地脉动方法在合作市覆盖层厚度探测中的应用

基于合作市区41处地脉动观测点数据的快速傅里叶变换和单点H/V频谱分析结果,总结了合作市区场地条件的地脉动特征,并结合钻孔揭示的场地条件资料,反演合作市区的覆盖层厚度.根据合作地区不同局部地形观测数据和数据分析结果,分析了地形对地脉动的放大效应.结果表明:合作市区场地的卓越周期主要分布在0.1～0.2 s,与合作市区场地条件相符;2条剖面H/V频谱分布稳定,覆盖层厚度地脉动反演结果与钻孔揭示厚度吻合较好.     

永胜6.O级地震场地与震害的关系

介绍了永胜6.0级地震震区的自然概貌,将影响震害的四种主要场地条件按其影响轻重分类,用震害指数划分了该次地震的震害分布及局部异常区,分析了局部场地特征对震害的影响.结果表明:在影响震害的诸多场地条件中,场地土特性的影响较显著,地形的影响不明显,场地土、覆盖层和地下水的影响有互相制约的现象.     

黄土场地覆盖层厚度和地形条件对地震动放大效应的影响

针对黄土地区场地条件的特点分析研究了场地覆盖层厚度和地形因素对地 震动放大效应的影响规律。通过对大量实际算例的归纳统计,给出了一种定量评价场 地覆盖层厚度及地形因素影响的经验方法。为黄土地震灾害预防及减轻技术研究提 供了参考依据。     

场地条件对地表峰值加速度的放大效应分析

在研究西安地区大量钻孔资料的基础上,构造了44个不同等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度场地条件下的典型场地剖面,利用一维等效线性化地震反应分析方法,计算了不同场地在3种不同强度的地震动输入下的地面峰值加速度,分析了地震动峰值加速度放大系数ks随场地类别、等效剪切波速Vse、覆盖层厚度H和输入地震动强度ar的变化特征,指出了按场地类别对地震动峰值加速度调整存在的问题。分析结果表明,加速度放大系数随等效剪切波速、覆盖层厚度及基岩输入地震动强度的增大而减小;等效剪切波速对加速度放大系数的影响大于覆盖层厚度的影响,随着输入地震动强度的增大,覆盖层厚度对加速度放大系数的影响成份有逐渐加大的趋势;覆盖层厚度对加速度放大系数的影响程度随着等效剪切波速的增大而逐渐减弱;加速度放大系数与场地等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度之间具有较高的拟合度的统计回归关系。由此提出了直接用场地等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度对地震动峰值加速度进行调整的新途径。最后,就地震动峰值加速度随场地条件的调整方法,提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

新疆地区场地条件分区及其矢量化

利用地形地貌、等高线资料对新疆地区场地条件进行初步分类,并通过地震安评钻孔资料的岩石剪切波速(或土的等效剪切波速)和覆盖层厚度双参数法对局部场地条件分区进行优化,最后采用ArcGIS软件对场地分区数据进行矢量化工作及数据质量控制。     

利用宁洱地震强震记录分析场地响应

采用Nakamura方法,利用2007年6月3日宁洱地震强震动记录S波资料和脉动观测资料,计算了宁洱震区一些强震动台的场地响应.结果表明,当台站场地为基岩或覆盖层较薄时,由脉动数据和S波数据分别计算的谱比曲线一致性很好.当覆盖层大于35 m的时候,两者的谱比值有差异,即用S波计算的场地放大响应要明显大于用脉动计算的场地响应.     

地震动河谷场地效应研究

本文以梯形河谷场地为研究对象,采用二维显式有限差分和透射人工边界理论,根据设计的正交表建立计算模型,计算分析了梯形河谷场地对地震动的影响因素,对其影响程度进行了排名,并采用强震记录分析法对计算结果进行了初步验证。结果表明,4个因素对梯形河谷场地的地表地震动有重要的影响,但是其影响程度随着位置的变化表现也不同,不同位置的影响因素排名不同;距河谷谷坡40m以内的场地,各影响因素排位相同,首位是河谷坡角,其次是深宽比、覆盖层厚度,最后是输入地震动强度,因此,河谷场地距谷坡一定距离时各因素对地表地震动影响程度基本相同,该段场地河谷地形的几何参数对地震动影响起较大作用;随着场地距河谷谷坡越远,影响因素的排位也发生了变化,总体上是坡角排位后移,输入地震动和覆盖层厚度排位前移,河谷几何参数对地震动影响逐渐减弱,覆盖层厚度和输入地震强度2个因素的影响逐渐加大,该段场地对地震动影响与水平成层场地类似。对安宁河河谷场地强震记录分析验证的结果表明,河谷地形对地震动有显著的放大作用,同时也验证了本文的数值模拟结果是可信的。     

