空间相关的多点地震动合成(Ⅱ)合成实例

本文应用已提出的自功率谱、相干函数、视速度模型生成了空间相关的多点地震动时程。采用分段合成、乘强度包络函数的方法近似地考虑了地震动强度和频率尬发的非平稳性、生成的地震动符合空间相关性、传播性、随机性和非平稳性,可用于长结构多点输入地震反应分析。     

中国大陆地区地震动时程强度包络函数研究

地震动时程强度包络函数可描述地震动幅值的变化特征,主要用于地震安全性评价中的人工合成地震动。目前,国内工程最常用的强度包络函数参数的衰减关系是利用美国西部强震动记录统计得到的结果。本文以研究更适合我国大陆地区的强度包络函数参数及衰减关系为目标,基于中国大陆地区基岩场地强震动观测数据,采用目前广泛使用的三段式强度包络函数模型,运用70%能量持时法确定上升段持时t1和平稳段持时ts,利用统计回归方法确定衰减因子c,最终通过加权最小二乘法确定了我国基岩场地水平向和竖直向加速度时程强度包络函数参数及其衰减关系公式。通过与国内最常用的时程强度包络函数参数的衰减关系对比发现,上升段持时t1与震级之间有明显的相关性,而后者则与震级无关,下降段衰减因子c在远场普遍大于后者的研究结果。     

局部场地上地震动的强度包络函数的特性研究

本文应用SMART—1台阵的三次地震记录研究了局部场地上地震动强度包络函数的变化规律,建立了各参数的回归模型,并用方差分析法和T值法对回归方程和各个自变量进行了检验。分析结果表明,平稳段起始时间t_1主要受测点坐标的影响,强度因子I_0、平稳段长度t_3和衰减系数c除了受测点坐标的影响外,还不同程度地受测点所在位置的土层厚度的影响。文中还给出了各个参数的初步预测公式。分析结果可供多点地震动模拟时参考。     

地震动竖向分量对铁路房屋的地震响应性能影响

为了提高铁路房屋的抗震能力,分析地震动竖向分量对铁路房屋的地震响应性能,提出基于荷载—变形关系联合评估的地震动竖向分量对铁路房屋的地震响应评估模型。构建地震动竖向分量的力学响应评估模型,识别铁路房屋的地震屈服响应参数,采用荷载—变形关系和极限荷载结合的方法进行铁路房屋的地震屈服响应应力评估,分析地震动竖向分量对铁路房屋的响应。建立动量平衡方程和弯矩平衡方程,构建铁路房屋的地震响应的三阶段荷载—变形模式,实现地震动竖向分量对铁路房屋的地震响应性能评估模型的优化设计。测试结果表明,采用该模型能有效分析地震动竖向分量对铁路房屋的地震响应性能影响,Simulink仿真结果和有限元模拟结果的准确性较高,力学参数辨识性能优越,计算结果准确可靠。     

加速度时程包络函数地区性差异初步研究

已有研究表明,不同地震活动强度地区的地震动峰值加速度及反应谱衰减规律有明显差异。对比分析了不同地震活动强度地区的加速度时程包络函数衰减规律是否同样存在差异。美国西部位于环太平洋地震带,地震活动的强度和频度都很高,属强地震活动区。而欧洲相对于美国西部,地震活动稍弱,属中、强地震活动区。根据加速度时程的完整程度,从NGA强震数据库中筛选出1429条美国西部强震记录和131条欧洲强震记录。在考虑场地条件时,将地表30m内等效剪切波速引入衰减模型来表征场地条件。应用最小二乘法,分别确定了美国西部和欧洲地震动加速度时程包络函数衰减关系,并进行了对比。结果显示,不同地震活动强度的地区,其包络函数确实存在差异。最后,分析了除地区性差异外,影响结果的其它因素。     

