鄂尔多斯盆地致密砂岩气藏微观孔喉球棍模型表征方法

以鄂尔多斯盆地J地区下石盒子组致密砂岩气藏储层为研究对象，利用Avizo软件的数据处理和数值模拟功能，处理多尺度三维CT成像技术提供的图像信息.提出核磁阈值分割法，应用该方法对研究区目的层岩石样品进行多尺度三维孔喉分维数重构，建立非常规致密砂岩气藏储层纳米级三维孔喉分布和孔喉球棍模型.利用数字岩心分析模块对孔隙空间进行计算，获得喉道半径、孔隙半径、配位数、喉道长度、喉道形状因子、孔隙形状因子等定量参数，进而应用上述表征参数进行孔喉结构定量评价.研究表明，纳米尺度下致密砂岩储层孔隙呈球状，喉道呈杆状、棍状和管束状分布，孔喉分布随机性强.多尺度三维CT成像技术具有无损、高分辨率等特点，能够在多个分辨率和不同视域获得较为清晰的二维、三维图像.建立的球棍模型，能够直观、定量表征孔喉大小、几何形态、空间分布、连通性等，对微细观尺度储层孔喉研究具有重要意义.     

基于微CT技术的致密砂岩孔隙结构特征及其对流体流动的影响

以川西地区的须家河组致密储层岩石为研究对象,利用微CT技术结合Avizo软件先进的数学算法构建了三维数字岩心模型,可以表征砂砾岩储层岩石的孔隙结构特征,并将数字岩心和有限元软件Comsol结合,实现了基于数字岩心的水驱气模拟过程的可视化.并在此基础上开展了水驱气模拟,研究微观孔隙结构特征对岩心中气水两相流的影响.研究结果表明:致密砂岩岩心的孔喉分布状态主要呈连片状和孤立状,其中连片状孔隙在空间上连通性好,主要与残余粒间孔或粒间溶蚀孔有关,而孤立状孔隙在空间上多呈孤立分布,主要与粒内溶蚀孔有关;致密砂岩样品等效孔径主要分布范围在0.5μm以下,储层物性差的样品孔隙结构要比储层物性好的样品复杂,且前者的孤立孔隙多且小孔隙占比高,连通孔隙较少,其对渗透率贡献性少;在水驱气的过程中,岩心的微观孔隙结构将改变驱替前缘形状以及造成气水两相流中舌进现象;随着岩心孔隙度和渗透率增大,水驱气的驱替效率增大,残余气饱和度降低.     

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储层微观孔喉结构研究?

通过微纳米 CT、FIB 双束扫描电镜等实验手段,对吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层进行详细的探讨。研究发现,吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组储层为中孔-低渗、特低渗、低孔特低渗储层,孔隙以微纳米级为主,类型多样,主要有粒间孔（缝）、粒间溶孔、晶间孔、层间缝及微裂隙等。不同类型储集段,储层物性和孔隙结构差异较大：上甜点区砂屑云岩孔隙以粒间孔（缝）和溶孔为主,多为微米级;下甜点区灰质粉砂岩以粒间孔和晶间孔为主,孔隙多为纳米级,0.05～0.1μm;非甜点区的灰质炭质泥岩主要发育晶间孔、层间缝和微裂隙,裂隙宽约5～6μm。     

基于核磁共振测井的低渗透砂岩孔隙结构定量评价方法——以东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段为例

低渗透砂岩油气藏已成为油气增储生产的重要勘探开发目标,但孔隙结构复杂使得储层及其有效性难以准确识别.笔者利用物性、压汞、核磁等资料,对东营凹陷南坡沙四段(Es4)低渗透砂岩孔隙结构进行分析,划分出了3种类型.核磁T2谱与毛管压力曲线都在一定程度上反映孔喉分布,但常规方法利用T2谱重构伪毛管压力曲线所得到的孔隙半径与压汞孔喉半径有较大误差,而岩石孔隙自由流体T2与压汞孔喉分布对应关系更好,以此建立了不同孔隙结构类型二者之间不同孔喉尺度对应的关系式(大尺度:线性;小尺度:分段幂函数),可在井筒剖面上通过识别孔隙结构类型,进而利用核磁共振测井(NML)定量反演孔径分布,省去了构建伪毛管曲线环节,为低渗透砂岩储层有效性评价提供了直接依据,也是测井用于定量反演储层微观孔隙结构信息的有益探索.     

