高温高压条件下辉长岩的摩擦强度及其速率依赖性

在干燥条件下对辉长岩的摩擦本构参数进行了实验研究。结果表明 :1 )辉长岩模拟断层泥的摩擦速度依赖性参数 (a -b)基本为正或者接近于没有速度依赖性 ,表明在干燥条件下不具备不稳定滑动的成核条件 ,对下地壳地震成核的可能性有参考意义 ;2 )摩擦强度在干燥条件下与Byerlee定律高度一致 ,表明在下地壳的高温环境下Byerlee定律仍可给出适当的强度估计 ,至少在干燥条件下如此 ;3)Byerlee定律给出的剪应力强度与正应力的关系中有一个截距 ,但是本研究中关于模拟断层泥的结果却没有明显的截距 ,表明断层物质的有无在摩擦强度的表现上存在重要差异     

龙门山映秀-北川断裂平溪黑色断层泥中有机质成分分析及对断层摩擦滑动性质的影响

通过对龙门山映秀-北川断裂平溪黑色断层泥一系列的分析测试,发现黑色断层泥中含有约9wt%的有机质组分,并且属于干酪根类型。通过对有机质的气相色谱质谱分析得到,其中主要的烷烃化合物成分为正构烷烃(C14-C21)、无环异戊二烯烷烃(姥鲛烷和植烷)、甾烷、萜烷和n烷基环已烷(C10-C21)。对有机化合物的初步分析表明,有机质形成于海相或咸水湖泊相的还原环境,并且赋存时间长,有机质成熟度高。通过对比实验发现,黑色断层泥中有机质的出现能够显著地弱化断层的摩擦强度以及提高断层摩擦滑动的稳定性。     

香山-天景山断裂断层泥显微构造特征及其地质意义

通过对香山-天景山断裂11个断层泥和3个断层角砾岩的显微结构详细观察发现, 断层泥可分为颗粒流动条带状断层泥、叶理化断层泥和块状断层泥三类. 进一步对断层泥和断层角砾岩中的残存碎屑形态优选方位(简称SPO)进行了测定. 结果表明, 叶理化断层泥SPO与剪切带边界斜交, 类似于P叶理; 颗粒流动条带状断层泥SPO基本平行于剪切带边界; 断层角砾岩和块状断层泥的SPO具有随机性. 该断裂断层泥分布在三角形分类图的不同区域, 明显地显示出其运动方式的不同. 这些研究结果为探讨断裂运动方式提供了一种判定标准.     

虹口八角庙-深溪沟炭质泥岩同震断层泥的X射线衍射分析结果

5.12汶川地震同震地表破裂带在虹口八角-深溪沟一带主要出露于三叠系须家河组的炭质泥岩中,同震断层泥在颜色、结构上与老断层泥和围岩类似。通过开挖探槽,系统采样,采用粉晶X射线衍射定量分析方法,研究了同震地表破裂带的围岩、断层角砾岩、老断层泥和新断层泥的矿物成分特征。同震断层泥的主要成分为石英和黏土矿物,含微量长石和白云石;断层泥的显著特征为高黏土矿物含量,从同震断层泥、老断层泥、角砾岩到围岩黏土矿物含量依次降低,黏土矿物以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主,含微量绿泥石和高岭石,矿物组成明显比地表破裂带北段同震断层泥简单。不同颜色的同震断层泥成分略有不同,黑色断层泥中伊利石含量明显高于白色断层泥;老断层泥中含有方解石和白云石,而同震断层泥不含方解石,只含微量白云石。同震断层泥中伊蒙混层高含量表明,在本次地震错动中有富含K的流体参与。     

鲁西北西向断裂的断层泥及其地震地质意义

对鲁西北西向断裂的断层泥进行了较系统的研究。通过对断层泥的宏观特征、断层泥中石英碎砾的表面结构特征和断层泥的成熟度的研究,确定了断裂活动的地质时代、运动方式、破裂形式和活动度,并对断层泥的地震地质意义进行了讨论     