地震动随机模拟及其参数确定方法

本文建议以地震动标准差函数的最大值和反映强度包络函数的回归常数作为描述随机地震动特性的基本参数。文中还提出了一种将地震学确定性低频模拟方法和工程学中高频随机模拟方法相结合的综合模型来反映地震动的频谱特性。本文提出的方法能方便地利用目前抗震设计所依据的基本参数来确定随机模型中的参数,并且有可能对地震动长周期特性进行较好的模拟。     

中国东北及邻区竖直向地震动强度包络函数参数的确定及其衰减关系

选用2008—2019年中国东北及邻区27次地震竖直向105条强震动记录,以三段式强度包络函数模型为目标,利用加权最小二乘回归方法,尝试建立了东北及邻区竖直向地震动时程强度包络函数参数的衰减公式,以使我国的地震动区域划分更具有普遍性。同以往的研究类似,上升段持时t₁和平稳段持时t_s的确定方法采用了70%能量持时法。所选地震的震级为3.3—5.8级,最大震中距为371 km。基于土层场地的竖直向记录,通过与我国目前常用的时程强度包络函数参数的衰减关系进行对比分析发现,t₁与震级之间有明显的相关性,实际应用中应考虑震级对t₁的影响;地震整体持时较短造成t_s上升趋势随距离的增加而变缓;下降段由衰减系数c的变化可见,记录整体衰减较快。     

水平及竖向地震共同作用下双线隧道的响应分析

基于有效的土-结相互作用有限元数值模拟方法,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对水平及竖向地震共同作用下双线盾构隧道的地震响应进行分析研究。地震动输入选取近场地震Loma、ChiChi、Mammoth和WoLong的基岩水平及竖向加速度时程记录。结果表明,不同近场地震记录对隧道结构的作用不同,隧道的地震反应与场地性质及地震动的频谱特性密切相关。对比隧道在水平及竖向地震动共同作用下的响应与单向水平地震动作用下的响应,发现隧道的最大地震附加内力及其分布均发生较大的变化,在隧道结构抗震设计中需引起重视。另外,分析中还考虑了在双向地震动共同作用下,隧道间距、土-结接触面的摩擦系数、土-结相对刚度、输入的地震记录和竖向地震动相对强度对隧道地震响应的影响等,研究结果对隧道工程的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值。     

九寨沟MS7.0地震强地震动模拟及漳扎镇地震动强度预测

破坏性地震强度预测可用于工程领域抗震设防以及地震危险性分析评估,是防震减灾中一项很重要的基础工作.为了再现九寨沟地震的地震动强度,评估缺失强震记录的九寨章扎台站的地震动强度,本文用经验格林函数法对九寨沟地震进行了数值模拟.选取了震源周边地震动峰值加速度超过10 Gal的10个强震台站进行模拟.因未得到九寨沟地震的余震,初次尝试将汶川地震和定西地震的余震作为格林函数模拟九寨沟地震.模拟结果整体上可以反映各台站地震动的强度特征,尤其是地震动高频成份拟合较好.模拟值的地震动峰值加速度、时程数据、反应谱等与观测值拟合较好.预测结果显示漳扎镇的地震动峰值加速度值约为180~200 Gal.预测结果也表明在缺少大震的余震记录时,经验格林函数法使用其他大震的余震同样可以再现目标地震的强度特征.本研究也为经验格林函数方法在缺乏小震记录地区的使用积累了经验.最后总结了格林函数的选取标准,为经验格林函数方法来预测未来强震动特征积累了经验.     

中国东北地区及邻区土层场地地震动强度包络函数参数衰减关系研究

利用土层场地数字化强震动记录,研究适用于东北地区及邻区的强震动包络函数参数衰减关系。数据集由2008年后研究区内发生的29次地震事件的水平向和垂直向强震动记录构成。经过基线校正和滤波处理后,结合三段式包络函数模型,应用能量持时计算t1和t2,通过最小二乘法统计回归确定c值,得到了强震动包络函数参数的衰减关系公式。比较水平向和竖直向的计算结果发现两者之间整体差别不大。同时,与其他已发表成果的对比发现仍然与现有成果有一定的差别,主要原因在于数据选用方面的问题,目前能够获取的最大限度的数据仍然不能够完全地满足确定东北及邻区区域性强度包络函数参数及其衰减关系,一是数据数量有限,二是震级分布不均匀,且小震级较多,三是土层场地对三个参数的确定有明显的放大作用。     