超强地震作用下深厚覆盖层场地重力坝抗震安全研究

本文通过成层状地基地震动输入计算方法得到覆盖层边界自由场运动,采用粘弹性边界,考虑地基辐射阻尼效应及坝体和地基的接触非线性,针对强震区深厚覆盖层场地重力坝开展线性和非线性动力时程分析研究,结合需求能力比DCR评估其抗震性能。由线弹性动力时程分析可知,在运行基准地震OBE作用下,重力坝坝体应力均在允许范围内,其抗滑稳定安全系数不能满足要求;由非线性动力分析可知,在OBE和最大设计地震MDE作用下,重力坝发生较大滑动位移。通过在重力坝坝体下游坝后回填土加强重力坝抗震稳定性,结果表明,下游坝后回填土可有效减小坝体滑动位移,加强其抗震稳定性。本文针对深厚覆盖层场地重力坝开展的抗震安全研究为抗震设计提供了科学依据,为强震区深厚覆盖层场地重力坝的抗震分析提供参考。     

基于台阵记录的土层山体场地效应分析

选取2008年5月25日至8月7日期间由甘肃省文县上城山地形效应台阵获取的12次汶川地震余震事件(M_S≥4.0),在分析其地震动基本参数的基础上,采用参考场地谱比(RSSR)法和水平-竖向谱比(HVSR)法,研究了不同地震作用下上城山地形台阵的场地效应.分析结果显示:随着高程和覆盖层的增加,记录台站地震动的PGA呈增大趋势,地震频谱形状由宽变窄;上城山台阵记录到的地震波在地形基阶频段(2—4 Hz)和浅部土层频段(7—9 Hz)的幅值明显放大,RSSR曲线显示山顶NS向的土层频段谱比大于山体地形频段谱比;由于土层山体竖向地震动在中高频段放大,使得HVSR方法谱比结果在中高频段较RSSR方法所得结果明显偏低,而在山体基阶频段附近两种方法的谱比值接近.松散土层山体的台阵记录特征体现了地形和土层对地震动的联合作用,揭示了强震区起伏地形场地震害加重及地震滑坡集中发生的原因所在.      

场地PGA放大系数与场地特征参数相关性及地震动快速评估方法研究

场地地震动PGA放大系数是重大工程地震预警、烈度速报技术及结构抗震设计地震动输入的基础。搜集整理日本Kik-net台网239个Ⅱ场地台站的地震记录,以场地覆盖层厚度D、场地特征周期T、场地v_(s30)以及场地等效剪切波速v_(se)为场地特征参数,以井下记录PGA为地震动强度指标,研究场地PGA放大系数F_(PGA)与场地特征参数之间的相关性;以地表PGA值40 Gal作为预警阈值,采用回归决策树CART方法建立了地震预警的特征参数组合标准。分析结果表明:场地F_(PGA)与场地覆盖层厚度D及场地特征周期T负相关,与场地vs30正相关,与vse相关性可忽略;F_(PGA)与场地特征参数的相关性随着场地地震动强度增大而增大;通过搜集的地震数据对基于CART分类方法建立的场地地震动预警参数指标进行回判检验,检验的总体成功率达到90.09%,其中不预警的成功率为93.64%,预警成功率82.68%。虽然地震动快速评估方法总体成功率达到90%以上,但仍存在5.61%偏于危险的"漏判",所以本文方法仍需要进一步的改进和完善。     

Post‐stack stratigraphic inversion workflow applied to carbon dioxide storage: application to the saline aquifer of Sleipner field‡

In the Norwegian North Sea, the Sleipner field produces gas with a high CO₂ content. For environmental reasons, since 1996, more than 11 Mt of this carbon dioxide (CO₂) have been injected in the Utsira Sand saline aquifer located above the hydrocarbon reservoir. A series of seven 3D seismic surveys were recorded to monitor the CO₂ plume evolution. With this case study, time‐lapse seismics have been shown to be successful in mapping the spread of CO₂ over the past decade and to ensure the integrity of the overburden. Stratigraphic inversion of seismic data is currently used in the petroleum industry for quantitative reservoir characterization and enhanced oil recovery. Now it may also be used to evaluate the expansion of a CO₂ plume in an underground reservoir. The aim of this study is to estimate the P‐wave impedances via a Bayesian model‐based stratigraphic inversion. We have focused our study on the 1994 vintage before CO₂ injection and the 2006 vintage carried out after a CO₂ injection of 8.4 Mt. In spite of some difficulties due to the lack of time‐lapse well log data on the interest area, the full application of our inversion workflow allowed us to obtain, for the first time to our knowledge, 3D impedance cubes including the Utsira Sand. These results can be used to better characterize the spreading of CO₂ in a reservoir. With the post‐stack inversion workflow applied to CO₂ storage, we point out the importance of the a priori model and the issue to obtain coherent results between sequential inversions of different seismic vintages. The stacking velocity workflow that yields the migration model and the a priori model, specific to each vintage, can induce a slight inconsistency in the results.     

