弹性随机介质模型的特征频率

为研究弹性随机介质模型中的波场特征,本文使用弹性波动方程正演模拟了平面波在二维弹性随机介质模型中的传播.通过大量正演模拟,我们首先发现若使用不同频率的瑞克子波作为震源函数,计算散射波场的能量相对值ΔE,则对每一个固定的随机介质模型,ΔE都会在某一个与模型对应的震源频率f*处达到最大值.本文由此提出了随机介质模型的特征频率这一新的概念.本文充分说明了特征频率的客观存在性;给出了相应的计算方法;进一步全面研究了随机介质中的各种模型特征（如自相关长度、背景速度、扰动标准差以及模型尺寸等）与模型的特征频率之间的关系;并得到了若干结论和相应的经验关系表达式.     

多相离散随机介质模型及其探地雷达波场特征研究

沥青混凝土是由骨料、沥青胶浆、空气按照一定的体积百分比混合而成的多相非匀质混合物,其骨料、沥青胶浆和空气的体积不等、形状各异、介电特性不同、空间位置随机分布,具有明显的多相、离散、随机介质特征.本文基于随机介质模型理论,(1)测量与统计了介电常数在典型沥青混凝土芯样空间上的随机分布统计特征;(2)估算了沥青混凝土介质的自相关函数及其特征参数(自相关长度、自相关角度等),确定其随机介质类型;(3)提出了量化约束下的多相离散随机介质建模算法,以混合型椭圆自相关函数为基础,构建了不同粗糙度因子的多相离散随机介质模型;(4)构建了不同空隙率的多相离散随机介质模型,正演模拟与对比分析了探地雷达波在均匀介质、连续型随机介质和多相离散随机介质中的传播特征.结果表明:多相离散随机介质模型不仅描述了沥青混凝土的多相、离散与空间随机分布统计特征,而且进一步描述了其各组成物质体积百分比,能更全面、准确地描述沥青混凝土的介质特征,同时也为描述其他类似材料或介质提供了新的方法和途径;在多相离散随机介质模型中,探地雷达波散射强烈,随机、无序传播的散射波相互叠加干涉,形成了明显的随机扰动和"噪声",致使异常体反射波扭曲变形、不连续,降低了探地雷达回波的信噪比和分辨率.研究探地雷达波的随机扰动特征与多相离散随机介质模型参数之间的关系,将为定量评价多相离散随机介质的属性参数提供参考和帮助.     

基于柱坐标系的隧道空间溶洞探测全波场数值模拟

溶洞作为碳酸盐岩地区常见的一类局部不良地质体,其波场特征常常与形态、填充物、空间方位等因素相关,而受此影响地震类方法对溶洞的探测效果往往不理想.因此,要想实现地震类方法对溶洞的准确探测,首先需要明确不同状态下溶洞的波场特征.针对上述问题,考虑到实际隧道空间形态,本文首次采用柱坐标系下的一阶速度-应力弹性波动方程对隧道空间进行数值模拟,通过通量矫正技术压制频散,同时对已开挖段隧道与围岩的边界采用自由边界条件处理.对不同半径、不同填充物、不同方位的溶洞以及复杂溶洞模型的数值模拟结果及波场特征分析表明:本文提出的方法可实现隧道空间全波场高精度数值模拟,波场特征符合波的运动学与动力学特征;不同情况下溶洞波场特征的差异可有效的指导溶洞的探测与识别.     

具有空间分布裂缝岩石的随机介质模型

利用随机过程的谱展开理论以及Hudson等人的裂纹介质模型构造一种裂纹数密度是空间平稳随机过程的随机介质模型。这个模型可以将裂纹的微观参数(裂纹数密度)与裂纹介质的宏观性质(弹性常数)联系起来,能灵活、有效地描述实际非均匀裂纹介质。模型算例表明,弹性常数的空问分布特征与裂纹数密度的有差别,而且对不同的弹性常数影响不同。通过改编自相关长度的大小,可以模拟裂缝在两个坐标轴方向上具有不同分布尺度的情况。最后,利用高阶的交错网格有限差分方法,我们模拟了地震波在具有随机分布裂缝岩石中的传播特征。     

基于随机介质模型的储层非均质性分析

本文利用随机介质模型对复杂岩性储层进行了非均质性描述.利用模型特征量即非均质纵横比、纵向谱指数、横向谱指数以及扰动标准差等来模拟不同的随机介质.在前人工作的基础上,由某油气田的两口井资料估计储层非均质性能谱,从能谱曲线上提取储层纵向大小尺度非均质谱指数.通过将二维随机介质模拟的合成井记录互相关系数与实际井记录互相关系数进行分析比较,分别得到大小尺度非均质情况下最佳拟合时的横向谱指数和非均质性纵横比.以上求得的各种特征量从不同角度定量分析了储层非均质性的纵横向变化,为储层横向预测提供了依据.     

