强震前空间天气变化与地磁活动指数存在的问题

地磁活动指数( Dst)不仅是监测空间天气活动的重要参数,也是地震电磁研究中作为排除来自空间天气的"非震"信号的重要参数(Le et al,2011).Dst指数计算简便,具有连续性和时序性较好的优势,但其物理意义复杂,不能完全反映磁暴过程,且存在计算误差以及数学意义不明确等问题.如台站和暴时变化双重因素,可能会对Dst指数计算产生影响(Campbell,2004;Karinen et al,2006; Kamide et al,2007;Borovsky et al,2017).结合地磁活动指数,利用全球地磁台网地磁场观测资料(全球地磁台站分布见图1),分析多个强震事件在临震和震前半年所伴随的全球地磁场扰动及空间天气变化特征.     

汶川M_W7.9地震波在华北地区触发的地震活动

地震的相互作用早已被人们所知,如大地震之后在震中附近地区发生的大量余震活动,然而,近十几年来地震学家认识到:大地震也可以导致几百千米至上千千米外的区域地震活动性的显著增加(如,Hill et al.,1993;Brodsky et al,2000,Gomberg et al.,21301,2004;Prcjean et al.,2004,Freed,2005,Hill and Prejcan,2007,VelRgco et al.,2008).     

粘弹性应力转移延迟了1999年赫克托矿地震的触发

在某些情况下,由地震引起的地壳应力转移可以加快邻近断层的破裂,并引起地震序列的发生(Stein,et al,1992;King,et al,1994;Deng and Sykes,1996;Harris,et al,1995;Stein,1999)。1999年南加州赫克托矿地震(震级7.1)在1992年兰德斯地震(震级7.3)的7年后,在距其震中仅20km处发生。这表明赫克托矿地震是以某种方式被     

旋转地震学的近期进展

引言 旋转地震学是一个新兴研究领域,涉及到由地震、爆破、周围振动引起的旋转运动的所有方面。最近的两篇专题论文（Teisseyre et al,2006;Teisseyre et al,2008）和美国地震学会会刊（BSSA）《旋转地震学与工程应用》专辑（Lee,Celebi et al,2009）都属开山之篇。     

2008年汶川地震造成的应力变化和四川盆地地震危险性增加

2008年5月12日,灾难性的汶川7．9级大地震袭击了青藏高原东缘,造成四川盆地西部多个大城市房屋倒塌和大量人员伤亡。如此大的地震之后,地壳应力的重新调整通常会导致破坏性地震发生（Stein et al,1997;Stein,1999;McCloskey et al,2005;Parsons et al,2000;Parsons,2002）。5月12日地震的主震造成龙门山和四川盆地连接处最大位错量达9m,说明复杂的走滑和逆冲运动（Jiand Hayes,2008）为该地区的特征（Burchfiel et al,1995;Densmore et al,2007）。四川盆地及其周边也有其他活跃的走滑和逆冲断层相互交错。本文利用地震断层模型计算了由2008年5月12日汶川地震引起的同震应力变化,结果显示很多地区应力显著增加。快速给出这种应力变化图像有助于确定未来可能发生强余震的断层段。     

2008年汶川地震触发滑坡量大于造山作用生长量

浅源地震是山区地壳抬升的主要驱动力（Avouac,2008）。然而,浅源大地震也触发大范围的同震滑坡,造成显著、但在空间上不均匀的侵蚀（Keefer,1994;Malamud et al,2004;Larsen et al,2010）。因此地壳抬升与同震滑坡的分布及规模间的相互作用就引发了一个根本的问题,即大地震及其相关的滑坡是创生还是消毁了山区地形。2008年中国四川Mw7．9汶川地震触发了超过56000处滑坡（Dai et al,2011）,其空间分布仅仅部分与构造变形样式有关（Shen et al,2009）。通过将滑坡面积一体积标度关系（Larsen et al,2010;Guzzetti et al,2009）应用于高分辨率卫星影像,我们仔细检查了造山方量的潜在变化。我们估计,同震滑坡产生了约5～15km^3的可侵蚀物质,大于2．6±1．2km^3（deMichele et al,2010）的同震地壳抬升净方量。这种差异表明,在可能的2000-4000年的地震复发周期中（Shen et al,2009）,即使只有小部分滑坡物质从造山带中运移走,汶川地震也会在龙门山导致物质净亏损。我们的结果对长期以来广泛持有的大倾滑或走滑地震能造山的观点提出了挑战,并希望引起对同震滑移、滑坡量与地形生成之间的关系更多的思考研究。     

