多层螺旋CT肝脏增强扫描技术的评价

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描技术在肝脏增强检查中的应用价值.材料与方法 231例患者行肝脏增强扫描,对比剂的用量为1.2ml/kg,注射流率为2.5 ml/s～3.0ml/s.结果肝脏占位性病变的228例中201例动脉期、门脉期影像显示良好,占88.2%,3例肝脏外伤性病变实质期图像显示良好.结论应用多层螺旋CT进行肝脏增强扫描,采用合适的扫描参数及造影技术能获得较为满意的扫描图像.     

16排螺旋CT在颈动脉体瘤的诊断及术式选择中的研究

目的:探讨16排螺旋CT对颈动脉体瘤的诊断及术式选择的应用价值。材料与方法应用16排螺旋CT对12例彩色超声多普勒诊断颈动脉体瘤患者行CT颈部血管造影CTA(即CT增强检查),采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)技术处理图像。结果:12例肿瘤均位于颈总动脉分叉处,平扫为等密度或稍高密度,边界清楚,增强扫描呈明显强化,颈内外动脉分离,角度增大.结论:16排螺旋CT对于颈动脉体瘤的诊断和术式选择起着重要作用。     

螺旋CT经下肢静脉注射造影剂增强检查参数的研究

目的:探讨患者螺旋CT经下肢静脉注射造影剂增强检查的最佳扫描参数,以便经下肢静脉注射造影剂达到经上肢静脉注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查诊断图像效果。资料与方法:收集400例患者CT增强检查资料。其中实验组200例,由于长期上肢静脉注射造成静脉血管损伤严重的患者,在进行增强CT检查中,采取经下肢静脉(脚、踝部静脉血管为主)注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查,注射速率以2.5～3.3mL/s,非离子型造影剂70～100mL,动脉期及静脉期根据组织器官均较上肢静脉注射造影剂延长延迟时间8～15s,螺旋CT扫描范围包括检查器官上下范围,病变区加扫薄层;对照组200例,经上肢肘静脉注射造影剂增强CT检查患者,依组织器官不同注射速率、非离子型造影剂量及螺旋CT扫描范围方法与实验组相同,动脉期及静脉期根据组织器官注射造影剂设定延迟时间。分析测量两组CT图像正常组织、血管及病变组织CT值和扫描曲线,进行统计学分析。结果:200例实验组经下肢静脉(脚、踝部静脉血管为主)注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查病例与对照组200例经上肢肘静脉注射造影剂增强CT检查患者,增强检查图像质量经统计学分析相近。上肢动脉期CT值和下肢动脉期CT值配对比较,统计学分析t值为4.371,P=0.000,这两组存在显著性差异,具有统计学意义,即上肢动脉期CT值和下肢动脉期CT值存在差异。上肢静脉期CT值和下肢静脉期CT值配对比较,t值为-1.664,P=0.103>0.05,这两者的差异没有统计学意义,没有显著性差异,即上肢静脉期CT值和下肢静脉期CT值差异没有统计学意义,二者不存在差异性。结论:长期上肢静脉注射造成静脉血管损伤严重患者,经下肢静脉注射造影的增强扫描采取适当的增加延迟时间扫描完全可以达到上肢静脉注射造影剂螺旋CT增强扫描图像质量。     

多层螺旋CT对急性结肠出血的临床应用价值

目的：研究多层螺旋CT对急性结肠出血的应用价值。方法：对临床可疑急性结肠出血9例患者行多层螺旋CT检查,采用动静脉双期增强扫描,并结合多层螺旋CT多平面重建、最大密度投影图像分析诊断,部分病例经手术或临床随访证实,部分与DSA对照。结果：9例临床拟诊急性结肠出血患者,多层螺旋CT明确诊断出血部位7例,出血显示率77.7...     

MSCT-VHSG在输卵管通畅性诊断中的应用

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT虚拟子宫输卵管造影(MSCT-VHSG)在检查输卵管通畅性方面的应用价值。方法:对40例不孕症患者,宫腔内注入总量约20mL稀释碘对比剂后,进行64排多层螺旋CT扫描仪(64×0.625mm2探测器)扫描,回顾性0.6mm到1.0mm薄层重建,图像工作站进行了分析。图像后处理技术包括MPR、CPR、MIP及VR等。术后对患者的不适情况进行记录。结果:在造影过程中没有发生严重并发症。平均扫描时间为(3.4±0.4)s;患者的平均有效剂量为(2.58±0.75)mSv。MSCT-VHSG获得的子宫宫腔及输卵管图像立体、清晰,引起的不良反应少。40例患者80条输卵管中显示输卵管通畅40条,通而不畅8条,阻塞32条。结论:MSCT-VHSG可作为不育症患者的一个可靠的、非侵入性的替代诊断技术加以应用。      