三维随机断裂带的航空时域电磁响应数值模拟

传统的均匀分布异常体模型,不能准确描述地下介质的不规则性变化,采用随机介质进行替代,将使电导率这一物性参数更加接近于实际的电导率分布.本文结合地质结构中断裂带特征,采用Von Kármán函数建立三维随机介质模型,通过讨论Hurst指数与自相关长度对三维随机电导率模型建模产生的影响,进行参数优化建立所需的随机介质模型.利用一维傅里叶变换建立三维随机变化的条状断裂带异常体,三维傅里叶变换建立三维随机变化的背景围岩,准确地表征了油气藏断裂带特征.基于时域有限差分方法,实现了磁源激励下的三维随机介质航空时域电磁响应数值模拟.采用均匀半空间模型验证了数值模拟的正确性,分析了随机断裂带与均匀断裂带的电磁响应特征,结果表明随机断裂带可以准确描述地下介质的分布特征,而且与断裂带垂直方向的电磁响应特征清晰地描述了断裂带的倾向、走向与位置,为断裂带结构探测提供了理论依据和技术指导,三维随机断裂带模拟方法同样适用于其它三维随机介质的数值模拟.     

串珠状溶洞模型介质波动方程正演与偏移

为了揭示溶洞储层的地震波场特征,该文采用相移加插值波场延拓算子,该算子能适应介质速度横向变化和纵向变化、对地层无倾角限制、保振幅且可以避免层间多次波的产生.然后用该算子对根据某地区奥陶系储层溶洞的地质特征所设计的五个串珠状溶洞地质模型进行正演和偏移,并分析波场特征.溶洞储层模型数值模拟的结果揭示了在不同大小、形状、间距、分布位置等情况下溶洞地震波场特征,得出了关于串珠状溶洞介质地震波场特征的一些有意义的结论和认识.     

基于微结构-尺度双分解的页岩随机介质模拟和非均质特征分析

页岩储层矿物颗粒、孔/裂隙、干酪根等微观结构呈现明显的尺度化分布特征,常规的单结构单尺度随机介质模拟方法难以完整描述和重构微观尺度的页岩储层介质,本文提出了一种微结构-尺度双分解的随机介质模拟方法.基于龙马溪组页岩数字岩心,将岩心切片按照占比分解为脆性矿物、孔隙、干酪根及背景介质四种类型,对脆性矿物、孔隙和干酪根三种微结构进行尺度分解,通过优化随机介质模型参数,实现精确模拟不同尺度的微结构组分,再按占比进行微结构-尺度双合成.结果表明,微结构-尺度双分解随机介质模拟大幅度提高强非均质页岩储层介质的建模精度.     

岩石的纵、横波速度与密度的规律研究

选择了济阳坳陷第三系地层四类不同岩性、237块典型岩心样品,在变温变压条件下进行超声波纵、横波速度及密度的测定,样品的孔隙度范围从2％到27％.根据变温变压测试数据,得出纵横波速度的压力、温度校正公式,将高温高压条件下测量的弹性参数校正到60 MPa条件,再进行密度、Vp和Vs数据分析.分析结果表明：Vp、Vs具有很好的线性相关性,得到新的密度与Vp关系式.同时将Vp、Vs关系融入到Gardner公式中,将Gardner函数推广为〖JP2〗ρ=CVApVBs的函数形式（称为广义Gardner公式）,拟合出砂岩的密度、Vp和Vs间的新关系式：ρ=1.575 8V0.287 9pV0.019 7s.〖JP〗文中讨论了该公式在横波速度预测、岩石物理模拟和AVO正反演等的作用,指出这些规律性认识可服务于油气勘探和开发.     

