华北克拉通地壳三维密度结构与地质含义

利用重力异常揭示地壳三维密度结构是重力资料地质解释的目标和任务,密度反演的好坏至关重要.本文对华北克拉通进行了重力异常多尺度密度反演研究,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义密度反演方法进行各层密度反演,对华北地区进行了多层密度反演,得到其密度结构,并进行地质解释和油气藏分析.结果显示了重力场多尺度密度反演方法的有效性,对华北地区密度结构的地质含义进行了初步分析,位于造山带中的低密度异常主要反映沿造山带展布的花岗岩体.对比华北东部区浅层密度扰动与油气坳陷位置,发现油气坳陷都表现为低幅度的低密度异常区.说明利用小波多尺度反演提取的密度信息对油气勘探的部署有一定指导意义.     

时变重力场球面模型反演算法和模拟实验

时变重力场是研究地球内部介质物性变化的重要手段。本文提出了一种适用于地面流动重力测量获得的时变重力信号的场源反演方法,该方法采用球坐标系下的六面体单元来模拟场源介质,适合大尺度地震流动重力测量数据的等效源模型构建。通过引入重力时变信号的一阶光滑先验条件,压制了时变重力信号中的短周期高频分量,可用于提取与地震孕育相关的长周期信号。通过理论和模型实验证明了本文算法的可靠性和稳定性,并使用南北地震带南段2014—2017年的流动重力实测数据进行了反演解释,获得了地壳内部等效场源的视密度时变信号,变化量级在正常地壳密度的±0.7‰之间,其空间形态受川滇菱形块体边界控制。研究成果可用于时变重力场模型解释和深部场源特征提取,可为地震重力前兆信号分析和相关研究提供完备的方法保障。     

青藏高原地壳密度变形带及构造分区

将区域重力场多尺度刻痕分析用于提取青藏高原地壳变形带的信息,可了解高原内地壳变形带从浅到深的变化和平面分布特征,并对青藏高原主要地体的空间分布定位,为岩石圈研究提供地表地质难以取得的新信息.多尺度脊形化系数的图像刻划不同深度平面上的地壳变形带.青藏高原地壳变形带从上到下由细密逐渐变为粗稀型,而且细密型变形区分布的范围逐渐缩小,到下地壳完全消失.从这种情况可以推测,以垂直地面方向上看,地壳变形带应该是树形的,下地壳粗稀型的变形带为树的主干,而中地壳粗稀型的变形带为树的分枝,上地壳的变形带为树枝的小枝杈.上地壳细密型变形分布区反映了与中新生代地壳缩短变形区的范围,下地壳清晰连续的变形带反映了青藏高原的构造骨架.多尺度边界刻痕系数的图像刻画不同深度平面上的地体边界,下地壳的刻痕边界系数与密度剧烈变化带位置吻合;因此,由多尺度刻痕分析划分地体时同时取得地体密度信息.青藏高原内密度较高的地体包括喜马拉雅地体、克什米亚地体、察隅河地体、柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体.柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体是青藏高原中有壳根的核,而密度最高的克什米亚和察隅河地体在大陆碰撞时不易碎裂,对东西两个构造结的形成起了关键作用.     

基于欧拉反褶积方法估算华北地区重力变化的等效源参数

利用华北地区2009—2014年绝对重力与相对重力多期重复观测资料, 得到不同时空尺度的华北区域重力场动态变化图像。 采用欧拉反褶积方法, 通过对理论模型试算, 获得最优反演参数, 对引起华北地区重力场变化的场源深度和空间分布规律进行了反演计算和分析。 结果表明: 当构造指数为1时, 适合对流动重力场变化数据进行反演。 实际资料的反演结果在2009—2014年间的场源位置集中于河套断裂带。 本文研究方法可以用于重力场反演和以场求源的定量研究。 本工作为流动重力变化信号的反演和解释提供一条新思路, 也为构建地震重力预报指标体系提供了定量依据。     

