Estimation of effect of unequal secular variation on geomagnetic data reduction

The geomagnetic field components are periodically measured at repeat stations. The main objective of the repeat stations is to provide data for tracing the secular variation of the geomagnetic field components. Secular variation at the repeat station is generally different from that at geomagnetic observatory used in the data reduction. The effect of the secular variation differences on geomagnetic data reduction was estimated for the regions of Europe, North America (below 60°N) and Australia, respectively, during the period of 2000-2010. These estimations were obtained by using the monthly mean values of north, east and vertical components of geomagnetic field, recorded at geomagnetic observatories. The effects were calculated by using observatories pairs, with distances from 350 km (in Europe) to 3100 km (in North America and Australia). The maximal effects were found to be the smallest in east component in Europe and North America, and vertical component in Australia; the effects increase with time from a central reduction epoch and they are not constant during mentioned eleven years; they were less than 1 nT only in Europe, for distances between the observatories up to 1000 km in all three components and for periods spanning ±1 month from a central epoch. It was found that their year to year variability is mostly due to the non-eliminated external field residuals in the observatories monthly means; their effect is up to 3 nT for ±3 months from a central epoch. Further, the real effects were compared to those modeled by IGRF-12 model. The maximal differences between the real and the modeled values are below 4.5 nT in all three components, for ±3 months from a central epoch.     

Methods and results of monitoring of the natural telluric field in the Baikal rift zone

Variations in horizontal and vertical components of the telluric field are studied within the range of periods from a few tens of seconds to diurnal and longer variations. Variations caused by an external ionospheric source are used for studying the geoelectric heterogeneity of the medium. For this purpose, an electric tipper is introduced by analogy with the geomagnetic field and its frequency response is examined. The magnetotelluric impedance is studied using data of remote geomagnetic observatories. According to the data of monitoring of the electric tipper and magnetotelluric impedance, anomalous effects are revealed that can be related to earthquakes with K ≥ 12. A method is developed for the extraction of electric field anomalies produced by intraterrestrial electric sources.     

On the influence of DC railway noise on variation data from Belsk and Lviv geomagnetic observatories

Geomagnetic variation data from the observatories in Belsk (BEL, Poland) and Lviv (LVV, Ukraine) significantly suffer from disturbances caused by direct current (DC) electric railways. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of these disturbances on quantities derived from such data, as the K index of magnetic activity and the induction arrow used in the geomagnetic deep sounding method to indicate lateral contrasts of electric conductivity in the solid earth. Therefore, undisturbed data have been reconstructed by means of a frequency-domain transfer function that relates the horizontal magnetic field components of the observatory to the ones synchronously recorded at a noise-free reference station. The comparison of the K index derived from original and reconstructed data shows an increase of quiet time segments by 29% for LVV and by 14% for BEL due to our noise removal procedure. Furthermore, the distribution of the corrected K indices agrees well with the one from the Niemegk observatory in Germany.     

On Data Interpolation at Three Croatian Repeat Stations by Using the Spherical Elementary Currents Systems Method

A general mathematical tool for expanding vector systems on a sphere into basis functions, spherical elementary current system (SECS) method, was applied for separation of the geomagnetic field variations into external and internal parts, over a limited region of central and southeastern Europe. The registered variations at three Croatian repeat stations were compared to the variations estimated by the SECS method using the variations from the different sets of observatories. The results of the SECS method were also compared to a simple assumption that the variations at repeat station are equal to those at particular observatory. The relevance of this comparison was to get an insight about the possibility of using the SECS method for estimating the geomagnetic field variations over Croatia. The guidelines for the application of the SECS method for the purpose of reducing repeat station data were also given.     

Recent studies of time variations of natural electromagnetic fields in Scotland

A series of geomagnetic induction studies has been undertaken in Scotland since 1973. It includes the operation of two geomagnetic arrays, one over northern Scotland and the other over southern Scotland, subsequent individual station and small-scale geomagnetic array studies, and three sets of magnetotelluric soundings which traverse Scotland from the Lewisian Foreland to the English border. The problems associated with the interpretation of induction data from an island located in the subauroral region are discussed qualitatively and the manner in which both coast and source field effects can be accounted for, is described. The geomagnetic deep sounding data (GDS) from all the observation sites have been collated, and examples of hypothetical event contour maps and traverses across the Great Glen and of individual events from the northern array are presented. They indicate that significant lateral variations in electrical conductivity structure within the crust and upper mantle are associated with the major geological faults in the region. Examples of the results of the magnetotelluric soundings are also presented, together with an outline of the procedure used for one- and two-dimensional modelling. Models of the geo-electric structure in both northern and southern Scotland have been obtained. These show distinctive features which are compatible with the qualitative interpretation of the magnetovariational data. For example, the major granitic blocks are highly resistive while regions of relatively low resistivity exist at upper crustal depths near the Great Glen, Highland boundary and Southern Uplands faults. A zone of low resistivity exists at lower crust-uppermost mantle depths throughout much of the region, the lowest value occurring under the Southern Uplands.     

