西秦岭北缘断裂带土壤气定点观测台站建设分析

介绍西秦岭北缘断裂带土壤气观测台站的设计思路、建设内容以及运行情况,并通过一年来观测数据的分析认为,各观测台站断层土壤气体背景值稳定,观测数据合理可靠,且3个观测站同一测项的变化形态具有相似性、同步性,并在榆中M_S3.6、玛多M_S7.4和门源M_S6.9地震前出现同步异常响应,表明西秦岭北缘断裂带土壤气具有反映区域构造应力变化的潜力。同时断层土壤气定点观测台站的建设方案与技术指标为后期组建断层土壤气观测台网提供借鉴和参考,为进一步推广应用奠定良好基础。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带深部气体地球化学特征与断层形变空间分布相关性研究

断裂带气体地球化学特征与形变特征之间的相关关系是建立具有物理预报思路断层气流动观测网络布设的重要课题。选择有大量温泉出露点且形变较剧烈的西秦岭北缘断裂带为研究对象,对跨断层形变测量场地进行断层土壤气剖面重合布设及现场测量,重点研究断层气分段性特征与断层形变、地震活动性特征耦合关系,探讨利用多种方法开展断裂带强震危险性分析的可能性。结果表明:断裂带土壤气地球化学特征和断层水准形变特征的分布具有良好相关关系,二者对比结果同时显示出西秦岭北缘断裂带中东段——武山段断层活动性相对活跃,渭源—漳县段次之,天水段断层相对闭锁的特征;且武山和甘谷走滑拉分区因流体活动的影响以中小地震活动为主,天水段和漳县段西部及与武山段交汇的盘古川地区,流体活动较弱,应变速率较小,存在孕育强震的可能。     

西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地段浅层人工地震及钻孔联合探测

在地质调查与盆地区浅层人工地震初步勘探基础上,在西秦岭北缘断裂带漳县盆地隐伏段的盆地内布设了3条浅层人工地震详勘测线,用于精确定位该断层的空间展布,判定其浅地表活动特征。在此基础上,用钻孔联合剖面方法对人工地震探测结果进行验证,同时确定了各地震测线处断层上断点的位置和埋深,通过钻孔揭露断层错断地层的特点,认为西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地隐伏段错断全新统,指示该断层全新世以来活动性较强。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带断层气浓度空间分布特征与强震危险性分析

以西秦岭北缘断裂带不同段断层气Hg、Rn浓度空间分布特征分析为基础、通过对历史大震背景、现今地震活动影像以及b值空间分布特征的对比分析,从地球化学的角度,对西秦岭北缘断裂带不同段落的活动习性进行深入探讨,并识别出该断裂带潜在大震危险区段。可为未来地震趋势判定及震情跟踪提供重要的基础资料。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带的位移累积滑动亏损特征及其破裂分段性研究

根据西秦岭北缘断裂带的水平位移分组特征,定量计算了断裂端部和不连续部位的位移累积滑动亏损率,同时结合断裂带上的障碍体规模,滑动速率的差异,历史地震及古地震特征等,对断裂带进行了破裂分段性研究,结果表明,西秦岭北缘断裂带可以划分为鸳凤断裂,漳县断裂,锅麻滩断裂３条一级破裂段,６条二级破裂段。     

土壤氡对郯庐断裂宿迁段F5断裂探测和活动性的研究

郯庐断裂带宿迁段多年来一直被列为江苏地震重点关注区域。在该区域展开了多期活断层探测和工程地震安全性评价工作,地震监测已经建成了测震、形变、电磁、流体等多种手段。用气体地球化学方法开展相关研究,探索活动断层运动和地震发生之间的相互关系,是对该地区地震科学研究的一种补充,其有着十分重要的意义。沿郯庐断裂带宿迁段F₅断裂布设土壤氡测线并获得相关数据,结合地质勘察、浅层人工地震等资料进行综合分析,结果表明该区域内土壤氡探测结果对断裂带的位置、断层类型和特征、断层活动性具有较好的指示性。土壤氡探测展示F₅断裂两条分支断裂F_5-1、F_5-2的位置,氡浓度异常形态与断层特征存在一定的对应关系,并利用土壤氡浓度强度为指标,初步判断郯庐断裂带宿迁段F₅断裂2条分支断裂的相对活动性。     

