1950年以来青藏高原兹格塘错碳酸盐稳定碳同位素变化及其原因

兹格塘错是青藏高原中部一个典型的半混合型咸水湖泊。本文在~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs定年的基础上,研究了兹格塘错重力岩芯(ZGTC A-1)小于38.5μm细颗粒组分碳酸盐稳定碳同位素1950年以来的变化及其影响因素。对冬夏季湖水水化学特征的分析表明,夏季湖水溶解CO_2呈逸出状态,冬季湖水钙离子浓度是夏季湖水的10倍,据此可以得出兹格塘错碳酸盐矿物主要在夏季沉淀。通过与那曲气象站气象记录对比发现,1950年以来A-1岩芯碳酸盐碳同位素变化与年均温度有很好的相关性,表现出年均温度高时碳同位素偏重,而年均温度低时碳同位素偏轻的特征。兹格塘错1950年以来自生碳酸盐碳同位素的变化是由湖区及水体碳循环(如碳酸盐沉淀,有机质的沉淀与分解,有机碳和无机碳的转化等)的变化引起的,但各种因素的相互作用非常复杂。碳酸盐含量也与温度有关,温度越高,碳酸盐含量越高,同时降水量与碳酸盐含量也存在明显的相关关系。1950年以来有机质含量与温度呈反相关,可能与湖泊生产力的下降有关。     

青藏高原中部全新世气候变化的湖泊沉积地球化学记录

通过青藏高原中部兹格塘错湖泊沉积物总碳(TC)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总硫(TS)、氢指数(HI)、氧指数(OI)和有机质的碳同位素(δ¹³C_org)等多项指标的综合分析, 在判断沉积物中有机质来源的基础上, 根据各指标的变化特征阐明了各自的气候指示意义, 建立了兹格塘错全新世以来的古气候演化序列. 10100 cal a BP兹格塘错地区进入全新世, 全新世早中期为暖湿气候特征, 在8600~8400和7400~7000 cal a BP发生两次强烈冷事件; 中晚全新世以来气候变冷变干. 这一气候演化过程与其邻近的错鄂的研究结果相近, 代表了青藏高原中部全新世的气候演化特点. 青藏高原中部全新世气候变化主要受太阳辐射控制.     

昆明市地面沉降发展过程及其特征

利用1979－1998年昆明市地面沉降监测资料分析昆明市南部地区，即二环南路以南地区大面积地面沉降。该地区形成两个明显的漏斗形沉降区，一个是以小板桥为中心的沉降区，其中在朱家村、巫家坝机场、广卫村、小喜村、六甲、官渡等地较为明显，在沉降中心（小板桥）沉降量达227．5mm(1985-1998年），平均下沉速率在17mm/a左右，最大达30.00mm/a；另一个沉降中心在海埂以北的河尾村、渔户村一逞地区，没降中心的沉降量达100．4mm(1993-1997年），下沉速度达到25．1mm/a。对昆明市地面沉降现象与古滇池松软的湖相沉积、局部地区的地下水资源长期超采以及该地区强震活动的因果关系进行了初步探讨。     

青藏高原中部兹格塘错沉积物中厌氧光合细菌叶绿素的发现及意义

位于青藏高原中部的兹格塘错是中国为数不多的典型半混合型湖泊之一,其稳定的分层特征使水生生态系统中出现若干相对独立的微生物群落.兹格塘错表层沉积物中发现的细菌脱镁叶绿素a(bacteriophaeophytin a,Bph-a)证实了厌氧光合细菌(anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria,APB)群落的存在.研究指出,该细菌群落主要集中分布在永滞层顶部至化跃层底部的狭窄范围内,形成APB薄层,是细菌叶绿素a(bacteriochlorophyll a,Bchl-a)的主要生产区域.厌氧光合细菌死亡后在湖底经变质作用,Bchl-a脱镁(Mg~(2+))形成Bph-a.APB总生产力高低主要受光照度控制,因此,沉积物中Bph-a高值对应化跃层变浅的暖期,低值对应冷期,而零值则表示湖泊半混合状态消失,水体完全混合,对应极端寒冷的气候或湖泊水位大幅降低的时期.利用沉积物中Bph-a含量变化,可以重建兹格塘错湖泊分层及区域气候变化历史.在湖泊现代过程、重建气温-湖泊分层-APB生产量-沉积物Bph-a含量变化四者关系充分研究的基础上,具有定量重建古气温的潜力.     