C-RESPONSES ESTIMATION OF ISOMERIC GEOMAGNETIC DATA IN CHINA

Geomagnetic depth sounding is an effective method for exploring deep structure of the earth. There are dense geomagnetic observatories in China, which lays a foundation to obtain the electrical structure of the transition zone and the upper part of the lower mantle beneath China. However, the corresponding C-responses estimation methods which are applied now cannot get the stable C-responses for many observatories. Thus, a large amount of geomagnetic data is wasted. Therefore, in order to make full use of the geomagnetic data, the estimation of C-responses needs to be systematically studied. Because of the heterogeneous characteristics of the data quality of China's geomagnetic observation data, such as the quality of the data, the length of the record, the types of data(absolute and relative observation)and data discontinuity condition, many geomagnetic data are abandoned, this limits the resolution of mantle electrical structure studies. In this paper, the following techniques are used to improve the stability of the data and increase the number of the available geomagnetic observatories, in the meantime, the stability of the C-responses curves can be effectively improved:1)obtaining the stable spectrums of the different components for each frequency by the BIRRP(Bounded Influence, Remote Reference Processing)software, and using the global smoothing technique to suppress data noise on geomagnetic data; 2)As for the geomagnetic data which only records the relative variation of the D, H and Z components and doesn't have the baseline value, the horizontal component is decomposed by the approximate estimation method to obtain the C-responses of the relative variation data, and then the relative variation data is used directly for the C-responses estimation; 3)the effects of discontinuous data and short-record data on C-responses estimation are discussed. Under normal conditions, the discontinuity of the data has little influence on C-responses, and when the data length is shorter than 5 years, we can hardly get the available C-responses whose periods are longer than 40 days. All these experiments can provide a basis for the data processing of these kinds of observation data; 4)for coastal observatories, the ratio method is used to eliminate the influence of ocean effect on the C-responses functions. After carefully processing the data of more than 100 geomagnetic observatories in China by the above techniques, the stable C-responses function of 42 observatories is finally obtained, among them, the number of the observatories with C-responses ranging from 1.3 to 113.7 days is 24, and the observatories with C-responses ranging from 1.3 to 42.6 days are 18. The techniques of this paper can process heterogeneous data well and obtain more stable C-responses, which provides more basic data for high-resolution geomagnetic depth sounding inversion researches in China.     

Results of Crust and Mantle Soundings in Central and Northern Europe in the 21st Century (Review)

The first decade of 21st century is characterized by the appearance of new approaches to deep induction soundings. The theory of magnetovariation and magnetotelluric soundings was generalised or corrected. Spatial derivatives of response functions (induction arrows) were obtained for the ultra-long periods. New phenomena have been detected by this method: secular variations of the Earth’s apparent resistivity and the rapid changes of induction arrows over the last 50 years. The first one can be correlated with the number of earthquakes, and the second one–with geomagnetic jerks in Central Europe. The extensive studies of geoelectrical structure of the crust and mantle were realized in the frame of a series of international projects. New information about geoelectrical structures of the crust in Northern Europe and Ukraine was obtained by deep electromagnetic soundings involving controlled powerful sources. An influence of the crust magnetic permeability on the deep sounding results was confirmed.     

1985-1997年中国地磁场长期变化的正交模型

选取中国地区20个地磁台,日本地区3个地磁台的基本数据,使用自然正交分量方法(简称NOC方法)求得1985-199年中国地区地磁场三分量(X ,Y,Z)的自然正交分量的时间函数,即地磁场时间变化的正交模型. 对阶数从1-9的正交分量进行了试验计算,并计算出这23个地磁台分量的均方根偏差(RMS)值. 以1995年为例 ,取kNOC=1-3,将23个地磁台的正交模型值绘出了平面等值线图. 结果显示X , Y,Z长期变化速度的等值线非常平滑,分布均匀,且均具有明显的分区特征,这反映了主磁场的长期变化规律,而其中长期变化速率比较大的地区,反映地磁场的局部特征和有关的地球物理现象.     

Studying the dynamics of the lunar daily geomagnetic variations

Results of studying the lunar daily geomagnetic variations in the spectral and time regions at the network of observatories are presented. The seasonal variations in the amplitudes of the fundamental harmonic constituents of three lunar variation components have been revealed. The seasonal time variations have been analyzed using the digital bandpass filtering and harmonic synthesis based on the data of the Kakioka and Memambetsu geomagnetic observatories. The 11-year solar cycle and annual and semiannual periods have been distinguished in the seasonal variation spectrum. Studying the spectral singularities of the lunar daily variation at these observatories and the sea level variations in daytime and nighttime hours has made it possible to identify the contribution of the oceanic dynamo to the lunar variation vertical component.     

