-cave tunnel, it is suggested that the cave farther from the landslide toe should be firstly excavated since it may generate less structural deformation.     

Subsurface architecture of the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory from electrical resistivity tomography

The architecture of the critical zone includes the distribution, thickness, and contacts of various types of slope deposits and weathering products such as saprolite and weathered bedrock resting on solid bedrock. A quantitative analysis of architecture is necessary for many model‐driven approaches used by pedologic, geomorphic, hydrologic or biologic studies. We have used electrical resistivity tomography, a well‐established geophysical technique causing minimum surficial disturbance, to portray the subsurface electrical resistivity differences at three study sites (Green Lakes Valley; Gordon Gulch; Betasso) at the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory (BcCZO). Possible limitations of the technique are discussed. Interpretation of the specific resistivity values using natural outcrops, pits, roadcuts and drilling data as ground truth information allows us to image the critical zone architecture of each site. Green Lakes Valley (3700 MASL), a glacially eroded alpine basin, shows a rather simple, split configuration with coarse blockfields and sediments, partly containing permafrost above bedrock. The critical zone in Gordon Gulch (2650 MASL), a montane basin with rolling hills, and Betasso (1925 MASL), a lower montane basin with v‐shaped valleys, is more variable due to a complex Quaternary geomorphic history. Boundaries between overlying stratified slope deposits and saprolite were identified at mean depths of 3.0 ± 2.2 m and 4.1 ± 3.6 m in the respective sites. The boundary between saprolite and weathered bedrock is deeper in Betasso at 5.8 ± 3.7 m, compared with 4.3 ± 3.0 m in Gordon Gulch. In general, the data are consistent with results from seismic studies, but electrical resistivity tomography documents a 0.5–1.5 m shallower critical zone above the weathered bedrock on average. Additionally, we document high lateral variability, which results from the weathering and sedimentation history and seems to be a consistent aspect of critical zone architecture within the BcCZO. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

初至波层析成像技术在隐伏断裂探测中的应用

初至波层析成像技术是一种利用地震记录中初至波走时反演地下介质速度分布情况的地震勘探数据反演算法,其成像结果可用于分析解释覆盖层下不同岩性的分界面、陡坎、断裂构造等。本文应用该方法对宿松-枞阳断裂安庆杨桥段进行了探测,根据两条横跨断裂测线的速度剖面,并结合高密度电法结果和地质资料,可以推测出测线探测范围内基岩埋深在25~35m左右,同时CZ1线桩号130m、CZ2线桩号350m,深度30m以下的低速异常区为宿松-枞阳断裂的反映,断裂呈北东向延伸。      

黄土斜坡地震动时程分析

应用地震危险性分析理论和地震动人工合成技术，给出Newmark法中所需的地震动时程，解决了斜坡稳定性分析Newmark法中难以选取合适地震动时程的难题。通过对黄土斜坡实例计算，给出了坡体中地震动峰值加速度与深度的关系；在计算坡体位移时，提出了等效峰值加速度的概念；对比了使用地面地震动时程和使用坡体内等效地震动时程的计算结果。     

Prediction of the location of future rupture surfaces of a slowly moving loess landslide by electrical resistivity tomography

A slowly moving loess landslide along the River Danube in South Hungary was studied using electrical resistivity tomography. Our aim was to determine the fracture system of the study site. Due to the homogeneous composition of the loess, it seems to be the only possibility to get information about the landslide and its further evolution. The applicability of the electrical resistivity tomography technique for such a supposedly dense fracture system was studied by numerical modelling, and the results have been verified in the field. The dip of the fractures could not always been observed, and they could not be explored deeply. However, it was possible to map their surface projection to get the desired information about the structure of the landslide. Fracture zones could have been especially well localized, enabling the prediction of the positions of future rupture surfaces and thus the delineation of the endangered zone. Although the area outside of the already subsided one is not endangered yet, the area which has already started to move is going to break into two. Parts of the about 5 m wide blocks at the front of the landslide may fall or slide down anytime. A large area was assumed to move as one unit. Most of our predictions have been verified by the mass movements that occurred about one and half years after the measurements. The electrical resistivity tomography method proved to be a good tool to characterize the fracture system of such a landslide area, enabling the prediction of future rupture surfaces and also delineation of the endangered area. Its use is therefore highly recommended to monitor landslides to provide early risk warnings to avoid damage to constructions or endangering human life.     

1920年海原地震滑坡密集区的地震动场地效应研究

地震动作为引起地震灾害的原动力,常常通过造成建筑物倒塌、山体滑坡等形式引起大量人员伤亡和财产损失。1920年海原8½级地震,在震中距80 km远的西吉—静宁交界的黄土丘陵区引发了大量的山体滑坡,并造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。在分析海原地震高烈度区滑坡分布特征的基础上,通过场地调查和数值计算等方法,研究典型滑坡密集场地的地质条件及地震反应特征。研究表明起伏地形和黄土厚度不均等因素造成丘陵山体两侧地震反应的差异,从而导致地震滑坡在斜坡土体较厚的一侧成群连片发育。海原地震造成的滑坡密集区的地形地貌、岩土性质、土层结构等条件决定了该地区地震动随局部场地条件变化非常迅速,地层场地效应和地形场地效应联合作用加剧了斜坡地表的地震动放大作用,增加了触发地震滑坡的动力。     

综合地球物理方法在山前隐伏断裂探测中的应用——以巍山—长山南坡断裂为例

针对探测山前隐伏断裂复杂困难的特点,以巍山—长山南坡断裂为例,采用浅层地震勘探和高密度电法勘探等地球物理方法并结合钻孔联合地质剖面资料,对巍山—长山南坡断裂的隐伏段的准确位置和活动性进行研究,确定断层的准确位置和产状等。研究结果表明,巍山—长山南坡断裂在唐山市区的隐伏段为S倾的正断层,倾角约78°,断距约3 m,上断点埋深约19 m;该断裂在市区的隐伏段为中更新世断裂,晚更新世以来不活动。