张北6．2级地震的断层形变速率异常

利用北京地区1994－2000年的跨断层形变资料，研究了张北地震的形变前兆规律。以形变速率值和基准值之比作为异常参数，定量分析了北京地区1995－1999年的异常及其与本区及邻区中强地震的关系。结果表明，异常出现后的0．5－1年内，都有中强震发生，而在1997－1998年近2年内异常数都超过6次，其间即发生了张北6．2级地震（1998年1月）。     

华北地区5级地震平静现象研究

分析了华北地区1484年以来M≥5级地震平静现象：（1）华北地区1484-1730年及1815年以来2个地震活动期所有M≥5级地震平均平静时间为17．8个月,1731-1814年地震平静期的所有5级地震的平均平静时间约90．1个月,二者有明显差异;（2）华北地区2个地震活动期中相邻活动幕的幕间M≥5地震平均平静时间约86．4个月,与地震平静期大体一致,这样,90个月可以为华北地区M≥5级地震长期平静的标志性时间;（3）当前华北地区M≥5级地震平静时间达77个月,已接近长期平静的标志性时间,发生5级地震以上地震的可能已经很大;（4）上述工作成文后发生了2013年1月23日辽宁省辽阳市与沈阳市交界处5．1级地震,应注意华北进入新的地震活动幕。     

江苏省水库底栖动物调查及其综合评价

于1998年5月-1999年5月对江苏省48座大中型水库底栖动物进行了调查．鉴定的底栖动物计75属种,优势种类为尾鳃蚓属（Branichiura）、水丝蚓属(Limnodrilus）、管水蚓属（Aulodrilus)、长足摇蚊属（Pelopia)、隐摇蚊（Cryptochironomus）等5属．底栖动物密度为288．4ind．／m^2,变动范围43．2-928．2ind．／m^2;生物量为8．753g／m^2,变动范围0．235—61．884g／m^2．北部、中部、南部水库各类底栖动物的季节变化呈现较大的差异．用Goodnight ＆ Whitley生物指数和Wright寡毛类密度法评价水库水质,除少数水库有轻度污染外,水质状况总体良好．用能量估算法估算水库底栖动物的平均渔产潜力为5．8kg/hm^2。     

一八五四年南川陈家场地震考察

1854年12月24日(清咸丰四年十一月五日)在南川县陈家场(今南坪镇)发生了一次破坏性地震。1971年《中国地震目录》和1975年《四川地震目录》根据有关资料,对这次地震的震中烈度定为七度,震级5 1/2级。重庆市博物馆胡人朝同志在1980年第4期《考古与文物》上撰文,提出“1854年陈家场地震的震中烈度应低于     

中国大陆地震活跃期和平静期的b值也地震趋势研究

计算了中国大陆5个地震活跃期和4个地震平静期的b值。地震活跃期b值经地震平静期的b值低，地震活跃期的b值为0．72－0．76，平均为0．75，地震平静期的b值为0．86－1．06，平均为0．97。截止到2000年3月，第五轮回的活跃期b值为0．87，介于地震平静期与地震活跃期的平均值之间，明显高于地震活跃期的b值。因此，中国大陆从1988年开始的第五轮回的地震活跃期可能还没有结束，还可能发生较大的（7级）地震。     

孢粉-气候对应分析重建上海西部地区8.5 ka B.P.以来的气候

利用现代和化石孢粉资料,借助于对应分析方法,进行了古气候定量重建尝试,取自中国东部区域的表土层孢粉数据被用来建立孢粉－气候转换函数,对取自上清青浦县赵巷有^14C测年的钻孔孢粉数据进行转换,重建了上海地区8．5kaB.P.以来年年温度和降雨量系列,结果表明：约8．5kaB.P.以来,本区温度和降雨量持续升高,约8．2－6．0kaB.P.期间为全新世气候适宜期,年均温和降水量值平均高于现今值0．9℃和160mm,约8．0kaB.P.达到最高值（湿度和降雨量为18．5℃和1575mm);但气候波动剧烈;约6．0－4．0kaB.P.期间为温凉干燥期,气候波动平缓,年均温度和降雨量平衡低于现今值,最低值为13．5℃和827mm(4.1kaB.P.);约4．0－2．0kaB.P.,期间温度和降水回升,但暖湿程度远不及全新世大暖期。2．0kaB.P.以来温度和降雨又呈下降趋势。8．0kaB.P.、7．6kaB.P.和27kaB.P.前后的出现高温高湿峰值,7．5kaB.P.、7．3kaB.P.和4．0kaB.P.前后出现低温低湿谷值。气候变化对本区古文化的发展可能有重要影响。     