断层泥力学性质与含水量关系初探

断层泥是影响断层运动的重要地质因素。研究它的力学性质和影响其力学性质的各种因素具有重要的意义。本文利用最近完成的我国五大断裂断层泥基本力学性质的实验结果,分析了含水量对断层泥力学性质的影响。发现断层泥的粘滞系数、杨氏模量、抗压强度和残余体应变均随含水量的增加而明显地减小。断层泥的韧度随含水量的增大而增大。断层泥的体积模量、弹性波速和抗剪强度与含水量的关系不明显。天然断层泥是粘土、断层碎屑和水的混合物,水在其中的作用比水对岩屑或粘土本身的作用更复杂。强调了对天然断层泥进行实验研究的重要性     

海原活动断裂中断层泥的特征、成因及其对断层滑动性能的影响

本文对海原断裂的断层泥的各类特征进行了系统的研究,分析了断层泥带内部的小型断裂类型,探讨了断层泥组分的有机地球化学意义。通过对比,确立了石英碎屑表面机械作用成因的电子显微构造特征组合为活断层的判别标志。本文将石英碎屑表面电子显微溶蚀构造分为五类,据此分析了断层活动时期和状态。研究中还发现了断层泥带内部电子显微结构类型,进而分析了断层活动与微结构、粒度分布间的关系。最后还讨论了断层泥形成演化过程以及断层泥对全新世以来断层滑动性能影响及其与地震活动的关系     

基于正交各向异性理论表征断层的变形行为

总结了"介质弱化带"和"摩擦接触"这2类常见断层模型在地壳动力学数值模拟研究中的应用研究进展,再利用2者各自的特点,引入复合材料力学中各向异性理论,结合断层产状给出了针对不同走向、倾角的断层各向异性本构方程。数值模拟试验对比研究显示:基于正交各向异性本构关系的断层模型不但能够避免断层垂直方向上的形变场畸变现象,而且能够有效地刻画断层两盘相对滑动,模拟结果与基于接触摩擦断层模型的模拟结果吻合良好。该模型可以在研究区域构造复杂,接触计算收敛困难的情况下替代摩擦接触模型。     

断层泥的厚度、粒度与断层错距的关系

断层泥是断层活动的产物。故断层泥必然包含有大量断层活动的信息。本文从构造物理的角度评述断层泥的厚度、粒度与断层错距的关系,对于断层活动度的评价及断层泥形成过程的划分将提供有益的线索。     

非粘土断层泥带厚度与断层错距关系的实验研究

通过济南辉长岩双剪摩擦实验,笔者研究了非粘土断层泥带厚度随断层滑移的变化特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:非粘土断层泥的形成过程具有明显的分段特征。在断层演化的中期阶段,非粘土断层泥带厚度与断层错距呈明显的线性关系。该关系的建立,为从构造物理角度反演断层错距提供了一个可尝试的途径;凹凸体作用的结果,为非粘土断层泥的形成提供了丰富的物质来源,同时,凹凸体的几何尺度又控制着断层泥带的极限厚度。这一发现不仅对于研究断层泥的形成过程,而且对于研究断层发育的后期阶段的摩擦滑动性状都有重要意义。     

Microstructural features of fault gouges from Tianjing-shan-Xiangshan fault zone and their geological implications

Detailed observation of the microstructural features of 11 fault gouge and 3 fault breccia samples collected from Tianjingshan-Xiangshan fault zone has revealed that fault gouge can be classified into 3 types: flow banded granular gouge, foliated gouge and massive gouge. The determination of the shape preferred orientation (SPO) of survivor grains in fault gouges indicates that the foliated gouge displays a profound SPO inclined to the shear zone boundary, similar to theP-foliation; flow banded granular gouge displays a SPO parallel to the shear zone boundary, while massive fault gouge and fault breccia display a random SPO. All these fault gouges fall in different fields of shear rate ternary diagram.     