基于典型地质特征分析的大同盆地VS30预测研究

土体剪切波速是进行土层地震反应分析的动力学参数，对场地地震动参数确定具有重要意义。基于地质地貌分析，将大同盆地划分为5类典型地质单元。对盆地1429个钻孔剪切波速资料进行分析，探讨V_S30与V_S20的相关性，研究土体埋深、岩性、地质单元、标贯击数及密实度等地质特征对V_S的影响，并基于地质单元、剪切波速比、密实度系数及第四系上部覆盖层厚度相关性分析给出土体V_S30预测模型。研究结果表明，基于典型地质特征的V_S30预测模型拟合优度R2>0.90，预测精度很高，对于离散性较大、直接拟合估算较差及无剪切波速场地来说，以区分地质单元及土体类型的方式进行V_S30分解预测是良好的研究思路。首次在区分地质单元及土体类型的前提下提出剪切波速比及密实度系数，并将其与第四系上部覆盖层厚度综合应用于V_S30预测研究。研究结果可为大同盆地城市防震减灾规划、震害预测、区域性地震安全评价提供重要技术支撑。     

黄河阶地特征与地震动参数的相关性研究

在分析已有资料的基础上划分了兰州盆地与建设工程分布密切相关的T₀、T₁、T₂、T₃和T₄级黄河阶地,建立201个土层地震反应模型。通过一维等效线性化计算和反应谱分析,得出兰州盆地沉积阶地50年超越概率10%地表地震动参数,分析阶地高度和v_S≤500 m/s覆盖层厚度特征与地震动参数峰值加速度Am和加速度反应谱特征周期T_g的相关性。表明兰州盆地T₀~T₂阶地覆盖层厚度与50年超越概率10%A_m呈正相关,T₃及以上阶地覆盖层厚度对A_m增大有明显的减小作用。T_g值随T₀~T₃阶地覆盖层厚度的增加而变大,当覆盖层厚度进一步变大,T_g值不再同步增大,阶地覆盖层厚度对T_g的影响是有限的,阶地海拔高度与地表50年超越概率10%地震动参数没有关系。     

Theoretical study of slope effects in resistivity surveys and applications

When electric soundings are made over an irregular terrain, topographic effects can influence the values of apparent resistivity and lead to erroneous 1D interpretation. A 3D finite-element method has been applied to study the topographical effect of a slope on Schlumberger soundings parallel to the strike. When the resistivity survey is performed at the top of the slope, the apparent resistivity values can be two times higher than in the flat-earth case, depending on the angle (α) and height (H) of the slope, and on the distance (X) between the sounding and the slope top. The results are presented as nondimensional curves which can be used for evaluating topographic anomalies for any value of the parameters α, H and X. It is numerically shown that the topographic effects can be removed from measurements on horizontally layered structures with an irregular earth surface. Real measurements were performed in different geological conditions over an irregular terrain. The correction method based on the nondimensional curves has been applied to the data and has enabled the determination of the correct layered ground configuration using 1D interpretation.     

The in(a/tan/β) index: How to calculate it and how to use it within the topmodel framework

Topographic indices may be used to attempt to approximate the likely distribution of variable source areas within a catchment. One such index has been applied widely using the distribution function catchment model, TOPMODEL, of Beven and Kirkby (1979). Validation of the spatial predictions of TOPMODEL may be affected by the algorithm used to calculate the model's topographic index. A number of digital terrain analysis (DTA) methods are therefore described for use in calculating the TOPMODEL topographic index, In(a/tanβ) (a = upslope contributing area per unit contour; tanβ = local slope angle). The spatial pattern and statistical distribution of the index is shown to be substantially different for different calculation procedures and differing pixel resolutions. It is shown that an interaction between hillslope contributing area accumulation and the analytical definition of the channel network has a major influence on calculated In(a/tanβ) index patterns. A number of DTA tests were performed to explore this interaction. The tests suggested that an ‘optimum’ channel initiation threshold (CIT) may be identified for positioning river headwaters in a raster digital terrain model (DTM). This threshold was found to be dependent on DTM grid resolution. Grid resolution is also suggested to have implications for the validation of spatial model predictions, implying that ‘optimum’ TOPMODEL parameter sets may be unique to the grid scale used in their derivation. Combining existing DTA procedures with an identified CIT, a procedure is described to vary the directional diffusion of contributing area accumulation with distance from the channel network.     