致密砂岩气储层孔隙结构特征及其成因机理分析

通过岩心观察、普通薄片、铸体薄片、荧光薄片、X衍射、物性分析、扫描电镜分析和高压压汞曲线等资料,对克深地区巴什基奇克组致密砂岩储层的岩石学特征、物性特征和微观孔隙结构特征进行了研究.结果表明储层以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,物性总体较差,孔隙类型多样,大小相差悬殊,孔喉组合类型以中孔微喉和小孔微喉型为主,连通性差.根据毛管压力曲线形态和参数特征分析,可将储层基质孔隙结构划分为4种类型.最后从沉积、成岩和构造三方面入手深入剖析储层孔隙结构的成因机理,认为孔隙结构受砂体原始组分和结构的先天控制,成岩过程中的压实、胶结和粘土矿物转化等将造成孔隙变小,喉道变窄,结构复杂,而溶蚀作用又可使孔隙变大,喉道变宽.侧向上构造挤压进一步减孔,而伴随构造裂缝而产生的微裂缝是改善储层物性和增强孔隙结构非均质性的另一重要因素.     

致密砂岩衰减岩石物理图板分析:储层微裂隙预测

致密砂岩储层普遍具有孔隙度低、微裂隙发育的特点,岩石内部常含有强烈的结构非均质性.致密砂岩发育的微裂隙使储层具有良好的连通性,促成高饱和气的天然气成藏.针对川西某探区须家河组高含气饱和度致密砂岩,本文选取致密砂岩岩心样本,进行了不同围压下的超声波实验测量.考虑储层完全饱气情况下的粒间孔隙、微裂隙双重孔隙结构,采用Biot-Rayleigh双重孔隙方程,构建致密砂岩岩石物理模型,进而分析了裂隙含量对纵波频散和衰减的影响.基于地震波衰减,构建了致密砂岩多尺度岩石物理图板.采用谱比法和改进频移法估算致密砂岩样本及储层衰减,对超声和地震频带下的图板进行校正.将校正后的图板应用到研究工区,选取二维测线和三维区块,进行储层孔隙度和裂隙含量的定量预测.对比实际资料进行分析,结果显示,本文预测的孔隙度和裂隙含量与三口测井的孔隙度曲线和实际产气情况基本吻合,基于孔隙-裂隙衰减岩石物理模型有效地预测了优质储层的分布区域.     

低渗透致密气藏可动流体饱和度研究——以苏里格苏48区块盒8段储层为例

利用高压压汞、恒速压汞、核磁共振等实验,研究分析苏里格苏48区块盒8段储层可动流体饱和度的分布特征及主要控制因素.结果表明,研究区样品T_2谱主要呈左高右低的双峰型及单峰型两种形态,可动流体饱和度与可动流体孔隙度变化幅度较大.根据可动流体饱和度将储层划为3种类型,不同类型储层可动流体饱和度差异较大:Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类储层物性较好,孔隙半径大,喉道较粗,孔喉分布均匀,孔隙连通性好,粘土矿物质量百分数低,可动流体饱和度高;Ⅲ类储层孔隙半径小,孔喉分选差,孔隙之间连通性差,粘土矿物质量百分数高,可动流体饱和度低.可见可动流体饱和度受多种因素综合影响,其中微观孔喉特征是控制可动流体饱和度大小的主要因素,粘土矿物次之,储层物性最弱.孔喉特征参数中,孔隙半径、孔喉半径比、孔喉体积比、分选系数的控制作用最为显著,均值系数以及排驱压力的影响较为明显.在其它孔喉参数相差较小时,喉道对可动流体饱和度的大小起决定性作用;粘土矿物中,高岭石的质量百分数影响最大.     

致密油储集层孔隙结构分类评价及成因分析

在岩心观察的基础上,结合常规、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞和核磁共振等资料对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长7段致密油储层岩石学、物性特征及孔隙结构特征进行了研究.结果表明合水地区长7油层组致密油储层储集空间以溶蚀孔隙和微孔隙为主,原生孔隙保留较少,孔喉连通性较差,总体表现为物性差和孔隙结构复杂的特征.储层经历较强的压实作用,胶结物类型主要为碳酸盐和粘土矿物,此外还发育较强的溶蚀作用.根据压汞曲线形态与压汞参数,结合核磁共振T_2谱特征,将长7致密油储层孔隙结构类型划分为四类.并分别阐明了压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用及其微孔隙含量对不同类型孔隙结构的影响,并运用综合考虑了压实、胶结成岩作用以及微孔隙含量的成岩综合系数来阐明并定量表示成岩过程中多种成岩作用对孔隙结构改造的综合效应.成岩综合系数与T_2几何平均值具有良好的统计正相关关系,因此可以作为不同类型孔隙结构定量表征的理想参数.经过对影响孔隙结构特征的成岩作用类型和强度的深入剖析,可在成因机理分析的基础上通过成岩综合系数来实现储集岩孔隙结构的定量评价.同时通过T_2几何平均值可以反推储层在成岩演化阶段所经历的成岩作用类型及强度,进而实现储层精细评价.     