Parallel 3-D Simulation of a Fault Gouge Using the Lattice Solid Model

Despite the insight gained from 2-D particle models, and given that the dynamics of crustal faults occur in 3-D space, the question remains, how do the 3-D fault gouge dynamics differ from those in 2-D? Traditionally, 2-D modeling has been preferred over 3-D simulations because of the computational cost of solving 3-D problems. However, modern high performance computing architectures, combined with a parallel implementation of the Lattice Solid Model (LSM), provide the opportunity to explore 3-D fault micro-mechanics and to advance understanding of effective constitutive relations of fault gouge layers. In this paper, macroscopic friction values from 2-D and 3-D LSM simulations, performed on an SGI Altix 3700 super-cluster, are compared. Two rectangular elastic blocks of bonded particles, with a rough fault plane and separated by a region of randomly sized non-bonded gouge particles, are sheared in opposite directions by normally-loaded driving plates. The results demonstrate that the gouge particles in the 3-D models undergo significant out-of-plane motion during shear. The 3-D models also exhibit a higher mean macroscopic friction than the 2-D models for varying values of interparticle friction. 2-D LSM gouge models have previously been shown to exhibit accelerating energy release in simulated earthquake cycles, supporting the Critical Point hypothesis. The 3-D models are shown to also display accelerating energy release, and good fits of power law time-to-failure functions to the cumulative energy release are obtained.     

Implications of Coulomb plasticity for the velocity dependence of experimental faults

Simulated fault gouges often deform more stably than initially bare surfaces of the same composition. It is important to understand why the sliding stability is enhanced because the presence of gouge on natural faults may have the same effect as seen in experiments, and thus explain the absence of earthquakes at shallow depths. Gouge stabilization in experiments has been attributed to positive contributions to velocity dependence within gouge layers from either dilation (Marone et al., 1990) or grain fracture (Biegel et al., 1989). In this study we test the hypothesis that some aspects of gouge and initially bare surface velocity dependence are identical by measuring the time-dependent constitutive parameterb. An important result follows however from stress analysis: if both sample configurations are frictional in the Mohr-Coulomb sense, each configuration is required to deform on planes of distinctly different orientation. The measured strength and velocity dependence will reflect this geometric difference. Our observed values ofb for simulated granite and quartz gouge are two to two and a half times smaller thanb for initially bare surfaces. This difference is completely accounted for if gouge is represented as a cohesionless-Coulomb plastic material. The analysis demonstrates the following points: 1) gouge deformation is fully consistent with Coulomb plasticity, 2) observed gouge velocity dependence is a function of observed strength and 3) the constitutive parameterb is the same for both bare surfaces and gouge. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is no time-dependent strengthening associated with stabilizing effects in gouge. These observations provide a framework for understanding how slip on initially bare surfaces and gouge deformation are related.     

Deformation mechanisms and fluid behavior in a shallow, brittle fault zone during coseismic and interseismic periods: Results from drill core penetrating the Nojima Fault, Japan

Abstract This paper describes the results of petrographical and meso- to microstructural observations of brittle fault rocks in cores obtained by drilling through the Nojima Fault at a drilling depth of 389.52 m. The zonation of deformation and alteration in the central zone of the fault is clearly seen in cores of granite from the hanging wall, in the following order: (i) host rock, which is characterized by some intragranular microcracks and in situ alteration of mafic minerals and feldspars; (ii) weakly deformed and altered rocks, which are characterized by transgranular cracks and the dissolution of mafic minerals, and by the precipitation of zeolites and iron hydroxide materials; (iii) random fabric fault breccia, which is characterized by fragmentation, by anastomosing networks of transgranular cracks, and by the precipitation of zeolites and iron hydroxide materials; and (iv) fault gouge, which is characterized by the precipitation of smectite and localized cataclastic flow. This zonation implies that the fault has been weakened gradually by fluid-related fracturing over time. In the footwall, a gouge layer measuring only 15 mm thick is present just below the surface of the Nojima Fault. These observations are the basis for a model of fluid behavior along the Nojima Fault. The model invokes the percolation of meteoric fluids through cracks in the hanging wall fault zone during interseismic periods, resulting in chemical reactions in the fault gouge layer to form smectite. The low permeability clay-rich gouge layer sealed the footwall. The fault gouge was brecciated during coseismic or postseismic periods, breaking the seal and allowing fluids to readily flow into the footwall, thus causing a slight alteration. Chemical reactions between fluids and the fault breccia and gouge generated new fault gouge, which resealed the footwall, resulting in a low fluid condition in the footwall during interseismic periods.     