Meromixis in Zige Tangco,central Tibetan Plateau

Zige Tangco (4560 m a.s.l.), located in central Tibetan Plateau, was first discovered in China to be a meromictic lake. The meromixis was caused possibly by virtual sheltering due to the lake basin’s morphometry, and to a less extent by surface inflow of fresh water. As the highest meromictic lake ever discovered in the world, Zige Tangco could provide some insight into world lake systematic classification, and a potential site for present-day lake processes and lacustrine varve studies.

     

湖泊营养类型的FUZZY聚类分析

通过1985—1988年对洱海水体的水质、生物等参数的观测分析,研究其富营养现状及变化规律。结果表明,洱海已从1985年的贫中营养型湖泊向中营养型湖泊过渡。其营养状况的变化与流域气候、湖水水位以及非点源污染有关。     

历史时期希门错湖泊沉积色素记录的古环境变化

湖泊沉积物中色素的含量,种类以及相应的参数是研究湖泊初始生产力和湖泊环境的有效手段之一。本文根据青藏高原东部希门错短柱岩芯ＸＭ９２０１沉积物的色素指标的综合判别,讨论了该地区过去２０００多年来的古环境变化过程和特点,对比分析我国东西部气候记载及冰芯研究,探讨了各气候事故表现形式的异同点。     

Higher degree moment tensor inversion of Mani earthquake using far-field broadband recording

Breakthrough point source model, extended earthquake source model is used to calculate more seismic source parameters in this paper. We express seismic source using higher degree moment tensors, to reduce a large number terms originally presenting in higher degree moment tensor representation, Haskell rupture model is used. We inverted the source parameters of Mani earthquake in Tibet using broad-band body wave of 32 stations of Global Seismograph Network (GSN), the results show that it is a strike-slip fault, rupture direction is 75° , rupture duration is 19 s, the fault plan is f =77° , d =88° , l =0° , the auxiliary plane is f =347° , d =90° , l =178° , and the fault dimension is 47 km′ 28 km. These results will give new quantitative data for earth dynamics and have practical meaning for seismic source tomography research.     

稀疏台网的中小地震震源机制解反演研究——以2017年1月4日西藏仲巴4.7级地震为例

本文应用ISOLA近震全波形方法,以2017年1月4日西藏仲巴4.7级地震为例,反演稀疏台网记录的中小地震震源机制解。该地震反演所得最佳双偶机制参数为：节面Ⅰ的走向109°/倾角85°/滑动角-177°,节面Ⅱ的走向19°/倾角88°/滑动角-4°,最佳矩心位置为30.590°N、83.784°E,最佳质心深度为6km,矩震级M_W4.6。震源机制反演结果表明此次地震是一次走滑型为主的事件,其与震源区域附近历史地震震源机制解具有相同性质。本文还应用CSPS初动扫描法,利用P波初动资料和近震波形联合约束反演此次地震的震源机制,并与ISOLA近震全波形反演结果进行比较,结果表明,联合少量台站的的三分量波形数据,能够定量地判断最佳震源机制解,降低了P波初动反演结果的非唯一性,同时也约束了由于少量台站参与全波形反演引起的解的不稳定性。本文研究为中小地震震源参数测定提供了一种简单有效的方法,具有较高的稳定性和可靠性。     

联合利用走时与波形反演技术研究地壳三维速度结构(Ⅱ)——应用

使用阻尼最小二乘法进行震源参数和地壳三维速度结构的走时联合反演．所用资料为Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差,并用人工地震资料的二维解释结果作为三维速度模型的特定约束条件．为建立初始模型,又利用天然地震构成了准二维剖面．在走时反演基础上,利用遗传算法进行了几个地震事件的波形反演尝试,并对走时反演获得的地壳速度结构模型的局部进行了修正．以３４°～４２°Ｎ,９４°～１１２°Ｅ作为研究区域,在该区域中收集了１９８６年以来大量地震的Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差资料,７条人工地震二维速度剖面资料和２个数字化地震台的几个地震的三分向记录资料．对这些资料进行了处理,最后得出了０～２５ｋｍ深度不同截面的速度分布,并对所得结果进行了分析．     

