浅海区域Topex/Poseidon测高卫星数据波形重构方法

根据测高卫星返回波形的特征,给出了由Topex/Poseidon卫星波形数据进行波形重构的方法,并采用函数逼近算法确定波形重构改正量,进而改善测高卫星近海岸海面高观测值的精度.在中国南海区域计算了四圈T/P测高卫星经过波形重构后的海面高数据.近海岸海面高数据与相近时刻验潮站数据相比,精度比波形重构前有了很大提高,证明该方法的有效性.     

一种多前缘多阈值的波形重构算法

为了改善近海测高精度,本文对近海测高波形的特征进行了研究,并在现有算法的基础上提出基于波前缘识别算法的多前缘多阈值波形重构方法.然后将该方法用于中国近海的卫星测高波形数据的处理,得到精度与分辨率更好的海面高数据.作为验证,将此海面高数据换算为重力异常并与船测重力进行比较,结果显示该方法可以明显提高卫星测高精度.     

计算测高卫星的正常点及其平均海面高

利用测高卫星的冻结轨道特征计算了正常点轨迹,利用三次B样条函数和Stacking技术内插计算了T／P、ERS-1／2和Geosat测高数据在正常点的平均海面高,改善了测高数据的精度和分辨率．最后,利用正常点上的平均海面高反演了多种分辨率的海域重力异常,其中所反演的海域重力异常的标准差为mGal级．     

基于波形分类和子波形提取的雷达高度计近海波形重构算法

雷达高度计是测量海洋动力参数的重要传感器,为解决雷达高度计在近海测量数据不可用的问题,基于大量波形的分析及已有波形重构算法的比较,本文提出了一种基于波形分类和子波形提取的近海波形重构算法（OceanCS）.采用了验潮站的实测水位以及浮标的实测有效波高数据对算法的结果进行了验证.结果表明,本文提出的算法在近海的回波波形处理方面要优于其他五种算法（海洋算法、OCOG算法、Ice-2算法、Beta5算法和阈值算法）,并且不仅可反演海面高度、还可反演有效波高.通过对高度计的近海回波波形进行重构处理,可以提高近海测高数据的数量和质量.     

沿海雷达卫星测高波形重定多子波参数方法和重力异常恢复

雷达卫星测高数据质量是测高在大地测量学、地球物理学和海洋学等领域应用研究的关键。在沿海海域,测高波形受到地形和地球物理环境等污染,测高数据精度低于开阔海域的测高数据。提出了一种新的测高波形重定方法,即多子波参数重定方法（MSPR）,用于改善沿海海域的测高数据质量。由测高数据,利用最小二乘配置法解算沿海重力异常,给出了对应的方差-协方差矩阵。利用MSPR对台湾岛周边海域的Geosat／GM波形数据进行重定,与台湾岛大地水准面进行比较,MSPR重定结果精度要优于常用的β-5参数方法重定结果和GDR数据。利用重定后的测高数据,由最小二乘法计算了台湾岛近海海域的重力异常。与船测重力数据进行比较,由重定数据得到的结果精度优于GDR结果。     

利用卫星测高雷达回波波形确定南极海冰密集度

海冰密集度是描述海冰的重要参数之一.海冰现场数据采集受观测环境和观测范围的限制,难以用于大范围海冰密集度的研究,而测高卫星具有全天时、全天候、大范围、高分辨率和长时间观测等多种优点,可弥补现场观测手段的不足.本文利用测高卫星雷达回波波形与反射面反射特性的关系,进行回波波形的波形分类,提出了利用测高卫星雷达回波波形确定南极海冰密集度的算法.以南极普里兹湾为实验区域,采用该算法由ERS-1/GM回波波形确定其一年和各季节的海冰密集度,并与SSMRSSM/I遥感海冰密集度数据进行比较.结果表明两种方法的海冰空间分布范围和极大海冰密集区一致,因此提供了监测海冰的一种新方法.     

由TOPEX/Poseidon和Jason-1/2探测的1993—2012中国海海平面时空变化

海平面变化是社会经济发展和科学研究的重要内容.利用1993年1月至2012年12月共20年的TOPEX/Poseidon、Jason-1和Jason-2卫星测高数据,研究中国海海平面的时空变化.首先通过三颗卫星伴飞阶段数据得到三颗卫星之间的逐点海面高系统偏差,进行逐点海面高改正,建立了20年的中国海海面高异常时间序列.分析了中国海海面高异常空间分布,给出了1月到12月月均平均海平面异常的空间变化规律.分析了中国海海面高异常的时变规律,分别给出了年、季度和月的海面上升速率.利用小波分析研究了中国海海面高异常周期变化规律,分别给出了渤海、黄海、东海和南海的海面高变化周期.讨论了ENSO对海面高异常的影响.     