Precise estimation of covariance parameters in least-squares collocation by restricted maximum likelihood

Precise estimates of the covariance parameters are essential in least-squares collocation (LSC) in the case of increased accuracy requirements. This paper implements restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method for the estimation of three covariance parameters in LSC with the Gauss-Markov second-order function (GM2), which is often used in interpolation of gravity anomalies. The estimates are then validated with the use of an independent technique, which has been often omitted in the previous works that are confined to covariance parameters errors based on the information matrix. The crossvalidation of REML estimates with the use of hold-out method (HO) helps in understanding of REML estimation errors. We analyzed in detail the global minimum of negative log-likelihood function (NLLF) in the estimation of covariance parameters, as well, as the accuracy of the estimates. We found that the correlation between covariance parameters may critically contribute to the errors of their estimation. It was also found that knowing some intrinsic properties of the covariance function may help in the scoring process.     

A spectral approach to estimation and smoothing of continuous spatial processes

This paper is concerned with developing computational methods and approximations for maximum likelihood estimation and minimum mean square error smoothing of irregularly observed two-dimensional stationary spatial processes. The approximations are based on various Fourier expansions of the covariance function of the spatial process, expressed in terms of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the spectral density function of the underlying spatial process. We assume that the underlying spatial process is governed by elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE's) driven by a Gaussian white noise process. SPDE's have often been used to model the underlying physical phenomenon and the elliptic SPDE's are generally associated with steady-state problems.A central problem in estimation of underlying model parameters is to identify the covariance function of the process. The cumbersome exact analytical calculation of the covariance function by inverting the spectral density function of the process, has commonly been used in the literature. The present work develops various Fourier approximations for the covariance function of the underlying process which are in easily computable form and allow easy application of Newton-type algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This work also develops an iterative search algorithm which combines the Gauss-Newton algorithm and a type of generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, namely expectation-conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters.We analyze the accuracy of the covariance function approximations for the spatial autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models analyzed in Vecchia (1988) and illustrate the performance of our iterative search algorithm in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters on simulated and actual data.     

Ground motion parameters of Shillong plateau: One of the most seismically active zones of northeastern India

Strong ground motion parameters for Shillong plateau of northeastern India are examined. Empirical relations are obtained for main parameters of ground motions as a function of earthquake magnitude, fault type, source depth, velocity characterization of medium and distance. Correlation between ground motion parameters and characteristics of seismogenic zones are established. A new attenuation relation for peak ground acceleration is developed, which predicts higher expected PGA in the region. Parameters of ...     

Regionalization approaches for the periodic parameters of monthly flows: a case study of Ceyhan and Seyhan River basins

Five alternative regionalization approaches in two broad categories, named function‐free and functional approaches, have been proposed to predict periodic behaviours in the basic parameters of monthly stream flows throughout homogeneous regions defined. Function‐free and functional approaches rely on the standardized (or normalized) forms of raw and fitted values of the monthly periodic parameters considered. Homogeneous regions are identified based on these standardized/normalized parameters by means of the hierarchical clustering analysis. The proposed models are tested for two major river basins in south Turkey. It is concluded that the proposed regional models are very effective to estimate periodic behaviour of monthly flows. The functional approaches are quite plausible, and the function‐free approach needs much more parameters. Both types of regionalization approaches can be reliably used to get regional monthly flow estimates for the flow sections where monthly records are not available or too short. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤系岩石物理力学参数与声波速度之间的关系

通过超声-时间动态测试方法系统地分析了煤系沉积岩石纵波和横波速度，计算了煤系岩石动弹性力学参数，同步测试了煤系岩石的静态力学参数，建立了煤系沉积岩石动弹性力学参数与静弹性力学参数之间和煤系岩石物理力学参数与其声波速度之间的定性定量关系.研究结果表明，煤系岩石的动弹性模量与岩石的纵波或横波速度具有很好的正相关关系，而与泊松比不具有这种正相关关系.煤系岩石的动弹性模量要大于其静弹性模量，而动泊松比要小于其静泊松比，它们之间呈线性相关关系.煤系岩石密度、单轴抗压和抗拉强度与其纵波或横波速度之间也呈正相关关系，它们分别服从二次函数、指数函数和线性函数分布.     