利用大地电磁站间阻抗估算磁暴引起的大地电场

由磁暴引起的地下感应电场(geomagnetic induction electric field,GIE)会影响电网的安全稳定运行,GIE的大小取决于磁暴时磁场的变化率和周围地下介质的电性结构.本文利用在地表观测的磁场与电场数据,首先求得频率域实际地下三维大地电磁站间阻抗,再结合磁暴时段的磁场数据,计算GIE的频谱,最后通过傅里叶反变换,得到GIE时间序列.本文以日本地区三个长期观测的电磁电台站为例,讨论了站间阻抗的长期稳定性,并选取一次典型的磁暴事件,对本文方法进行了验证.结果表明,合成的GIE与实测数据基本一致,说明利用大地电磁站间阻抗,结合地磁台站数据,可以高精度合成GIE.本文方法有助于定量评价磁暴发生时产生的GIE对电网可能造成的破坏作用.     

Induction studies with satellite data

The natural variations of the Earth's magnetic field of periods spanning from milliseconds to decades can be used to infer the conductivity-depth profile of the Earth's interior. Satellites provide a good spatial coverage of magnetic measurements, and forthcoming missions will probably allow for observations lasting several years, which helps to reduce the statistical error of the estimated response functions.Two methods are used to study the electrical conductivity of the Earth's mantle in the period range from hours to months. In the first, known as the potential method, a spherical harmonic analysis of the geomagnetic field is performed, and the Q-response, which is the transfer function between the internal (induced) and the external (inducing) expansion coefficients is determined for a specific frequency. In the second approach, known as the geomagnetic depth sounding method, the C-response, which is the transfer function between the magnetic vertical component and the horizontal derivative of the horizontal components, is determined. If one of these transfer functions is known for several frequencies, models of the electrical conductivity in the Earth's interior can be constructed.This paper reviews and discusses the possibilities for induction studies using high-precision magnetic measurements from low-altitude satellites. The different methods and various transfer functions are presented, with special emphasis on the differences in analysing data from ground stations and from satellites. The results of several induction studies with scalar satellite data (from the POGO satellites) and with vector data (from the Magsat mission) demonstrate the ability to probe the Earth's conductivity from space. However, compared to the results obtained with ground data the satellite results are much noisier, which presumably is due to the shorter time series of the satellite studies.The results of a new analysis of data from the Magsat satellite indicate higher resistivity in oceanic areas than in continental areas. However, since this holds for the whole range of periods between 2 and 20 days, this difference probably is not caused purely by differences in mantle conductivity (for which one would expect less difference for the longer periods). Further studies with data from recently launched and future satellites are needed.     

Detailed analysis of the geomagnetic ground survey performed in middle-northern Croatia over the time interval 2003–2005

During the time interval 2003–2005 a ground survey of the total magnetic field intensity in the middle-northern part of Croatia was performed, in order to get a detailed insight of the field distribution over the region. A special effort was done to understand the uncertainty and errors in data reduction, namely different amplitudes of the diurnal variations and different secular variations at the ground stations with respect to the observatories. For data reduction to epoch 2004.5 the total field recordings from AQU, FUR, NCK and THY geomagnetic observatories have been used. We estimate the mean determination error to be one order of magnitude smaller than the maximal reduction error. Multiple linear regression and the method of empirical orthogonal functions were applied on the ground survey and observatory time series. This allowed us to explain the correlations among them and the variance of the total field. Furthermore, we identified two sources of serious artificial disturbances caused by DC leakage: the tramway system of the capital and one railway station in neighbouring Slovenia. Also, we estimate the region free of these disturbances. The magnitude of one of them is estimated to be more than five nT at the distance of about 10 km.     

新疆地震活动区的地磁观测与研究

新疆地区是中国最活跃的地震区之一.为了监测新疆地区潜在的强烈地震,2003年在该地区建立了N和S两个地磁测网并进行了地磁三分量测量.在N和S两个测网所选建的51个测点周围环境良好,地磁梯度小,适宜地磁测量.在野外测量中,使用性能稳定可靠的G-856磁力仪、DI磁力仪与GPS仪器,应用GPS测定方位角,DI磁力仪测量地磁偏角D与倾角I,G-856磁力仪测量总强度F.应用新疆地区乌鲁木齐与喀什地磁台站的资料,分别通化了N和S两个测网的地磁测量资料.该地磁通化值的平均标准偏差σ为:F的σf=0.20 nT;D的σd=0.06′;I的σI=0.03′,表明地磁测量资料准确可靠.根据上述地磁测量资料,应用精度高的spline方法,得到了N与S测网地磁场及其异常场的分布.结果表明,该地磁场及其异常场的分布,可以准确地描述N与S测网的地磁场及其地磁异常场.该地磁分布为今后在新疆地区的震磁研究与地震监测提供了良好的地磁参考场.     