多层螺旋CT后处理技术对肺隔离症的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在肺隔离症诊断中的应用价值。方法:对13例经手术及病理证实的肺隔离症进行回顾性分析。所有检查采用64排螺旋CT扫描机,先行CT平扫,再行双期增强扫描,然后再行多平面重建(MPR),最大密度投影(MIP)及容积再现(VR)。结果:13例肺隔离症患者中,10例的病灶位于左下叶后基底段,3例的病灶位于右下叶后基底段,病灶CT平扫表现为分叶形3例,圆形或卵圆形3例,不规则形7例。增强及重建后13例均显示异常供血动脉。其中异常体动脉供血有9例来自胸主动脉,4例来自腹主动脉。结论:多层螺旋CT及图像后处理技术能准确显示异常动脉血供和引流静脉,在肺隔离症的诊断和术前评估中具有重大价值。      

子宫及子宫肌瘤多层螺旋CT灌注成像的初步研究

目的:探讨子宫多层螺旋CT灌注成像的方法及其在评价子宫肌瘤血流灌注状态中的应用.方法:对17例受检者先行盆腔常规平扫,然后对选定层面采用MultiScan序列进行多层螺旋CT灌注扫描,应用Perfusion CT软件包对灌注图像进行后处理,测量并记录子宫肌瘤(n＝18)及正常子宫肌层(n＝17)的血流量、血容量及达峰时间.结果:所有病例子宫多层螺旋CT灌注成像均获得成功;灌注成像显示子宫肌瘤灌注高于正常子宫肌层(t＝3.540,P＝0.001),子宫肌瘤的血流量、血容量及达峰时间分别为(54.87±19.09)ml·100g-1·min-1、(12.41±4.07)%和(18.61±5.31)s.正常子宫肌层的血流量、血容量及达峰时间分别为(32.82±17.68)ml·100g-1·min-1、(8.78±6.25)%和(20.64±5.71)s.结论:多层螺旋CT灌注成像为定量检测子宫及子宫肌瘤血流灌注状态提供了一种新的影像学方法.     

多层螺旋CT在乳腺疾病检查中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在乳腺疾病检查中的诊断价值。方法对29例患者行乳腺CT扫描,采用经容积再现(volumerendering,VR)、表面遮盖显示(surfaceshadowdisplay,SSD)、多平面重建(Multiplanar,MPR)重建处理图像。结果29例患者中乳腺癌12例,纤维瘤7例,均经病理证实,1例患者不能坚持俯卧而检查失败。结论多层螺旋CT对乳腺疾病的诊断有重要的参考价值。     

超声造影与16层螺旋CT在肝脏肿瘤诊断中的对照研究

目的分析肝脏肿瘤超声造影后的组织血流特征与16层螺旋CT三个时期的强化特征,评价其临床诊断价值。方法:研究分析30例病例在超声造影与16层螺旋CT三个时期的各自不同的典型图像。采用经手背静脉注射“全氟显”超声造影剂,利用相干谐波成像技术分析三个时期表现,而16层螺旋CT采用高质量扫描模式,扫描参数:层厚7.5mm,通过拆分成1.25mm,螺距1.375:1,电压120KA,管电流280mA。增强三期扫描分别注射对比剂,动脉期16-25s,门脉期35-55s,延迟期是1min10s-3min。高压注射器单相注射,非离子型造影剂,注射速率2.5ml/s,剂量70-85ml,浓度300mg/ml,通过工作站的技术分析,明确肝肿瘤的强化特点。结果对30例肝脏肿瘤患者进行超声造影与16层螺旋CT检查,其中原发性小肝癌18例,5例小血管瘤,3例局灶性脂肪肝,3例转移性肝癌,1例退变结节。其中有2例超声造影未检测出肿瘤样特征性图像改变,而经CT检测出并诊断为小肝癌1例和退行性结节1例。所有病例均经手术、病理和穿刺证实。结论超声造影与16层螺旋CT对肝脏肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断均具有较高的临床应用价值。但对一些特殊肝脏肿瘤患者,联合检测可提高早期诊断的检出率。     

多层螺旋CT作肾动脉造影在高血压筛查中的临床应用价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT(multislice computed tomography MSCT)血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)在肾血管性高血压筛查中的临床应用价值.方法:对157例临床怀疑肾动脉狭窄患者行多层螺旋CT肾动脉CTA检查,将获得的轴位扫描图像经过适当处理后,行3D后处理,包括SSD、MIP、VR,MPVR.结果:157例患者均获得了较满意的肾动脉CTA图像,清晰地显示肾动脉主干及其分支.结论:MSCT肾动脉CTA检查作为一种安全、经济的检查方法,在对肾血管性高血压的筛查中完全可以替代DSA,常规作为怀疑肾动脉狭窄之患者的筛选检查的首选方法.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.