Recursive impedance inversion of ground-penetrating radar data in stochastic media

The travel time and amplitude of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves are closely related to medium parameters such as water content, porosity, and dielectric permittivity. However, conventional estimation methods, which are mostly based on wave velocity, are not suitable for real complex media because of limited resolution. Impedance inversion uses the reflection coefficient of radar waves to directly calculate GPR impedance and other parameters of subsurface media. We construct a 3D multiscale stochastic medium model and use the mixed Gaussian and exponential autocorrelation function to describe the distribution of parameters in real subsurface media. We introduce an elliptical Gaussian function to describe local random anomalies. The tapering function is also introduced to reduce calculation errors caused by the numerical simulation of discrete grids. We derive the impedance inversion workflow and test the calculation precision in complex media. Finally, we use impedance inversion to process GPR field data in a polluted site in Mongolia. The inversion results were constrained using borehole data and validated by resistivity data.     

An analytical solution for the probabilistic response of sdof non-linear random systems subjected to variable amplitude cyclic loading

Design for a specific ductile failure mode is assuming a rǒle of increasing importance for earthquake-resistant structures. This necessitates an accurate assessment of the distribution of overstrength in the structure, in order that the predefined failure mode can be realized. Consequently, the variability of the response for a given variability in the salient material properties, such as yield strength for steel structures, should be assessed and accounted for. In this paper an analytical method is proposed for the evaluation of the probability density function of the response of a single-degree-of-freedom hysteretic system with random parameters subject to a variable amplitude cyclic load history. A simple algorithm is derived which may be used to obtain the system response as a function of the system parameters. This response function may then be used to evaluate the displacement response probability density function when given the probability density function of the system parameters. Results derived from this procedure are verified against Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that accurate response statistics are obtained at a fraction of the computing cost of simulation techniques.     

Statistical Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion Specified by Response Spectrum and Power Spectral Density Function

The statistical characteristics of strong ground motion specified by response spectrum and power spectral density function are studied using 190 strong-motion records of the Haicheng and Tangshan earthquakes in China and 138 earthquakes in the western United States.The response spectrum is normalized by the peak ground acceleration(i.e.,represented as spectral magnification factor),and the power spectral density function is described by the Kanai-Tajimi spectrum.The statistics and dependence of parameters are evaluated,and correlations between the spectral magnification factor or Kanai-Tajimi spectral parameters and the site condition,epicentral distance,or local magnitude are investigated.The statistical characteristics of spectra China and the U.S.A.are compared.Based on the results obtained the values of the statistics on spectral parameters for earthquake engineering applications in China are suggested.     

1999年西藏6．6级地震的震源参数研究

利用Harvard和USGS矩张量反演的震源参数,计算1999年3月28日西藏6．6级地震体波波形并与记录到的波形对比。结果显示Harvard CMT得出的震源参数比较合理。     

Estimating the Frequency and Amplitude Parameters of the Serpentine-Emission Type of Geomagnetic Pulsations

Geomagnetic pulsations of the serpentine-emission (SE) type are considered. A method for estimating the frequency and amplitude parameters in the form of a time function for pulsations—SE and the accompanying spectral components—is suggested. An estimation algorithm is developed on the basis of local approximating polyharmonic models and weighted moving average filtration. Examples of the estimation of the frequency and amplitude parameters of SE pulsations are given. It is proposed that the procedure be used to calculate the estimation errors in SE pulsation frequency parameters and to choose the tuning parameters.