伽师6.4级地震前后震源区视密度变化及其构造意义

2020年1月19日新疆维吾尔自治区伽师县发生6.4级逆冲型地震,发震构造为柯坪断裂,震中位于重力监测网内部。文中首先介绍塔里木盆地西缘的重力观测网络系统的基本情况;其次结合"以场求源、场源结合"的思想,利用地震前后2013—2020年塔里木盆地西缘地区的重力重复测量数据,基于贝叶斯重力平差方法得到的点值序列和时变重力信号的场源反演方法,给出等效源反演方法的基本原理和研究区的场源监测能力,并针对实际重复重力观测数据进行测试,反演得到重力时空场源变化特征,获得了研究区地壳内部区域性重力场源动态变化及该区的地震前后多期场源视密度的结构特征;最后,结合2020年伽师6.4级地震发震构造区的重力场变化过程进行了分析和讨论。研究认为:塔里木盆地西缘的重力测网对于伽师M_S6.4地震震中周边的场源参数具有较好的分辨能力,地震前区域重力测网在2017年开始出现显著的区域性重力场变化,场源视密度呈现出与柯坪构造系一致的NEE条带特征;在地震前后,场源的视密度出现由正转负的变化过程,震后这种视密度变化与构造走向一致的特征更加明显,且扩展至整个柯坪断裂系范围,说明这些由重力监测获得的场源变化信号与此次地震事件及构造控制的场源环境变化密切相关。文中的研究方法和成果可为时变重力场源特征研究和地震重力前兆信号的分析与解释提供有重要价值的震例参考;同时,对于认识孕震区和断裂带周边的地壳构造运动模式具有重要指示意义。     

重力密度界面反演方法研究进展

重力位场的界面反演是位场处理解释中的重要问题.本文针对重力密度界面的反演问题,较全面的介绍了一些有代表性的方法,包括空间域反演方法和频率域反演方法.重点阐述了当前占主流的频率域中的Parker-Oldenburg迭代方法,在此基础上讨论了重力密度界面反演目前存在的问题和以后的发展方向.     

滇西地壳三维密度结构及其大地构造含义

重力异常揭示地壳三维密度结构是地球物理的重要目标和任务,其关键技术是密度反演.本文对滇西地区重力异常进行了多尺度密度反演,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义密度反演方法进行各层密度反演,取得区域地壳多个深度上的密度扰动图像.滇西上地壳高密度扰动出现在扬子克拉通内部和西缘,以及澜沧江断裂带西缘,后者对应昌宁—勐连蛇绿混杂岩带及岛弧岩浆岩带.上地壳低密度异常主要反映西昌裂谷带和高黎贡—腾冲一带的岩浆房,和兰坪—思茅盆地中的坳陷带指示钾盐等沉积矿产目的层较厚的区段.滇西上地壳和中地壳出现三条低密度扰动带,与三期大陆碰撞带的吻合.大部分6级以上地震分布在低密度异常区或它们的边缘,只有在西昌—元古谋裂带才分布在高密度异常区.克拉通内部古裂谷带地震可分布在高密度异常区.在26°N线以南下地壳为高密度区,以北为低密度区.因此,26°N线的一个属性是下地壳密度差异分界线.滇西由北向南地壳加厚缩短的程度是逐渐变弱的,在26°N线以南,南北向的地壳加厚缩短就不明显了.高黎贡走滑剪切带、澜沧江走滑剪切带、红河走滑剪切带在滇西中地壳密度扰动平面图中表现为密度急变的梯度带.表明这三条主要的走滑剪切断裂带都穿过中地壳并可能延深到下地壳.     

频率域波形反演中与频率相关的影响因素分析

波动方程深度偏移是解决复杂地质体成像的关键技术,基于波动方程的速度建模为其提供更为精确的速度模型.频率域波形反演是目前研究最为广泛的波动方程速度建模方法之一,它推动了波形反演在勘探尺度下的应用.本文通过对频率域波形反演的实现,分析对比了其有效执行过程中与频率相关的影响因素.介绍了时间域的多尺度反演方法在频率域的一种实现方式,对比分析了输入数据的频点带宽和应用的子波频带范围不同时对反演结果的影响.本文通过设计的山地地质模型对频率域波形反演进行了测试和对比,得到的结论为频率域波形反演的有效计算提供了依据和参考.     