祁连—海原断裂带强震库仑应力演化特征研究

研究祁连—海原断裂带及其附近区域自1920年海原M_S8.5地震后至今发生的6次M_S≥7.0强震间的相互触发关系,基于Burgers体构建粘弹性介质模型,模拟同震和震后库仑应力的演化过程;进一步针对祁连山北缘断裂带、西秦岭北缘断裂带及六盘山断裂带3条主要断裂带,分别计算自1920年至今6次强震在这3条断裂带上近百年尺度的应力累积。结果表明:1927年古浪M_S8.0地震受到1920年海原M_S8.5地震同震和震后库仑应力的共同加载,1954年民勤M_S7.0地震和1990年共和M_S7.0地震均受到之前发生强震的库仑应力的累积加载影响;西秦岭北缘断裂位于6次强震震后的综合累积应力卸载区,六盘山断裂带则位于累积应力加载区。研究强震间库仑应力演化特征及其对周围断裂带的较长时间尺度的累积影响,需要合理考虑粘弹性松弛效应下的震后库仑应力的累积作用,也可结合地震活动性进一步为明确危险断层段提供合理的参考。     

2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响

2008年5月12日的汶川地震明显地改变了区域地震的应力场．理解这种应力场的改变对周围断层构造加载进程和区域地震危险性的改变非常重要．本文以汶川地震的破裂为驱动源,计算了该地震造成周围断层上的静态库仑破裂应力变化．结果表明,汶川大地震的发生使得龙门山断裂北部和最南端、鲜水河断裂最南端、东昆仑断裂、陇县——宝鸡断裂、鄂拉山断裂、白玉断裂、日月山断裂南端、马边——盐津断裂南部、班公错——嘉黎断裂西部、则木河断裂的库仑破裂应力增加,量值达0.00001——0.06MPa．库仑破裂应力增加尤为显著的断裂量值分别为:龙门山断裂的地震断层南端最大增加0.01MPa、北端0.03MPa,秦岭南缘断裂的西南部最大增加0.03MPa,东昆仑断裂的东南部为0.007MPa,地震破裂断层西南部的鲜水河断裂为0.005MPa,西秦岭北缘断裂的天水——宝鸡段为0.004MPa,陇县——宝鸡断裂为0.0003MPa．该地震还使得龙日坝断裂、怒江断裂、西秦岭北缘断裂西部、秦岭北缘断裂、庄浪河断裂、日月山断裂北部、海原断裂、岷江断裂、玉树——玛曲断裂、金沙江断裂的库仑破裂应力减少;减少尤为显著的断裂为龙门山断裂的断层破裂段、岷江断裂和鲜水河断裂的炉霍段,其库仑破裂应力减少分别达0.04——0.7MPa,0.001——0.1MPa和0.008——0.01MPa．本次地震在小金河、安宁河和大凉山断裂面上产生的库仑应力变化很小,对断层地震活动没有显著影响．      

西秦岭北缘断裂带排气活动的比较研究

通过对1996和1997年西秦岭北缘断裂带东段、西段排气活动、两个拉分构造区排气活动和主断裂与支断裂排气活动的比较研究,并结合该带活断层的比较分析和地震活动的比较分析,讨论了该带排气活动的特征和原因,以及断层气CO2,N2和O2含量以及CO2/O2比值在预测或判定地震活动强弱、断层活动强弱的作用和意义．      