岩石孔喉结构特征对核磁T_2谱影响的数值模拟(英文)

本文建立了能够考虑孔喉特征的储层岩石三维非规整网络模型,用数值模拟方法进一步研究饱含水岩样的核磁T_2谱特征。通过模拟储层岩石孔喉核磁共振T_2谱的特征,表明核磁共振T_2谱同岩心孔喉半径分布具有很好的相似性,对T_2谱中孔隙体、喉道信号的分解可以评价储层岩石孔隙体、喉道的半径大小及分布情况。分别模拟喉道半径、孔喉比以及孔隙连通性等孔隙结构特征对T_2谱的影响,发现:1.随着喉道半径的增大,T_2谱峰值向右移动,而且峰值处的驰豫信号强度增大;2.随着孔喉比的增大,T_2谱峰值向右移动,峰值处的驰豫信号强度增大,而且孔隙体T_2谱和喉道T_2谱逐渐分开;3.随着连通性的增大,曲线左端上升,短驰豫时间信号所占比列增大,右边的峰值有所降低。     

多阶段成岩作用对深层碳酸盐岩岩石物理性质的影响——以四川盆地震旦系灯影组四段为例

国内深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层普遍经历多阶段、多期次的成岩作用改造,非均质性极强,致使脱离地质背景的岩石物理分析方法难以准确地给出岩石物理变化规律与储层特征之间的联系.本文通过对合川地区震旦系灯影组四段深层白云岩岩石物理性质的测量,并结合岩石学特征分析、多尺度孔隙结构分析及沉积环境的划分,在成岩作用过程框架下分析岩石物理特征的变化规律.研究结果表明,目标层段白云岩差异性成岩过程形成了不同的岩石孔隙结构特征与微观结构特征.丘滩相高能微生物白云岩分别经历同生期微生物白云岩化与渗透回流白云岩化作用、准同生期选择性溶蚀作用、埋深白云岩化作用以及构造-热液白云岩化,形成的晶粒白云岩主要为致密“焊接”型和紧密型白云石晶体接触边界,溶蚀孔隙发育,微裂隙与孔喉共同作为流体渗流通道.滩间海低能硅质、泥质与灰质云岩主要经历弱毛细管浓缩白云岩化作用、强机械压实致密化与埋深白云岩化作用,形成的晶粒白云岩存在致密“焊接”型、黏土型、石英胶结型与方解石型晶体接触边界,孔隙以残余原生粒间或晶间孔为主,以微裂隙作为主要的流体渗流通道.晶粒边界性质与孔隙结构共同控制了样品的宏观物性及地震弹性性质,相同晶粒边界的样品具有一...     

致密砂岩储层CO2驱油特征的核磁共振实验研究

利用核磁共振技术对致密砂岩储层不同渗透率级别基质岩心和裂缝基质岩心不同驱替压力下CO2驱油特征进行了研究,简述核磁共振原理及实验方法。表明:致密砂岩储层特低、超低渗透基质岩心在初始CO2驱替压力下,岩心毛细孔隙和微毛细孔隙区间的油不同程度被采出,随着CO2驱替压力增大,特低、超低渗透基质岩心毛细孔隙区间油的采出程度不断增加且累积采出程度不同。裂缝致密砂岩储层岩心,裂缝和毛细孔隙区间的油在初始CO2驱替压力下,岩心裂缝中的油及毛细孔隙中的部分油被驱替出来,CO2驱替压力提高毛细孔隙、微毛细区间油的采出程度和累积采收程度较小。致密砂岩储层特低、超低渗透基质岩心和裂缝致密砂岩储层岩心,随着CO2驱替压力增大毛细孔隙区间的部分剩余油成正比增加进入到微毛细孔隙区间改变储层剩余油分布。核磁共振技术能够深入研究致密砂岩储层CO2不同驱替压力阶段,岩心裂缝、毛细孔隙区间、微毛细孔隙区间油的采出程度和剩余油分布情况,对于研究致密砂岩储层微观驱油机理具有较重要的价值。      

储层渗透性与地层因素关系的实验研究与分析

本文对渤海湾盆地不同孔隙结构样品的孔、渗、核磁、岩电、压汞、X衍射及铸体薄片等配套岩石物理实验数据进行了综合分析,通过逐一考察同一套岩芯样品的地层因素与渗透率、压汞喉径均值、储层品质指数之间的实验关系,并分别与地层因素-孔隙度交绘图进行对比分析,发现储层渗透性与地层因素之间并非简单的单调函数关系,孔隙度相近但孔隙结构类型不同、渗透率差异明显的岩芯可以具有相近的地层因素,导电能力接近.在实验数据分析的基础上通过理论分析证明了这一实验关系的合理性,并指出孔隙度及导电能力相近的岩芯,其渗透率差异与喉径均值的平方比、孔隙曲折度及几何形态相关.     

碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构对电阻率的影响研究

碳酸盐岩储层孔隙类型多样,各种孔隙的尺寸变化范围可以跨越几个数量级,孔隙结构非常复杂,这种复杂孔隙结构和不均匀分布的多元孔隙空间使得储层电性呈现明显非阿尔奇特性.为了了解影响电阻率变化的控制因素,本次研究选取中三叠世雷口坡组的8块全直径碳酸盐岩岩样,开展了核磁共振、岩电实验、孔渗实验、压汞实验及薄片等实验,并利用数字图像分析法定量分析了孔隙结构特征.研究结果表明：①孔隙度是影响电阻率高低的重要因素,但并非唯一因素,除孔隙度以外,孔隙尺寸和数量、孔隙网络复杂程度远比吼道大小对电阻率的影响大;②在孔隙度一定的条件下,胶结指数m随储层中孤立大孔隙占比的增多而增大,当孔隙度增大到一定程度后,胶结指数m又随大孔隙占比的增多而减小,微裂缝起重要沟通作用;③在给定孔隙度时,以简单大孔隙为主的岩样表现为胶结指数m值较大,而以复杂孔隙网络、细小孔隙为主的岩样表现为胶结指数m值较小,具分散、孤立大孔隙的岩样,胶结指数m值最高;④依据孔隙几何参数与电阻率和胶结指数之间的关系,可以利用测井资料间接判别储层类型,从而提高储层有效性和含水饱和度评价精度.     

The distribution rule and seepage effect of the fractures in the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir in east Gansu Province,Ordos Basin

To study the impact of the fractures on development in the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir of the Yangchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Ordos Basin,data on outcrops,cores,slices,well logging and experiments are utilized to analyze the cause of the formation of the fractures,their distribution rules and the control factors and discuss the seepage flow effect of the fractures. In the studied area developed chiefly high-angle tectonic fractures and horizontal bedding fractures,inter-granular fractures and grain boundary fractures as well. Grain boundary fractures and intragranular fractures serve as vital channels linking intragranular pores and intergranular solution pores in the reservoir matrix,thus providing a good connectivity between the pores in the ultra-low perme-ability sandstone reservoir. The formation of fractures and their distribution are influenced by such external and internal factors as the palaeo-tectonic stress field,the reservoir lithological character,the thickness of the rock layer and the anisotropy of a layer. The present-day stress field influences the preservative state of fractures and their seepage flow effect. Under the tec-tonic effect of both the Yanshan and Himalayan periods,in this region four sets of fractures are distributed,respectively assuming the NE-SW,NW-SE,nearly E-W and nearly S-N orientations,but,due to the effect of the rock anisotropy of the rock formation,in some part of it two groups of nearly orthogonal fractures are chiefly distributed. Under the effect of the present-day stress field,the fractures that assume the NE-SW direction have a good connectivity,big apertures,a high permeability and a minimum starting pressure,all of which are main advantages of the seepage fractures in this region. With the development of oilfields,the permeability of the fractures of dif-ferent directions will have a dynamic change.     

利用注聚合物泥浆伤害岩电实验参数变化评价特低渗透储层

针对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡长6特低渗透储层受聚合物泥浆伤害,微电极电阻率曲线在渗透层上的正幅度差异不明显,直观指示油气层和水层的深、中,浅探测电阻率在常规储层的有序排列基本消失.通过注聚合物泥浆驱替前后岩石电阻率与孔隙度及含水饱和度实验关系分析,驱替后岩样电阻率显著增大,岩样电阻率随含水饱和度增大而减小的基本规律不复存在.归纳其岩性系数a、电阻率系数b比驱替前大得多,饱和度指数n由正变负,反映出注聚合物泥浆驱替破坏了储层孔隙结构及其基本特征,测井中造成了范围较小的高侵和特高侵地层电阻率带.从而提出在较为致密的低渗砂、致密砂聚合物泥浆伤害储层中,利用微电极负差异及其电阻率曲线不规则增高变化划分特低渗透油层有效厚度,并以实例阐明了利用岩电实验参数变化评价特低渗透储层的方法.     