不同高度数据联合欧拉反褶积法研究

基于不同测量高度重力场及其梯度数据可同时对应同一场源并用于反演场源位置的分析原理,拓展不同高度场数据在欧拉反褶积法中的应用范围.首先,立足于对欧拉反褶积方法的理论研究基础,提出不同高度数据融合联合欧拉反演公式.其次,在理论模型上对多种高度数据联合反演做了测试分析计算,验证了不同高度场数据融合联合欧拉反褶积法能够改善位场解释中单一观测面数据计算带来的解的发散问题,收敛过程由此改善.最后,将本文方法应用于龙门山地区实际重力数据的解释,获得了研究区断裂分布特征.     

分析研究基于小波分析与谱分析提高重力异常的分辨能力

重力数据是所有地下场源产生的重力场的叠加，探测对象经常被淹没在区域背景场之中，因此剩余异常的分离对于重力资料研究至关重要，而近来被引入位场领域的小波算子作为了滤波器和场源分析工具，在这里我们分析研究基于小波分析与谱分析的二维离散小波变换用于提高重力异常的分辨能力，再现出由简单形状场源描述密度不均匀的几何特征.本文先介绍二维多分辨率分析小波的基本理论及其提升算法，利用对数功率谱估计平均深度方法理论，接着对理论模型数据进行多尺度异常分解，估计地质体的形状、大小和深度，最后又对实测重力数据进行分析，并与传统常规方法进行比较分析，结果表明对于实际数据分析其方法也是具有可行性的.     

Three Dimensional Crustal Density Structure of Central Asia and its Geological Implications

This paper introduces the scale-depth law of multi-scale wavelet analysis for regional gravity data processing, and presents the results of its application to Central Asia for computation of the 3D crustal density structures. The wavelet analysis method is applied for characterizing 3D crustal density structure, producing five maps of density disturbance corresponding to different depths of equivalent layers in the crust. The results provide important evidence for the study of crustal structures and mass movement in Central Asia: (i) the small-scale and intensive linear density disturbances in the upper crust indicate Phanerozoic orogenic belts; (ii) there exists a horseshoe-shaped low-density belt in the middle crust coinciding with the Kazakhstan orocline; (iii) there is a very low density zone in the lower crust, extending from western Kunlun to Tianshan, probably indicating a lower-crust flow; (iv) there are a few lowdensity spots in the middle crust, which might be caused by low-density mass squeezing upward from the lower crust flows.     

从重力场识别与提取地壳变形带信息的方法研究

表面形貌识别是指用具体的参数表征表面各区段几何形态及属性并最终对不同类型的表面形貌进行识别,表面刻痕识别是其中的一种.以随机过程理论为基础的表面刻痕识别技术可以确切地识别表面形貌的各项特征,其各阶谱矩及统计不变量可以对表面的刻痕以及各向异性进行详细地刻画.区域重力场上的各向异性刻痕主要反映地壳线状变形带,它们常常是区域大地构造单元的边界.本文用重力场研究地壳变形带信息识别方法,将二阶谱矩、统计不变量等参数赋予一定的地质构造含义,并定义了脊形化系数、边界脊形化系数等,从而更详细地表征地壳变形带及大陆构造单元边界信息.理论模型与实际数据试验结果均表明,地壳变形带信息识别方法不但对重力场上地壳变形产生的线形刻痕进行了有效的刻画,而且提取出的刻痕信息,可为大陆构造单元划分提供客观依据.     