初析西秦岭北缘断裂带凤凰山-天水断裂晚更新世晚期以来的活动特征

西秦岭北缘断裂带是青藏高原东部一条重要的北西西向断裂．其空间上与鲜水河断裂带、东昆仑断裂带、海原断裂带平行，运动性质上以左旋走滑为主． England和Molnar（1990）、汪一鹏和马杏垣（1998）认为：这几条平行的走滑断裂把青藏高原东部划分成一些条形块体，它们依次向东滑移，同时可能伴有顺时针方向的转动．不仅如此，沿着西秦岭北缘断裂带历史上还多次发生过6.5级以上地震，如公元前47年漳县63/4级地震、 128年甘谷61/2级地震、 143年甘谷7级地震、 734年天水7级地震、 1756年武山61/2级地震和1936年康乐63/4级地震等．与海原断裂带、鲜水河断裂带、龙门山断裂带等相比（国家地震局地质研究所，宁夏回族自治区地震局， 1990；李坪， 1993；邓起东等， 1994； Burchfiel et al., 1995），西秦岭北缘断裂带虽开展过一些研究，但有待加强（康来迅， 1990；滕瑞增等， 1991）．本文通过野外调查、年代测定，对西秦岭北缘断裂带凤凰山-天水断裂晚更新世晚期以来的活动特征进行了讨论．     

Relation between the characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Chinese mainland and the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper studies the relations between the great Wenchuan earthquake and the active-quiet periodic characteristics of strong earthquakes, the rhythmic feature of great earthquakes, and the grouped spatial distribution of M_S8.0 earthquakes in Chinese mainland. We also studied the relation between the Wenchuan earthquake and the stepwise migration characteristics of M_S?≥7.0 earthquakes on the North-South seismic belt, the features of the energy releasing acceleration in the active crustal blocks related to the Wenchuan earthquake and the relation between the Wenchuan earthquake and the so called second-arc fault zone. The results can be summarized as follows: ① the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake was consistent with the activequiet periodic characteristics of strong earthquakes; ② its occurrence is consistent with the features of grouped occurrence of M_S8.0 earthquakes and follows the 25 years rhythm (each circulation experiences the same time) of great earthquakes; ③ the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake follows the well known stepwise migration feature of strong earthquakes on the North-South seismic belt; ④ the location where the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake took place has an obvious consistency with the temporal and spatial characteristic of grouped activity of M_S≥?7.0 strong earthquakes on the second-arc fault zone; ⑤ the second-arc fault zone is not only the lower boundary for earthquakes with more than 30 km focal depth, but also looks like a lower boundary for deep substance movement; and ⑥ there are obvious seismic accelerations nearby the Qaidam and Qiangtang active crustal blocks (the northern and southern neighbors of the Bayan Har active block, respectively), which agrees with the GPS observation data.     

利用唐山地震台资料研究唐山断裂活动特征

本文研究了唐山地震台内的唐山断裂形变、断层活动协调比、断层土壤气CO₂的变化特征。结果显示,唐山地震台内的唐山断裂近35年来整体上在水平方向呈微弱的右旋张性活动,垂直方向呈正断活动,但不同时段的运动状态有所不同;综合分析认为,唐山地震台形变和流体前兆观测对附近及华北因区域地壳应力场调整引起的中小地震有一定的显示,说明该台具有一定的前兆异常显示能力;随着观测资料和经验的持续积累,在该区域发生更大地震前,有望捕捉到更显著的前兆异常。     

紫坪铺水库附近都江堰震群小震震源机制解分析

2008年2—4月,位于汶川大震初始破裂点的紫坪铺水库附近发生了一系列的小震活动,它们与汶川地震和紫坪铺水库小震的关系值得研究。本文采用CAP方法,反演了紫坪铺水库7个专用数字地震台站的数据,得到震级大于M_L 1.0的28个震源机制解。结果表明:有19个地震事件集中在紫坪铺水库东南方向的都江堰附近,最大地震为逆冲型,发震机制为逆冲型带走滑分量,少量带正断层分量;从深度剖面看,地震震源深度主要集中分布在地下13km附近区域,都江堰震群丛集在前山断裂带上,其它地震散布在中央断裂带上;发震最大主压应力方向随时间的变化具有从最大主压应力方向变化比较大到趋向一致的演化过程。这些现象说明龙门山断裂带在都江堰附近存在1个凸凹体,形成应力集中点,引发都江堰震群活动,由此迫使龙门山断裂带前山断裂发生逆冲性活动,从而加剧了龙门山断裂带中央断裂的活动,在一定程度上加速了汶川地震的发生。     