动态应力触发的余震

通常认为断层永久位移产生的小“静态”应力变化可以改变附近断层上发生地震的可能性或者说可触发地震(Harris，1998)。许多近场的触发地震，特别是触发余震的研究(Dieterich，1994；Toda，et al，1998；King，et al，1994)，将这种静态变化视为触发因素，并认为它与断层上负载的变化是等价的(Toda，et al，1998；King，et al，1994；Jaume and sykes，1992；Harris and Simpson，1992)。这里我们报道矩震级Mw=7.3的兰德斯地震的余震图象与应力变化的比较，不仅与静态应力做对比，而且与地震波传递的瞬态、振荡应力变化(即，“动态”应力)做对比。动态应力不会永久地改变加载情况，仅能通过改变断层区的力学状态或性质来触发地震。这些被动态弱化的断层在地震波通过后可能破裂，甚至能导致如果没有动态应力就不会发生的地震。我们发现余震和动态应力图象都具有类似的不对称性，动态应力来自于破裂的传播，而静态应力变化没有这种不对称性。先前的研究表明，动态应力在远距离处可促使破裂(Anderson，et al，1994；Gomberg and Bodin，1994；Gomberg，1996；Gomberg and Davis，1996；Hill，et al，1993，1995)，然而本文表明在近处也是如此。     

阿拉斯加迪纳利M=7．9级地震瞬时变形引起的地震成核

推断导致地震触发的永久和动态(瞬时)应力变化常比地震本身释放的应力数量级小，这意味着触发发生在应力处于临界状态的断层上(Hill et al，1993；Gomberg et al，2000；Huc and Main，2003；Belardinelli et al，2003)。所以，触发的地震活动速率增加可能出现在加载速率最高以及可能由高温流体引起孔隙压力升高，使孽擦力减小促使断层破裂的区域(Coccoand Rice，2002；Streitand Cox，2001；Sturtevant et，al，1996)。本文说明2002年阿拉斯加州迪纳利M=7．9级地震在整个不列颠哥伦比亚省和美国西部触发了广泛的地震活动速率增加。地震波引起的动态触发应该沿着辐射能集中的破裂方向增加，我们利用迪纳利主震的地震波和新的高精度GPS记录证实了这个结论。这些观测结果和1992年加利福尼亚州兰德斯M=7．4级地震(Hill et al，1993)引起的触发仅在震级上具有可比性，并说明兰德斯地震的触发没有反映该地区的特性和地震活动性。可是，由迪纳利地震触发的地震活动速率增加的地区构造活动并不明显，意味着即使在周围应力加载速率低的地区，断层可能仍然处于应力临界状态，动态的触发很可能是普遍存在和无法预测的。     

基于1973年炉霍MS7.6地震震后跨断层变形的地震轮回特征

1 研究背景 地震活动断层不同区段和时段均具有不同的力学特性,主要是表现在活动断层上发生地震的断层段所呈现的震前、同震、震后和震间4个时域范围内的滑动行为.换言之,地震活动断层的滑动行为分为震前、同震、震后和震间4个滑动阶段.通过研究活动断层地震破裂段震前、同震、震后和震间滑动,可深入破解沿活动断层破裂段的应力、应变的积累和释放的时空信息变化(Reilinger et al,1999;Yagi et al,2001;Ozawa et al,2004).     

建立全球历史地震活动性的总目录

美国地质调查局和科罗拉多矿业学院发起了一个对1900～1963年期间仪器记录的所有地震进行更精确定位的项目。这一时期的地震活动性(参考Lee et al.,1988年的历史地震活动性研究),即使是像地震     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...