DEEP STRUCTURE OF NORTHERN HENAN PROVINCE AND ADJACENT AREAS DERIVED FROM GRAVITY AND SEISMIC SOUNDING DATA IN RELATION TO DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

We conduct the wave field separation of the gravity field for northern Henan Province and adjacent areas by the wavelet multi-scale decomposition method, and obtain multi-order gravity wavelet details and regional gravity field information. Then the Parker density surface inversion is used to invert the Moho interface. Based on the analysis of wavelet details in different orders and results of three seismic sounding profiles available in this area, we attempt to reveal the deep crustal structure of the study area. Research results show that the crustal structure is dominated by uneven density distribution accompanied by uplifts and depressions in the region with obvious heterogeneities of the density in horizontal and vertical directions. The gravity field characteristics in the middle-upper crust correspond to the surface topography, the lower crust is dominated by the large-scale high-low gravity anomalies, and several major depression basins show the characteristics of low velocity and low density. At the same time, the depth of the Moho interface changes greatly, which forms the block structure pattern of the regional crustal thickness. Among these features, the area with relatively large variations of the Moho is located in the transition zone of the basin to the Taihang Mountains, or exactly the Moho mutation belt. The Moho interface of the basin area as a whole is dominated by the uplift intertwined with local variations, of which the least and largest depths are 31km and 37km, respectively. Due to the gravity isostasy, the crustal thickness is larger(about 41km)in the northwest of the Taihang Mountains, with less average crustal density. In the study area, earthquakes tend to occur around the transition zone with density changes where the Moho is locally convex. The seismogenic mechanism may be associated with upwelling of upper mantle materials, low-velocity and low-density structures in the middle-lower crust and connection of deep large faults. Moreover, the deep large faults play a controlling role in the distribution of regional earthquakes.     

利用小波分析研究河西地区地壳垂直形变特征

利用小波分析对河西地区1971—1979、1979—1983年的地壳垂直形变场进行计算,结果表明:三阶以内的小波分解结果与地质构造走向基本一致,说明河西地区地壳垂直运动的短波主要反应的是断层活动;四阶小波变换结果为地壳垂直形变的低频部分,反映的是大区域地质构造运动所引起的地壳垂直形变。1971—1979年,门源南部的地壳垂直运动相对剧烈,而到了1979—1983年,门源地区地壳垂直运动主要活动区域由门源南部地区转移到门源附近区域,这可能与门源6.4级地震孕育的区域构造活动有关。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTI-SCALE GRAVITY FIELD VARIATION AND SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

As the most basic geophysical field, the earth gravity field has achieved wide attention, and its spatial anomaly characteristics and dynamic variation can provide important scientific basis for studying the internal structure and dynamics of the Earth. Based on the mobile gravity observation data of the southeastern Tibetan plateau from 2013 to 2016, the dynamic variation tendency and anomaly characteristics of the regional gravity field in different temporal resolutions are obtained before and after the Ludian and Jinggu earthquakes in the study area respectively. The method of wavelet multi-scale decomposition is used to analyze the relationships of gravity field variation with the earth movement, material density change, and strong earthquake preparation. The deep material variation, dynamic process and the mechanism of earthquake inoculation in the southeastern Tibetan plateau are further discussed. Results indicate that the gravity field variation in the source region before the Ludian and Jinggu earthquake respectively is characterized by obvious positive and negative anomalous transition zone and gradient zone that are consistent with the direction of fault tectonics, suggesting the strong crustal movement and mass migration during the earthquake incubation period. The result of wavelet multi-scale decomposition of the gravity field during the period from September 2013 to April 2014 shows that the gravity field variation at different depth and space scale in the crust and upper mantle of the southeastern Tibetan plateau is significantly correlated with seismic distribution and the location of active fault zone. This indicates that the earthquake inoculation in the study area is closely related to the fault movement and the distribution of material density in the crust and upper mantle, which may be affected by the complex deep dynamic process of the material migration in the crust and mantle. The characteristic that strong earthquakes always occur near positive and negative anomaly transition zones and gradient zones of gravity field change is preliminarily explained, based on the dynamic process of material migration in the crust and upper mantle of the southeastern Tibetan plateau. The research results of this paper have some reference value to the study on the earth movement and seismogenic mechanism.     