利用卫星测量技术和小波滤波方法探测表层地转流

根据海面地形的空域频谱特征, 提出用小波滤波器对海面地形进行滤波降噪的方法. 通过对全球及黑潮流系区域的海面地形进行小波滤波和高斯低通滤波降噪后所确定的地转流的比较, 显示前者较之后者更能表现地转流的局部特征. 依据CG01C卫星重力场模型和EGM96重力场模型, 分别联合由卫星测高确定的KMSS04平均海面高模型构造海面地形. 将据小波滤波降噪后所推算出的全球平均地转流、黑潮和热带太平洋区域地转流与海洋学结果的比较, 以及据此两不同重力场模型推算的大地水准面误差对计算地转流流速精度的对比都表明: 重力卫星确定的地球重力场模型较之以前存在的重力场模型在长波部分精度有较大提高. 联合现有卫星重力和卫星测高数据探测的全球平均地转流, 在大、中尺度上与海洋学结果相一致, 这表明从大地测量(空间)角度来研究洋流已达到较高的精度.     

利用ICESat数据解算南极冰盖冰雪质量变化

南极冰盖冰雪质量变化反映了全球气候变化,并且直接影响着全球海平面变化.ICESat测高卫星的主要任务之一就是要确定南北两极冰盖的质量变化情况并评估其对全球海平面变化的影响.本文利用2003年10月至2008年12月的ICESat测高数据,针对南极DEM分辨率有限的特殊性,通过求解坡度改正值,解决重复轨道地面脚点不重合的问题,计算了南极大陆(86°S以北区域,后文所述南极冰盖均不包括86°S以南区域)在这5年里的冰雪质量变化情况,得到东南极冰盖的质量变化为-18±20Gt/a,西南极-26±6Gt/a,南极冰盖的冰雪质量变化为-44±21Gt/a,对全球海平面上升的影响约为0.12mm·a~(-1).解算结果表明,南极冰盖质量亏损主要集中在西南极阿蒙森海岸附近冰川以及东南极波因塞特角区域.     

近四年全球海水质量变化及其时空特征分析

本文利用卫星重力、卫星测高和海洋温盐数据反演计算全球海水质量变化,并分析其时空变化特征.卫星重力数据利用2003年1月~2006年12月的GRACE月时变重力场球谐系数,同时考虑替换一阶项和C₂₀项,并进行了相关误差滤波、高斯滤波和陆地水文信号泄漏改正,计算得到海洋等效水高变化;利用相同时间跨度的卫星测高数据和海洋温度、盐度水文观测数据,计算全球海平面变化和比容海平面变化,反演得到海水质量变化.反演的两种海水质量变化的年际变化特征一致性较好.三种数据得到的长期趋势变化,与1993~2003年的结果相比,可以看出,海水质量变化加速,并已成为全球海平面上升的主要因素.     

Geoid and Sea Surface Topography Derived from ERS-1 Altimeter Data by the Adjoint Method

A method for splitting sea surface height measurements from satellite altimetry into geoid undulations and sea surface topography is presented. The method is based on a combination of the information from altimeter data and a dynamic sea surface height model. The model consists of geoid undulations and a quasi-geostrophic model for expressing the sea surface topography. The goal is the estimation of those values of the parameters of the sea surface height model that provide a least-squares fit of the model to the data. The solution is accomplished by the adjoint method which makes use of the adjoint model for computing the gradient of the cost function of the least-squares adjustment and an optimization algorithm for obtaining improved parameters. The estimation is applied to the North Atlantic. ERS-1 altimeter data of the year 1993 are used. The resulting geoid agrees well with the geoid of the EGM96 gravity model.     

近岸海域EnviSat卫星测高波形重定的Threshold优化算法

波形重定是改善近岸海域卫星测高数据精度的一种有效方法.分析了EnviSat雷达测高波形重定算法,并对Threshold算法进行了优化,开发了波形重定程序;以地中海为实验区,利用几种波形重定方法,对近岸海域的EnviSat测高波形进行重定,认为优化的Threshold算法是几种波形重定算法中最稳健的重定算法,适合于地中海近岸海域EnviSat测高波形的重定,对其他近岸海域的应用也有一定的参考意义.     