The seismicity and tectonic stress field characteristics of the Longmenshan fault zone before the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake

The seismicity of Longmenshan fault zone and its vicinities before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake is studied. Based on the digital seismic waveform data observed from regional seismic networks and mobile stations, the focal mechanism solutions are determined. Our analysis results show that the seismicities of Longmenshan fault zone before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake were in stable state. No obvious phenomena of seismic activity intensifying appeared. According to focal mechanism solutions of some small earthquakes before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the direction of principal compressive stress P-axis is WNW-ESE. The two hypocenter fault planes are NE-striking and NW-striking. The plane of NE direction is among N50°?70°E, the dip angles of fault planes are 60°?70° and it is very steep. The faultings of most earthquakes are dominantly characterized by dip-slip reverse and small part of faultings present strike-slip. The azimuths of principal compressive stress, the strikes of source fault planes and the dislocation types calculated from some small earthquakes before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake are in accordance with that of the main shock. The average stress field of micro-rupture along the Longmenshan fault zone before the great earthquake is also consistent with that calculated from main shock. Zipingpu dam is located in the east side 20 km from the initial rupture area of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The activity increment of small earthquakes in the Zipingpu dam is in the period of water discharging. The source parameter results of the small earthquakes which occurred near the initial rupture area of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake indicate that the focal depths are 5 to 14 km and the source parameters are identical with that of earthquake.     

唐山断裂带土壤气地球化学特征分析

由于唐山断裂带土壤气地球化学研究成果相对较少，因此于2017—2018年分3期对唐山断裂带5条分支断裂土壤气浓度（包括Rn、Hg、CO₂）和通量（包括Rn、Hg）进行测量，利用土壤气浓度平均值+2倍均方差的方法确定每条断裂异常限。分析结果表明，唐山-古冶断裂和唐山断裂土壤气浓度及通量出现高值异常；2017—2018年M_L1.0以上地震多集中在唐山断裂和唐山-古冶断裂，与土壤气异常分布有较好的相关性；土壤气地球化学空间变化特征能反映断裂带的分段活动性。     

The Kangding earthquake swarm of November, 2014

There was an earthquake swarm of two major events of MS6.3 and MS5.8 on the Xianshuihe fault in November, 2014. The two major earthquakes are both strike-slip events with aftershock zone along NW direction.We have analyzed the characteristics of this earthquake sequence. The b value and the h value show the significant variations in different periods before and after the MS5.8earthquake. Based on the data of historical earthquakes, we also illustrated the moderate-strong seismic activity on the Xianshuihe fault. The Kangding earthquake swarm manifests the seismic activity on Xianshuihe fault may be in the late seismic active period. The occurrence of the Kangding earthquake may be an adjustment of the strong earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault. The Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the historical earthquakes were also given in this article. The results indicate that the earthquake swarm was encouraged by the historical earthquakes since1893, especially by the MS7.5 Kangding earthquake in1955. The Coulomb failure stress changes also shows the subsequent MS5.8 earthquake was triggered by the MS6.3earthquake.     

中国大陆地震的应力调整场动态模型

本文根据强震区域分布特征与大地貌的相关性,127个地震断层面解,18个大地震破裂带资料和地震断裂带的平均滑动速度等方面的资料,提出了中国大陆地震应力调整场动态模型。最后,基于此模型讨论了中国地震活动性问题