TRANSVERSE STRUCTURES FEATURES OF DIFFERENT DEPTHS DERIVED FROM BOUGUER GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF TAN-LU FAULT ZONE

To research the faults distribution and deep structures in the southern segment of Tan-Lu fault zone(TLFZ) and its adjacent area, this paper collects the Bouguer gravity data and makes separation by the multi-scale wavelet analysis method to analyze the crustal transverse structure of different depths. Meanwhile Moho interface is inversed by Parker variable density model. Research indicates that the southern segment of TLFZ behaves as a NNE-directed large-scale regional field gravity gradient zone, which separates the west North China-Dabie orogen block and the east Yangtze block, cutting the whole crust and lithosphere mantle. There are quite differences of density structures and tectonic features between both sides of this gradient belt. The sedimentary and upper crustal density structure is complex. The two east branches of TLFZ behave as linear gravity anomalous belt throughout the region, whereas the two west branches of TLFZ continue to extend after truncating the EW-trending gravity anomaly body. The lower crustal density structure is relatively simple. TLFZ behaves as a broad and gentle low abnormal belt, which reflects the Cretaceous-Paleogene extension environment caused graben structure. The two west branches of TLFZ, running through Hefei city, extend southward along the west margin of Feidong depression and pinch out in Shucheng area due to the high density trap occlusions in the south of Shucheng. The Feizhong Fault, Liu'an-Hefei Fault, and Feixi-Hanbaidu Fault intersect the two west branch faults of TLFZ without extending to the east. Recent epicenters are mainly located in conversion zones between the high-density and the low-density anomaly, especially in TLFZ and the junction of the faults, where earthquakes frequently occurred in the upper and middle crust. As strong earthquakes rarely occur in the southern segment of TLFZ, considering its deep feature of abrupt change of the Moho and intersections with many EW-trending faults, the hazard of strong earthquake cannot be ignored.     

青藏高原地壳的三维密度结构和物质运动

应用区域重力场小波多尺度分析和反演于青藏区后,得到6个地壳等效层密度扰动图件,刻划了地壳三维密度结构,为研究地壳构造和物质运动提供了重要佐证.研究表明在青藏高原地壳内密度变化有以下三个规律.1)从上地壳到下地壳,平面分布上低密度区的分布范围逐渐扩大;在下地壳只有刚性克拉通地体才有显示高密度.2)从上地壳到下地壳,平面分布上密度扰动区的尺度逐渐扩大;到下地壳高或低的密度区不仅数量大为减少,而且边界更加清晰.3)从上地壳到下地壳,青藏高原南部的低密度带不断向北移动,反映印度陆块向欧亚大陆的向北俯冲.青藏高原下地壳密度高的克拉通地体有羌塘、柴达木和巴颜喀拉三个;而昆仑山、阿尔金山、祁连山和冈底斯地块都属于低密度的中新生代构造活动单元.拉萨地块也是低密度地块,在中下地壳它与冈底斯地块相连,应归属于中新生代构造活动单元.松潘甘孜地块在下地壳为低密度,但在上中地壳逐步变为高密度,并与巴颜喀拉克拉通地体连接.这种情况可能反映巴颜喀拉地体的上地壳随印澳板块俯冲向东南方向挤出.青藏高原低密度的物质也由下地壳向上挤出,在中上地壳体积迅速减小.由于下地壳低密度的物质向上挤出,中地壳密度高的克拉通地体会相应发生裂解,使克拉通地块的数目增加.高原北缘的下地壳低密度物质侧向挤出的枝杈有三支;其中一支从西昆仑到天山,另一支从龙门山西秦岭到银川盆地.第三支从高原南缘理塘到大理.它们可能反映下地壳管道流,宽度约180~300km.7级以上地震震中都位于下地壳低密度物质侧向挤出枝杈周围,可能与下地壳管道流位置吻合.