Effects of climate change on thermal properties of lakes and reservoirs, and possible implications

Meteorologic-driven processes exert large and diverse impacts on lakes’ internal heating, cooling, and mixing. Thus, continued global warming and climate change will affect lakes’ thermal properties, dynamics, and ecosystem. The impact of climate change on Lake Tahoe (in the states of California and Nevada in the United States) is investigated here, as a case study of climate change effects on the physical processes occurring within a lake. In the Tahoe basin, air temperature data show upward trends and streamflow trends indicate earlier snowmelt. Precipitation in the basin is shifting from snow to rain, and the frequency of intense rainfall events is increasing. In-lake water temperature records of the past 38 years (1970–2007) show that Lake Tahoe is warming at an average rate of 0.013°C/year. The future trends of weather variables, such as air temperature, precipitation, longwave radiation, downward shortwave radiation, and wind speed are estimated from predictions of three General Circulation Models (GCMs) for the period 2001–2100. Future trends of weather variables of each GCM are found to be different to those of the other GCMs. A series of simulation years into the future (2000–2040) is established using streamflows and associated loadings, and meteorologic data sets for the period 1994–2004. Future simulation years and trends of weather variables are selected so that: (1) future simulated warming trend would be consistent with the observed warming trend (0.013°C/year); and (2) future mixing pattern frequency would closely match with the historical mixing pattern frequency. Results of 40-year simulations show that the lake continues to become warmer and more stable, and mixing is reduced. Continued warming in the Tahoe has important implications for efforts towards managing biodiversity and maintaining clarity of the lake.     

Distribution characteristics of Rayleigh wave group velocity in China mainland and its adjacent sea areas

Making use of 75 earthquake data of China mainland and adjacent areas recorded by long period seismometers of 27 stations of China and 3 stations of WWSSN and processed by match-filtering frequency-time analysis technique and grid dispersion inversion, the authors obtain pure-path dispersion curves of Rayleigh surface wave in 147 grids in this paper. The distribution characteristics of group velocity are as follows:the China mainland and its adjacent sea areas are divided into two parts of east and west by South-North belt and are separated in blocks of south and north with boundaries of 44°–44°N,28°N (in the west part) and 28°–32°N (in the east part), the first and third boundaries may extend eastward into sea regions, in the west side of island arc and continental shelves, appears belt-form distribution of group velocity striping NE direction. These distribution characteristics correspond to zonation of tectonic structure. In addition, the results also indicate that the differences of group velocity dispersion curves exist between tectonic elements of next order. It is revealable for the differences of group velocity among different tectonic elements until periodT = 113s (corresponding depth is about 170km). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 32–38, 1993.     

Holocene climate change in the Central Tibetan Plateau inferred by lacustrine sediment geochemical records

Multi-proxies of lacustrine sediments, such as total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter (δ 13Corg), were analyzed using a 7.3 m core from Zigê Tangco. The source of the organic matter in the sediment was mainly from autochthonous phytoplankton, therefore the significances of proxies can be interpreted as that high TOC, TOC/TS, HI and δ13Corg values, low TC, TIC values corresponded to warm and wet climatic condition, and vice versa. The process of climatic development in the Zigê Tangco region was hence recovered. During the early and Mid-Holocene, the climate was warm and wet and intensive cold events occurred during the periods of 8600 to 8400 cal a BP and 7400 to 7000 cal a BP. In the second half of Holocene, the climate became cold and dry gradually. The palaeoclimatic process during Holocene in Zigê Tangco region matched well with that in Co Ngoin region which is ca 40 km to the south-east. Therefore this palaeoclimatic process represents the Holocene climatic feature in the Central Tibetan Plateau which has the same pattern in the Northern Tibetan Plateau, but the time and duration of some climatic events might be different. We can conclude that in Holocene solar insolation controlled the climatic pattern on the central Tibetan Plateau.