The effect of microporosity on transport properties in porous media

Sizeable amounts of connected microporosity with various origins can have a profound effect on important petrophysical properties of a porous medium such as (absolute/relative) permeability and capillary pressure relationships. We construct pore-throat networks that incorporate both intergranular porosity and microporosity. The latter originates from two separate mechanisms: partial dissolution of grains and pore fillings (e.g. clay). We then use the reconstructed network models to estimate the medium flow properties. In this work, we develop unique network construction algorithms and simulate capillary pressure–saturation and relative permeability–saturation curves for cases with inhomogeneous distributions of pores and micropores. Furthermore, we provide a modeling framework for variable amounts of cement and connectivity of the intergranular porosity and quantifying the conditions under which microporosity dominates transport properties. In the extreme case of a disconnected inter-granular network due to cementation a range of saturations within which neither fluid phase is capable of flowing emerges. To our knowledge, this is the first flexible pore scale model, from first principles, to successfully approach this behavior observed in tight reservoirs.     

Mechanism for calcite dissolution and its contribution to development of reservoir porosity and permeability in the Kela 2 gas field,Tarim Basin,China

This study is undertaken to understand how calcite precipitation and dissolution contributes to depth-related changes in porosity and permeability of gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Kela 2 gas field of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China. Sandstone samples and pore water samples are col-lected from well KL201 in the Tarim Basin. Vertical profiles of porosity, permeability, pore water chem-istry, and the relative volume abundance of calcite/dolomite are constructed from 3600 to 4000 m below the ground surface within major oil and gas reservoir rocks. Porosity and permeability values are in-versely correlated with the calcite abundance, indicating that calcite dissolution and precipitation may be controlling porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Pore water chemistry exhibits a sys-tematic variation from the Na2SO4 type at the shallow depth (3600-3630 m), to the NaHCO3 type at the intermediate depth (3630―3695 m),and to the CaCl2 type at the greater depth (3728―3938 m). The geochemical factors that control the calcite solubility include pH, temperature, pressure, Ca2 concen-tration, the total inorganic carbon concentration (ΣCO2), and the type of pore water. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium and mass conservation laws are applied to calculate the calcite saturation state as a function of a few key parameters. The model calculation illustrates that the calcite solubility is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of pore water, mainly the concentration difference between the total dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration (i.e., [ΣCO2] -[Ca2 ]). In the Na2SO4 water at the shallow depth, this index is close to 0, pore water is near the calcite solubility. Calcite does not dissolve or precipitate in significant quantities. In the NaHCO3 water at the intermedi-ate depth, this index is greater than 0, and pore water is supersaturated with respect to calcite. Massive calcite precipitation was observed at this depth interval and this intensive cementation is responsible for decreased porosity and permeability. In the CaCl2 water at the greater depth, pore water is un-der-saturated with respect to calcite, resulting in dissolution of calcite cements, as consistent with microscopic dissolution features of the samples from this depth interval. Calcite dissolution results in formation of high secondary porosity and permeability, and is responsible for the superior quality of the reservoir rocks at this depth interval. These results illustrate the importance of pore water chemis-try in controlling carbonate precipitation/dissolution, which in turn controls porosity and permeability of oil and gas reservoir rocks in major sedimentary basins.     

Acoustic and petrophysical relationships in low-shale sandstone reservoir rocks

This paper describes the measurements of the acoustic and petrophysical properties of two suites of low‐shale sandstone samples from North Sea hydrocarbon reservoirs, under simulated reservoir conditions. The acoustic velocities and quality factors of the samples, saturated with different pore fluids (brine, dead oil and kerosene), were measured at a frequency of about 0.8 MHz and over a range of pressures from 5 MPa to 40 MPa. The compressional‐wave velocity is strongly correlated with the shear‐wave velocity in this suite of rocks. The ratio V_P/V_S varies significantly with change of both pore‐fluid type and differential pressure, confirming the usefulness of this parameter for seismic monitoring of producing reservoirs. The results of quality factor measurements were compared with predictions from Biot‐flow and squirt‐flow loss mechanisms. The results suggested that the dominating loss in these samples is due to squirt‐flow of fluid between the pores of various geometries. The contribution of the Biot‐flow loss mechanism to the total loss is negligible. The compressional‐wave quality factor was shown to be inversely correlated with rock permeability, suggesting the possibility of using attenuation as a permeability indicator tool in low‐shale, high‐porosity sandstone reservoirs.