海原断裂带老虎山段断层岩磁学研究及其构造意义

断层岩,尤其是断层泥的磁性异常近年来被研究人员广泛关注,但关于其磁性异常的形成原因尚没有统一的解释．海原断裂是青藏高原东北缘一条重要的走滑断裂,前期研究发现海原断裂带景泰段出露有数十米至上百米的断层岩,是理想的研究材料．本研究选取海原断裂带景泰段老虎山山前一个断层岩剖面作为研究对象,拟通过测量断层岩的磁化率（χ）、非磁滞剩磁（ARM）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、等温剩磁（IRM）以及磁化率随温度变化曲线（χ-T曲线）等磁学参数并结合粒度、碳含量、X射线衍射（XRD）等分析方法来探究海原断裂带老虎山段不同颜色断层岩的磁性特征及其形成机制．磁学研究显示黑色、红色及杂色断层泥相较于围岩和破碎带显示了低磁性,尤其是黑色断层泥,其磁化率值均小于10×10~(-8 )m~3·kg~(-1)．碳含量及矿物相分析结果指示黑色断层泥与断裂带附近石炭系煤层具有相似的矿物相组成,结合相似的χ-T曲线推断石炭系煤层为黑色断层泥的母岩．石炭系煤层经断层活动卷入断层,在断层强烈剪切摩擦作用下不断细化,形成伊利石等黏土矿物,并促使一部分顺磁性含铁硅酸盐矿物或其他含铁矿物发生化学变化形成亚铁磁性矿物,使得黑色断层泥的磁化率较其母岩石炭系煤层有一定升高．通过黑色断层泥的铁磁性磁化率结合χ-T曲线计算获得断层泥所经历的最高温度约为420℃,不超过450℃．老虎山段厚层碳质断层泥的存在为该地区发现的浅层蠕滑现象提供了一种解释．     

沂沭断裂带及其附近断裂的断层泥分形特征及其地震地质意义

利用岩石碎裂数目的分形理论，分析，计算了沂沭断裂带及其西侧北西向断裂的断层泥粒度成分的分维值，讨论了断层泥粒度成分分维的地震地质意义，研究结果表明，沂沭断裂带内的断裂活动的强度大于北西向断裂活动强度；Ｆ２是沂沭断裂带中活动最强的一条断裂，断层泥粒度成分分维值可作为表征断裂活动时代，破裂形式和断层泥形成斫代等的参量；分维值还与断层泥的母岩，厚度，粘土矿物含量和所处的断裂部位等相关。     

Water-rock interactions in fault gouge

Measurements were made of the amounts of D,¹⁸O, and H₂O⁺ in fault gouge collected over a depth of 400 m in the San Andreas fault of California. The amounts and isotopic compositions of the pore fluids, also analyzed, suggest that formation waters from adjacent Franciscan rocks have migrated into the gouge and mixed with local meteoric water. Thus the gouge is an open system permeable to fluid flow. This permeability has important implications concerning heat flow along the fault zone.Analyses of the fault gouge itself give information on the amounts, timing, and conditions of formation of the clay minerals.Stable-isotope analyses of materials from fault zones are good indicators of water-rock interactions that bear importantly on processes taking place in seismically active regions.     

断层泥粒度成分的分形研究

用分形理论分析了断层泥粒度成分的分形结构特征，其分维在２～３之间，平均值为２．８左右。分维可作为定量描述断层泥粒度成分的参数，分维值高的断层泥，自组织程度高，其形成演化处于高级阶段。探讨了断层泥的分维及其物理力学性质指标和断层运动特征的关系