应用NOC方法研究中国地区地磁时空变化

应用自然正交分量(NOC)方法,对1995～2006年中国地区36个地磁台的地磁场观测数据进行了计算,获得了上述数据矩阵的本征值和相应的空间域、时间域本征向量,并就其时空分布与中国地磁模型（CGM）进行了对比分析,探讨了它的物理意义.研究表明,上述观测数据包含了丰富的地磁内、外源场信息,其中地磁场要素F、D、I第一、第二本征值及相应的空间域和时间域的第一、第二本征向量所描述的地磁基本场时间变化与CGM吻合较好.     

中国地磁台观测的2014年地磁急变

地磁急变（jerk）是起源于地球外核并在导电地幔过滤效应后在地球表面观测到的一种地磁现象,其反映了地核内部某些动力学过程.Jerks在空间范围上既可以是区域性的,也可以是全球性的.中国地区地磁台能否检测到2014年jerk？针对这一问题,利用中国大陆10个地磁台的磁静日月均值和CHAOS-6全球磁场模型,分析了X、Y和Z分量2008—2018年期间的长期变化,估算了2014年前、后的长期加速度值,确定了2014年地磁jerk的时间和强度.研究表明中国地磁台Y分量的长期变化为"Λ"型,Z分量存在明显的"V"型,具有典型的jerk特点.Y分量jerk出现的时间大约在2014年6月,比非洲大陆的Algeria TAM台和南美洲French Guiana KOU台时间滞后大约4个月.这暗示着产生jerks的地核流体波动的时序特点.中国西部和东北部地磁台的长期变化形态有明显的差别,主要由非偶极磁场引起.CHAOS-6模型与地面台站的长期变化形态并非始终一致.本文结果有助于更好地理解和解释长期变化的时间演变和地理分布,并为深入探讨jerks的地核起源和驱动机制提供新的观测约束.     

1950-1985年中国地磁长期变化的模型和分析

对1950年以来中国及其邻近地区的地磁观测台和复测点地磁三分量数据进行了系统地分析,求得这期间每5年的共7组地磁长期变化的模型（SV模型）.利用这些SV模型将需要的地磁观测值归算到所需的年代,很好地建立了1950-1985年中国地区的主磁场模型.文中还表示了中国地区1950年以来地磁各分量地磁长期变化的时空变化趋势.这些SV模型系数和国际参考地磁场系数计算的SV值与相应观测的SV值比较,由中国SV模型系数得到的均方值比国际参考场的小.     

地磁场时空变量统一拟合法在判定强震危险区中的应用研究

用华北地区十二个地磁台资料,用时空变量统一拟合法,得到地磁场理论模型。然后消去时,空两方面的正常背景,利用剩余场来探寻地震的中长期前兆,密集等值线分布与应力方向和构造单元的走向是大体一致的,这说明利用地磁场来监视应力的积累过程也许是可能的,最后,给出了未来１－３年强震危险区初步的预报意见。     

欧洲中部地壳和上地幔的电导率(英文)

根据捷克和斯洛伐克电磁台站的数据 ,得到波西米亚块体地壳和上地幔的电阻率分布模型。估计电阻率时特别使用了短周期和长周期的电磁数据以及用连续谱方法对固定台站数据的分析结果。根据欧洲地磁感应矢量分布绘出了显著的地电不均匀带的地图 ,将波西米亚块体的视电阻率与中欧有关台站的感应标量长度与W1响应做了比较 ,并根据电阻率 /深度图估计了电导率范围 ,该图与替代性理想导体反演相对应     

2005.0年代中国地区地磁场及其长期变化球冠谐和分析

国家地磁图作为描述一个国家领域内地磁场空间分布的基础科技产品,其选用的模型计算方法应准确合理地反映标准年代上地磁场空间分布及未来5年的地磁场长期变化趋势.本文应用球冠谐和(SCH)方法,对中国地区1119个野外地磁测点和36个地磁台的观测数据进行了计算,获得了2005.0标准地磁年代中国地区地磁正常场及其异常场空间分布...     

Approaches to the estimation of lateral heterogeneity of the upper mantle by electromagnetic methods

The paper addresses the construction of maps showing lateral distributions of the apparent electrical conductivity in various time periods from data of the worldwide network of observatories. The lateral distribution of the apparent conductivity of the Earth is determined by a self-consistent estimation of variations in three components of the geomagnetic field recorded at all stations. The results of processing of data on daily geomagnetic variations observed at the worldwide network in 1964–1968 are presented.