2019年甘肃张掖M5.0地震余震序列重定位

本文使用祁连山主动源台网和甘肃省数字测震台网记录到的地震资料,应用双差定位方法和遗传算法对2019年甘肃张掖M5.0地震及其余震进行重定位,获得了30个地震事件的重定位结果,双差定位显示主震位置为38.502°N,100.254°E,震源深度14.7 km。重定位结果显示余震分布在昌马—俄博断裂,较为集中,震源深度主要分布在5～15 km范围内,余震序列沿SW—NE向空间分布。     

2009年青海大柴旦6.4级地震序列的双差法重新定位研究

采用双差地震定位算法对2009年青海大柴旦6.4级地震和3个及以上台站记录到的余震进行了重新定位,获得了873次地震的重新定位结果。主震的震中位置为37.56°N,95.90°E,震源深度6.5 km,发震在大柴旦宗务隆山断裂带。精确定位结果与原始数据进行比较,定位残差明显减小,定位后的地震分布更加集中,主要分布在大柴旦宗务隆山断裂带周围,震源深度优势分布在2～11 km,与主震震中位置和震源深度相符。     

多种方法测定2019年皎口水库地区2.5级以上地震震源深度

应用CAP方法、sPL深度震相方法和双差定位方法,对2019年M2.5以上皎口水库地区地震震源深度进行测定。通过CAP方法进行反演,计算出最佳震源机制解及震源深度;在震中距50 km左右的近台识别出清晰的sPL震相,运用频率—波速（F-K）方法画出各种震源深度的理论波形,与实际波形进行拟合确定震源深度;建立地震事件对,利用走时差观测值与理论值的残差确定其相对位置及深度。结果发现,上述多种方法测定的结果基本一致;相对而言,双差定位方法更适合皎口水库地区地震震源深度的测定。      

新疆北天山地区Ms≥2.0地震震源参数的重新测定

基于新疆32个测震台站记录到的28701条P波和S波震相到时数据,利用双差地震定位法重新测定新疆北天山地区(42.5°~45°N,82°~89°E)1988年4月至2003年6月间发生的1348次MS≥2.0地震的震源位置。为尽量得到全部地震的重新定位结果,本文结合双差地震定位法对资料的要求和所用资料情况,添加了437次1.5≤MS<2.0的地震震相到时数据参与定位计算。重新定位后得到了1253次MS≥2.0地震的重新定位结果,占全部MS≥2.0地震的93%,其中,MS≥3.0的地震全部得到了重新定位结果,并对没有得到重新定位结果的95次2.0≤MS<3.0地震的原因进行了分析。得到重新定位结果的1253次地震的均方根残差的平均值由重新定位前的0.83s降到0.14s,震源位置的测定误差(2倍标准偏差)在E-W方向平均为0.993km,在N-S方向上平均为1.10km,垂直方向平均为1.33km。分析重新定位结果得出,重新定位地震的震源深度较定位前有明显收敛,集中分布在5~35km,94.3%的地震震源深度分布在5~35km,68.2%的地震震源深度分布在10~25km,地震的平均震源深度为19km。     

江苏及周缘地区地震精定位与构造意义分析

采用双差定位方法,对江苏地震台网记录到的江苏及邻区地震事件(1990-2009年)重新定位,共获取1020个定位结果,震中平均误差为:南北向0.42 km,东西向0.43 km,垂直向0.53 km.精定位后约94%的地震事件震源深度分布在5-20 km范围内,平均震源深度为12.3 km.震源深度自东向西,从海域向陆...     

华北地区中小地震重新定位和地震活动特征研究

选取了华北地区1978—2011年289个台站记录到的24753个地震事件, 使用双差定位方法对这些地震进行了重定位, 获得了20512个地震的重定位结果, 平均定位误差在EW、 NS、 UD方向分别为0.54 km, 0.57 km和0.57 km。 相比于初始结果和绝对定位结果, 双差定位结果在平面上分布更集中, 沿断裂分布特征更加明显, 震源深度也更加合理。 通过剖面分析, 张北地震带、 唐山地震带、 邢台地震带均为高倾角断裂, 南部剖面6震源深度分布有随时间变浅的趋势。 通过与前人的研究结果进行对比, 本次研究使用的时间较长, 地震数量较大, 得到了更加可信的结果。     

2017年9月4日河北临城M_L4.4地震震源深度测定

震源深度是地震定位中的重要参数之一。对于一个地震,sPn与Pn震相到时差是一个常量,与震中距无关,只与震源深度和地壳模型有关。基于该理论,以河北数字台网数据为基础,识别sPn震相和Pn震相,计算2017年9月4日河北临城ML4.4地震震源深度,结果为6.86km。双差定位法是目前确定震源深度比较精确的方法,双差定位得到的震源深度为7.01km。双差定位法所用数据量比较大,计算过程繁杂。利用sPn与Pn到时差计算震源深度的结果与双差定位法结果接近,计算快速、简单,所需数据量小。因此,将该方法应用到实际工作中,可以快速、准确地测定近震震源深度。     

2017年米林6.9级地震序列双差定位分析

使用双差定位法对2017年11月18日米林6.9级地震和余震进行重新定位,得到691个地震定位结果,发现：①余震序列分布更加集中,地震序列震中呈NW-SE向分布,与雅鲁藏布江断裂在NE向构造转弯处的走向基本一致;②地震序列的震源深度主要分布在5-15 km,东南侧地震数量较少,震源深度相对较深,西北侧地震数量较多,震源深度较浅。     

双差地震定位法在北天山地区地震精确定位中的初步应用

对双差地震定位法的原理进行了阐述,并将双差地震定位法应用于北天山地区(42.5°—45°N,82°—89°E)地震的精确定位。利用新疆32个地震台站记录到的1336次MS≥2.0地震的22704条P波和S波震相读数资料,经重新定位后得到其中1133次地震的基本参数。重新定位结果显示了比较精细的震中分布图像和有所收敛的震源深度剖面图像,震源深度优势分布在6—35km,平均深度为20km,部分震中位置与震源深度变化较大的地震向断裂带靠近。     

2021年西藏比如MS6.1地震序列发震构造分析

利用双差定位方法对西藏比如M_S6.1地震序列141次M_L≥2.0地震进行重新定位,采用CAP波形反演方法获得主震的震源机制解,并运用最小空间旋转角方法比较不同机构发布的震源机制解的差异。重新定位后主震震中位置为(31.924°N,92.824°E),靠近余震区中心,震源深度为12.8 km;余震分布沿NE向展布,长约18 km。沿NE向深度剖面结果显示,在主震右上方存在5 km×10 km的近椭圆形地震破裂空区。主震的震源机制解为正断兼走滑型,最佳矩心深度为9.3 km,矩震级为5.98。结合重新定位后余震分布、主震与历史地震震源机制解及地质构造背景等分析,认为具有左旋运动性质的安多南缘断裂可能是该次地震序列的主要发震构造。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...