Monitoring Sea Level in the Coastal Zone with Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauges

We examine the issue of sustained measurements of sea level in the coastal zone, first by summarizing the long-term observations from tide gauges, then showing how those are now complemented by improved satellite altimetry products in the coastal ocean. We present some of the progresses in coastal altimetry, both from dedicated reprocessing of the radar waveforms and from the development of improved corrections for the atmospheric effects. This trend towards better altimetric data at the coast comes also from technological innovations such as Ka-band altimetry and SAR altimetry, and we discuss the advantages deriving from the AltiKa Ka-band altimeter and the SIRAL altimeter on CryoSat-2 that can be operated in SAR mode. A case study along the UK coast demonstrates the good agreement between coastal altimetry and tide gauge observations, with root mean square differences as low as 4 cm at many stations, allowing the characterization of the annual cycle of sea level along the UK coasts. Finally, we examine the evolution of the sea level trend from the open to the coastal ocean along the western coast of Africa, comparing standard and coastally improved products. Different products give different sea level trend profiles, so the recommendation is that additional efforts are needed to study sea level trends in the coastal zone from past and present satellite altimeters. Further improvements are expected from more refined processing and screening of data, but in particular from the constant improvements in the geophysical corrections.     

Arctic Sea Level During the Satellite Altimetry Era

Results of the sea-level budget in the high latitudes (up to 80°N) and the Arctic Ocean during the satellite altimetry era. We investigate the closure of the sea-level budget since 2002 using two altimetry sea-level datasets based on the Envisat waveform retracking: temperature and salinity data from the ORAP5 reanalysis, and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) space gravimetry data to estimate the steric and mass components. Regional sea-level trends seen in the altimetry map, in particular over the Beaufort Gyre and along the eastern coast of Greenland, are of halosteric origin. However, in terms of regional average over the region ranging from 66°N to 80°N, the steric component contributes little to the observed sea-level trend, suggesting a dominant mass contribution in the Arctic region. This is confirmed by GRACE-based ocean mass time series that agree well with the altimetry-based sea-level time series. Direct estimate of the mass component is not possible prior to GRACE. Thus, we estimated the mass contribution from the difference between the altimetry-based sea level and the steric component. We also investigate the coastal sea level with tide gauge records. Twenty coupled climate models from the CMIP5 project are also used. The models lead us to the same conclusions concerning the halosteric origin of the trend patterns.     

Mapping mesoscale currents by optimal interpolation of satellite radiometer and altimeter data

 Mapping the mesoscale surface velocity stream function by combining estimates of surface height from satellite altimetry and surface currents from sequential infrared (sea-surface temperature) imagery using optimal interpolation is described. Surface currents are computed from infrared images by the method of maximum cross-correlations (MCC) and are combined with altimeter sea-level anomaly data from the TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS satellites. The analysis method was applied to 6 years of data from the East Australian Current region. The covariance of velocity and sea-level data is consistent with the statistical assumptions of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, with typical length scales of order 220 km and time scales of 10 days in this region. Augmenting the analysis of altimeter data with MCC velocity observations improves the resolution of the surface currents, especially near the Australian coast, and demonstrates that the two data sources provide consistent and complementary observations of the surface mesoscale circulation. The volume of MCC data is comparable to that from a satellite altimeter, but with a more variable distribution of spatial and temporal resolution. In concert with altimetry, satellite radiometer velocimetry represents a technique useful for retrospective analysis of currents from high-resolution satellite radiometer data-sets. Received: 3 July 2001 / Accepted: 16 November 2001     

Collinear and cross-over adjustment of Geosat ERM and Seasat altimeter data in the Mediterranean Sea

The computation of mean sea surface heights from a set of collinear Geosat ERM altimeter data tracks was carried out in a collinear adjustment, where 1 cy/rev cosine and sine coefficients for each track are estimated, so the differences between the collinear tracks are minimized. Then bias/tilt cross-over adjustments of stacked Geosat and Seasat altimetry were carried out. The problems with the free surface in the cross-over adjusted altimetric surface were treated using the absolute sea surface heights relative to the geoid model OSU89B. In a combined adjustment of the two altimeter data sets using cross-over and height informations simultaneously a RMS of the cross-overs of 0.080 m and a RMS of the sea surface heights relative to OSU89B of 0.611 m were obtained.     

基于卫星测高的海域大地水准面

利用测高数据的一次差分计算海域垂线偏差，有效降低了动力海面地形和系统残差对垂线偏差的影响；然后根据扰动场元间的协方差函数是具有各态历经性的平稳随机函数这一特征，提出了利用垂线偏差精确逼近海域大地水准面的协方差函数. 而海域大地水准面的精确确定，为从测高数据中精确分离动力海面地形提供了条件. 本文还利用Topex/Poseidon、ERS 1/2测高数据计算了全球海域大地水准面和动力海面地形，证明了本文所述方法是科学合理的.     

中国海及邻域重力场特征及其构造解释

利用中国海及邻域 2’× 2’由Seaset,Geosat,ERS 1及TOPEX/POSEIDON等卫星测高资料解算的自由空气重力异常 ,结合ETOPO5全球海底地形资料计算了中国海及邻域布格重力异常 ,并反演了得到了中国海及邻域地壳厚度 .经对重力异常特征进行分析 ,讨论了重力异常与大地构造及其活动的相关性 .