2002年8月3日沙城4.4级地震震源特征

2002年8月3日沙城ML4．4地震是该年7个月以来，首都圈地区发生的显著地震，虽然该地震震级不大，但怀来台体应变的短临异常十分显著。作者主要介绍了该地震前体应变异常特征，同时介绍了地下流体测项阳原三马坊数字气氡异常和怀4井水汞异常及预报情况。     

云南水汞在姚安6.5级地震前的异常特征分析

对2000年1月15日姚安6．5级地震前后云南水汞异常进行分析研究，结果表明：在9个观测台站中，地震前有1个观测台站的水汞出现中期趋势异常，1个台站的水汞出现远震异常，4个台站的水汞出现短期异常，1个台站的水汞出现临震异常。地震前3个月内，水汞短期异常有活跃，平静的过程，在平静中(仅1个台站出现临震异常)发生姚安6．5级地震。姚安地震发生在距出现远震异常的水汞观测台站70km的地方。出现远震异常的水汞观测台站附近，可能是未来强震的发震地区。     

2002年新疆乌恰5.7级地震前地震活动异常分析

分析了乌恰5．7级地震前喀什-乌恰地区的地震活动情况和地震学参数异常过程。研究认为，5．7级地震发生在1996年9月以来形成的喀什西南4．0级以上地震空区的边缘，此次地震的活动间隔时间为1980年以来之最；震前有6项地震学参数空间扫描和5项地震学参数时间进程存在中短期异常；震前3级地震活动强度有多次起伏。     

南投-花莲Ms7.6和岫岩-海城Ms5.4地震前后本溪井水位的异常变化

总结了台湾南投-花莲Ms7．6地震(1999．9．21)和岫岩-海城Ms5．4地震(1999．11．29)前后本溪井水位的异常变化情况。认为此次台湾强震群活动导致辽宁地区地壳应变及应力场发生明显改变，是发生岫岩5．4级地震的重要起因。     

2003年新疆石河子5.4级地震前地震活动异常分析

分析了2003年2月14日石河子5．4级地震前北天山地震活动图像和地震学参数异常过程。5．4级地震发生在2002年北天山4级地震集中活动区空段，震前12项地震学参数时间进程存在中、短期异常，3项地震波参数出现短期异常。震前3个月乌鲁木齐震情窗出现超警戒线异常。震前10天震中附近地区地震和震群活动显著。     

河北怀来地震台4号观测井水汞的有震异常分析

利用河北怀来4井1990年至2002年的水汞观测资料，对怀来4井汞量异常进行了分析，分析结果显示，怀来4井水汞异常与地震的对应率较好，1990年以来，其异常对于测点监测范围的有感地震及中小地震和距离测点较远的范围内发生的5．0级以上地震有很高的对应率。     

永登5.8级地震和天祝—古浪5.4级地震前S波分裂特征

应用ＣＤＳＮ台网兰州数字台的记录和中法合作建立的朗索数字台的记录,研究了１９９５年７月２２日甘肃永登５．８级地震和１９９６年６月１日天祝－古浪５．４级地震前台剪切波分裂的特征。结果表明,在永登地震前大约１年的时间延迟和偏振方向很快恢复。因此,可以认为,此次地震前ＮＷ向,地震后剪切波分裂时间延迟和偏振方向很快恢复。因此,可以认为,此次地震前Ｓ波分裂方向的前兆特征是明显的。对于天祝－古浪５．４级地震,     

怀来4井数字化改造概况

介绍了怀来4井地质构造概况，介绍了数字经仪器安装前的基础改造工作以及数据产出情况，初步分析了怀来4井气氡、气汞异常与地震的对应关系。该项工作不仅加深了对怀来4井数字化资料的认识，而且有助于今后地震分析预报水平的提高。     

嘉峪关气氡映震情况讨论及玉门地震前水氡(嘉峪关,酒泉)异常特征

分析了1990年以来在祁连山断裂带上发生的7次地震前,嘉峪关气氡观测点和酒泉水氡的变化情况,发现在1990年10月20日天祝6．2级地震、1992年1月12日嘉峪关5．4级地震、1995年7月22日永登5．8级地震和2002年12月14日玉门5．9级地震前,嘉峪关气氡观测点均记录到短期的破年变异常,而酒泉水氡在玉门地震前为明显的突变型中期异常。     

宜宾,沐川4次5级地震前后的地震活动特征

1993年至1996年四川宜宾、沐川地区发生了4次5级地震。给出了这4次5级地震的基本参数，震源机制解和地震活动性分析结果。4次5级地震前的小震活动特征表现为成团成丛，震群活动，频度变化和低b值异常等，但异常出现情况在4次5级地震前有明显差异。4次5级地震的余震分布区较窄。计算了4次5级地震的10种序列参数．并与1970年至1973年马边、雷波地震序列参数类比，出现明显异常的均在震群序列的首进序列中表现显著．有一定的震兆意义。最后对四川盆地南缘附近地区未来地震势态进行了初步推论。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.