基于随机振动模型的强地面运动数值模拟及其在广西灵山M6(3/4)地震中的应用

1936年4月1日广西灵山县平山镇东南罗阳山附近发生M6(3/4)地震,该地震是华南大陆自有地震记载以来发生的最大地震。本研究收集整理了灵山M6(3/4)地震的地质资料、活动断层探测最新成果等,选取适当的研究区域,利用随机振动有限断层模型计算区域内网格点的峰值加速度(PGA)及峰值速度(PGV)等参数,并且加入浅层横波速度结构V_s³⁰对地震动参数的影响,最终得到此次地震的地震动分布并分析了地震动特征。本研究将模拟结果与野外调查烈度数据和地震动衰减关系进行对比,结果显示模拟结果与调查烈度值和衰减关系在整体衰减特征、极震区的分布等方面均符合较好,模拟结果可为该地区未来地震危害性评估提供依据。本研究所使用的方法流程亦可应用于本地区地震烈度速报,为震后应急救援及决策指挥提供帮助。     

Review Paper: A semi‐empirical model of strain sensitivity for 4D seismic interpretation

We reformulate the original model of Hatchell and Bourne and Røste, Stovas and Landrø that couples fractional velocity change to subsurface strain via a fundamental constant R. The new model combines elastic compressibility of a dual‐porosity system for a sand–shale mixture with horizontal planes of inter‐granular weakness. The majority of observed R‐factor magnitudes from post‐stack 4D seismic data in both the reservoir and overburden can thus be explained. R is predicted to depend strongly on lithology and also initial strain state. The model is also extended to predict the observed angle‐dependence of time‐lapse time‐shifts from pre‐stack data. An expression for the gradient of time‐shift with incidence angle is obtained in terms of the background V_P/V_S, and also the ratio of tangential to normal compliances B_T/B_N representing loss or creation of inter‐granular coupling. If accurately estimated from data, this compliance ratio can be used as an additional parameter to assess the post‐production state of the overburden. It is concluded that whilst R remains the over‐arching parameter controlling the magnitude of time‐shifts measured from 4D seismic data, B_T/B_N is a subtler parameter that may also prove of future value.     

用震中迁移交会讨论1668年郯城81/2级地震——纪念郯城大震350周年

1668年郯城8¹/₂级地震,其极震区的位置是符合4³/₄~5¹/₂地震构成的震中迁移交会的。由震中迁移交会寻找该大震震源比由空区寻找该大震震源的地理范围要更具体一些。另外,该文也附带讨论了1668年郯城大震特强的原因。     

The impact of reclamation cover depth on the performance of reclaimed shale overburden at an oil sands mine in Northern Alberta,Canada

Multilayer covers are widely accepted reclamation designs in the oil sands region of northern Alberta, Canada, with an ultimate goal of revegetating to species characteristic of predisturbance native plant communities. To determine the optimal depth of reclamation material required to reclaim overburden shale from an oil sands mine, an evaluation was made of the long‐term performance of six reclamation soil cover depths all placed over overburden. The measured soil water contents from different cover thicknesses at South Bison Hills located at the Syncrude Mine site north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, were used to calibrate and validate a dual‐porosity model in HYDRUS‐1D. The calibrated and validated model was then used to evaluate the influence of cover thickness and climatic variability on plant available water for forest growth. The frequency distributions of actual transpiration (T_r) for six cover treatments with a range of leaf area index (LAI) cases were developed. These T_r frequency distributions were then modified by coupling T_r and LAI. The modified frequency distributions for annual T_r for the six simulated cover thickness highlight the strong nonlinearity between the distributions of T_r over a long‐term (60 years) climate cycle in that incremental increases in cover thickness do not produce proportional increases in T_r. The results indicated that, once the cover thickness exceeds 100 cm, there is little incremental increase in the median value of T_r over the 60‐year climate cycle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

机载激光雷达技术在地质灾害调查中的应用——以四川九寨沟7.0级地震为例

九寨沟7.0级地震诱发的地质灾害具有高位滑坡远程灾害的特点,传统地质灾害排查手段无法有效解决隐患的早期识别问题。本文采用机载激光雷达测量技术,快速获取九寨沟地震核心景区的激光点云数据。通过构建高精度数字高程模型(DEM)、数字正射影像图(DOM),建立三维地质灾害解译场景,利用数字地形分析、地形形态学分析和计算机图像识别等技术,综合开展九寨沟高位远程区域内隐蔽性强、随机性大的地质灾害隐患早期识别与分析。应用实践表明,机载激光雷达测量技术可以提高九寨沟地震灾区地质灾害隐患的早期识别能力,对进一步提高综合防灾减灾能力提供了一些可借鉴的思路。