运用分形方法模拟地震勘探中的三维随机介质

实际的地震勘探遇到的是复杂随机介质,常规层状介质地震波场理论已经不能适应于高精度地震工作,需要进一步发展非均匀介质地震波场理论.本文首次给出了运用分形方法建立三维随机介质的具体算法;其次引入了三维锥形函数来压制建模时产生的离散误差;最后,通过建立几种三维随机介质模型来讨论尺度系数和豪斯特指数对模拟结果的影响,并且简单构建了区域多尺度随机介质模型.模拟的结果表明,分形方法可以更方便、灵活地模拟三维随机介质.针对南海某地区生物礁储层非均质性强的特点,在建立生物礁速度模型时,对目标区充填了多尺度的分形随机介质,波动方程正演模拟结果表明,分形随机介质可以用来描述生物礁等非均质性储层.     

Recursive impedance inversion of ground-penetrating radar data in stochastic media

The travel time and amplitude of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves are closely related to medium parameters such as water content, porosity, and dielectric permittivity. However, conventional estimation methods, which are mostly based on wave velocity, are not suitable for real complex media because of limited resolution. Impedance inversion uses the reflection coefficient of radar waves to directly calculate GPR impedance and other parameters of subsurface media. We construct a 3D multiscale stochastic medium model and use the mixed Gaussian and exponential autocorrelation function to describe the distribution of parameters in real subsurface media. We introduce an elliptical Gaussian function to describe local random anomalies. The tapering function is also introduced to reduce calculation errors caused by the numerical simulation of discrete grids. We derive the impedance inversion workflow and test the calculation precision in complex media. Finally, we use impedance inversion to process GPR field data in a polluted site in Mongolia. The inversion results were constrained using borehole data and validated by resistivity data.     

INTEGRATED INTERPRETATION OF MARINE ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA ON THE PRINCIPLES OF EXPERT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY1

We describe an approach to the construction of an engineering geological expert system for identification of sub-bottom soils in accordance with some predefined nomenclature. The following principles of integrated interpretation of engineering geophysical and geotechnical data are presented: Firstly, the transformation of physical data (compressional- and shear-wave velocities, compressional-wave attenuation coefficients, electrical conductivity, etc.) for each of the medium points into subjective probabilities for the soil belonging to each type listed in the nomenclature, and secondly, the extrapolation of local geotechnical data (primarily drilling data) to the surrounding space by means of diffusion of the initial membership function distribution, resulting in the same set of probabilities for soil types at each point in the medium under consideration. Aggregation of the fuzzy information obtained, sufficient for reaching a conclusion for most points in the medium, is carried out by means of Bayesian summation. An example is given of integrated interpretation of real data obtained from four different sources (compressional- and shear-wave velocity sections V_p(x, z) and V_s(x, z), and two boreholes) related to the same profile.     

基于FFT-MA的随机介质建模方法

随机介质是描述地球介质小尺度非均匀性的有效模型,在地震散射波场分析、储层描述等领域具有广泛应用,快速准确的随机介质建模方法是开展相关研究的基础与前提.本文首次将FFT-MA（Fast Fourier Transform Moving Average）算法引入到随机介质建模研究中,分析了该方法与传统随机介质建模方法相比具有的优势,并提出了基于FFT-MA的非平稳随机介质建模方法.建模实验表明,与传统的基于谱分解定理的随机介质建模方法相比,基于FFT-MA的方法在空间域产生随机数序列,使随机数序列与结构参数分离,因此,随机数序列与所建模型存在空间上的对应关系,可以分区域建模和局部修改模型.在非平稳随机介质模型建模时,滑动窗口的大小可以根据自相关长度变化而变化,避免了每个采样点都建立一次完整大小的模型,提高了建模效率.因此,FFT-MA随机介质建模方法能准确构建满足自相关函数要求的平稳及非平稳随机介质模型,具有建模效率高、灵活、实用的优点.     

偶极接地线对地电阻率影响的数值模拟

针对我国地震监测预报中地电阻率定点连续观测中存在的偶极接地线的干扰问题, 本文将台站区域地层简化为3层均匀介质模型, 将接地线等效为偶极接地的电阻体, 建立了接地线干扰地电阻率观测的耦合物理模型. 通过有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟分析不同电性断面情况下接地线对地电阻率观测的影响, 同时分析这种干扰的产生机理, 并结合实际观测中存在的干扰问题作了对比验证分析. 结果表明: ① 接地线使得供电电极产生的地下对称性电场分布发生局部调整, 从而影响地电阻率观测; ② 接地线对地电阻率观测的影响主要取决于线缆的位置及方位角的大小; ③ 适当增大电极埋深可以减小其对地电阻率观测的影响; ④ 电性结构的差异性决定干扰变化幅度的大小. 本文结果对相关台站地电阻率观测异常分析落实及干扰源避让和观测系统改造具有参考意义.      

Comparative review of theoretical models for elastic wave attenuation and dispersion in partially saturated rocks

Saturation of porous rocks with a mixture of two fluids (known as partial saturation) has a substantial effect on the seismic waves propagating through these rocks. In particular, partial saturation causes significant attenuation and dispersion of the propagating waves, due to wave-induced fluid flow. Such flow arises when a passing wave induces different fluid pressures in regions of rock saturated by different fluids. As partial fluid saturation can occur on different length scales, attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow is ubiquitous. In particular, mesoscopic fluid flow due to heterogeneities occurring on a scale greater than porescale, but less than wavelength scale, is responsible for significant attenuation in the frequency range from 10 to 1000 Hz.Most models of attenuation and dispersion due to mesoscopic heterogeneities imply that fluid heterogeneities are distributed in a periodic/regular way. In 1D this corresponds to periodically alternating layering, in 3D as periodically distributed inclusions of a given shape (usually spheres). All these models yield very similar estimates of attenuation and dispersion.Experimental studies show that mesoscopic heterogeneities have less idealized distributions and that the distribution itself affects attenuation and dispersion. Therefore, theoretical models are required which would simulate the effect of more general and realistic fluid distributions.We have developed two theoretical models which simulate the effect of random distributions of mesoscopic fluid heterogeneities. The first model assumes that one fluid forms a random ensemble of spherical inclusions in a porous medium saturated by the other fluid. The attenuation and dispersion predicted by this model are very similar to those predicted for 3D periodic distribution. Attenuation (inverse quality factor) is proportional to ω at low frequencies for both distributions. This is in contrast to the 1D case, where random and periodically alternating layering shows different attenuation behaviour at low frequencies. The second model, which assumes a 3D continuous distribution of fluid heterogeneities, also predicts the same low-frequency asymptote of attenuation. However, the shapes of the frequency dependencies of attenuation are different. As the 3D continuous random approach assumes that there will be a distribution of different patch sizes, it is expected to be better suited to modelling experimental results. Further research is required in order to uncover how to relate the random functions to experimentally significant parameters.     

Direct Conservative Domain in the Continuous Galerkin Method for Groundwater Models

The continuous Galerkin finite element method is commonly considered locally nonconservative because a single element with fluxes computed directly from its potential distribution is unable to conserve its mass and fluxes across edges that are discontinuous. Some literature sources have demonstrated that the continuous Galerkin method can be locally conservative with postprocessed fluxes. This paper proposes the concept of a direct conservative domain (DCD), which could conserve mass when fluxes are computed directly from the potential distribution. Also presented here is a method for modifying the advection fluxes to obtain different conservative domains from the DCDs. Furthermore, DCDs are used to analyze the local conservation of several postprocessing algorithms, for which DCDs provide the theoretical basis. The local conservation of DCDs and the proposed method are illustrated and verified by using a hypothetical 2‐D model.     

A new method for computation of seismicity

Summary Seismicity of a region is defined as a surface integral of the local seismicity in that region divided by its area. Local seismicity results from the assumed scattering of each epicentre according to normal distribution as continuous point function It is represented by the sum of the products of all seismic energies taken into consideration and the distribution functions of the concerned epicentres. For a plane rectangular region a practicable formula for computation of seismicity is given by means of the error integral.Publication No 25 of the Institut für Geodynamik, 69 Jena (GDR), Burgweg 11. Forschungsgemeinschaft der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.     

基于含气泡液体声波方程的海底冷泉数值模拟

海底冷泉羽状流与海底天然气水合物的分布密切相关,对水合物稳定带的边界具有指示作用,是未来能源勘探的重要领域.研究海底冷泉羽状流的地震响应特征,对确定天然气水合物的储集区域及成藏环境等均有重要意义.当前获得海底冷泉羽状流的地震响应主要通过数值模拟进行,然而该过程所依据的含气泡介质声速模型及随机介质理论不能完整描述海底冷泉的物理性质,采用的声波方程也不适用于高频地震波数值模拟.为了准确地实现海底冷泉羽状流地震波数值模拟,精确分析其地震响应特征,本文提出利用Keller-Miksis气泡振动模型来描述气泡在声波作用下的运动状态,同时考虑气泡间的相互作用,建立海底冷泉气泡模型.在此基础上,本文创新性地采用含气泡液体声波方程进行海底冷泉高频地震波数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明,本文提出的方法能够实现海底冷泉羽状流地震响应的高精度数值模拟.